Tendências no estudo do escoamento urbano: uma análise retrospectiva.
Palavras-chave:
Equação de equilíbrio, modelos de simulação contínua, vazões máximas, método racional, coeficiente de escoamento superficial, escoamento superficial urbanoResumo
O artigo é uma análise retrospectiva das tendências em estudos teóricos e empíricos quantitativos de escoamento urbano de meados do século XIX ao início do século XX, quando a maioria escola científica soviética para tais estudos foi dissolvida na cidade de Kharkov. Como mostrado no papel, os métodos de cálculo para estimar as descargas máximas do escoamento superficial urbano podem ser rastreados até um trabalho pioneiro do T.J. Mulvaney (1850), que lançou as bases do "método racional". Mais tarde, este método foi desenvolvido nos trabalhos de E. Kuichling (1889) e D. E. Lloyd-Davies (1906). A importância do desenvolvimento de tal método foi determinada pela freqüente inundação de territórios urbanos e pela necessidade de uma rápida eliminação de grandes volumes de água da chuva através de coletores especiais. Este método ainda é largamente utilizado em cálculos simplificados de escoamento urbano, e que tem o bom justificação física (equação de equilíbrio): a quantidade de precipitao que cai sobre uma determinada área de captação é igual à quantidade de escoamento de menos infiltração retenção de superfície e evaporação, que estão integralmente incluídos em um coeficiente de escoamento superficial. Junto com o acúmulo de dados empíricos, os cientistas começaram a prestar mais atenção ao problema da poluição por esgoto urbano, porque faz com que a poluição de rios, lagos, mares, tanques de armazenamento de água e outros organismos aquáticos. O primeiro desses estudos sistemáticos foi iniciado nos anos 60 e 70 do século 20 por agências governamentais nos Estados Unidos. Tendo acumulado uma grande quantidade de dados empíricos e tendo compreendido os mecanismos que determinam a qualidade da água de escoamento da superfície urbana, os cientistas começaram a desenvolver modelos de simulação contínuas, os comentários do artigo e pára.
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Referências
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ASCE Manual of Engineering Practice, 1949 Hydrology Handbook, 20.
Bock, P., Viessman, W. (1958). Storm drainage research project. The John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
Brater, E.F. (1968). Steps toward a better understanding of urban runoff processes. Water Resources Research, 4 (2), 335-347.
Bukholdin, A.A. et al. (1974). Osobennosti sostava poverkhnostnogo stoka s territorii gorodov. Problemy okhrany vod (Special features of the composition of urban surface runoff. Problems of water protection), Kharkov, 5, 61-69. (in Russian).
Chen, W.W., Shubinski, R.D. (1971). Computer simulation of urban storm water runoff. Proc. ASCE, J. Hydr. Div., 97 (NHY2), 289-301.
Clark, C.O. (1945). Storage and the unit-hydrograph. Transactions American Society of Civil Engineers, 110, 1419-1446.
Crawford, N.H., Linsey, R.L. (1966). Digital simulation in hydrology: Stanford Watershed Model IV. Tech. Rep. 39. Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
Crawford, N.H., Burges, S.J. (2004). History of the Stanford Watershed Model. Water Resources IMPACT, 6 (2), 1-5.
Delleur, J.W. (1982). Introduction to urban hydrology and storm-water management. Overview of Monograph. Water Research Monograph. Urban Storm-water Hydrology, 7, 32.
Donigian, A.S.Jr., Crawford, N.H. (1979). User’s manual for the nonpoint source (NPS) model. Environmental Research Laboratory ORD US EPA, Athens, Georgia, 30605, April 1979, 45.
Dooge, J.C.I. (1957). The rational method of estimating flood peaks. Engineering (London), 184, 375-377.
Eagleson, P.S., March, F. (1965). Approaches to the linear synthesis of urban runoff systems. Rep. 85, Hydrodyn. Lab., Mass. Inst. of Technol., Cambridge.
Edson, C.G. (1951). Parameters for relating unit hydrographs to watershed characteristics. Transactions American Geophysical Union, 32(4), 591–596.
Environmental Protection Agency. (1976). Areawide Assessment Procedures Manual. Three volumes, EPA-600/9-67-014, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, July 1976 et seq.
Evans, F.L., Geldreich, E.E., Weibel, S.R., Robeck, G.G. (1968). Treatment of urban storm-water runoff. J. of Water Pollution Control Federation, 40(5).
Fok, Y.S., Murabayashi, E.T., Phamwon, S. (1977). Digital simulation and evaluation of storm drainage system: St.Louis Heights Watershed Model. Technical Report No 114, November 1977, pp:138.
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Gregory, R.-L., Arnold, C.-E. (1932). Runoff-rational runoff formulas. Trans. ASCE, 96: 1038-1099.
Handbook of Applied Hydrology. (1964). ed. by Chow, V.T. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Heaney, J.P., Huber, W.C., Nox, S.J. (1976). Storm Water Management Model: Level 1 – Preliminary Screening Procedures, EPA-600/2-76-275, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 1976.
Heaney, J.P., Huber, W., Medina, M., Murphy, M. Jr., Nix, S. (1977). Nationwide evaluation of combined sewer overflows and urban stormwater discharges, Vol. II: Cost Assessment and Impacts. EPA-600/2-77-064, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, March 1977.
Hicks, W.I. (1944). A method of computing urban runoff. Trans. ASCE, 109: 1217-1253.
Horner, W.-W. (1933). Rainfall, runoff, and evaporation in relation to urban areas. In Rainfall, Runoff and Evaporation, ed. by M. M. Leroy, K. Sherman and R. E. Horton, pp: 53-56.
Howard, C.D.D. (1976). Theory of storage and treatment plant overflow. Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE, 102 (EE4): 709-722.
Huber, W.C. (1979). Use of the EPA SWMM for continuous simulation. Rice Institute Pamphlet-Rice University Studies, 65(1): 43-51.
Hydrocom. (1976). Inc. Hydrocomp Simulation Programming, Operations Manual. Second Edition, Palo Alto, California.
Izzard, C.F. (1946). Hydraulic of runoff for developed surface. Proc., 26th Annual Meeting, Highway Research Board, Vol. 26:129-146.
Khvat, V.M. (1983). Reglamentaciya vypuska poverxnostnogo stoka s gorodskoj territorii v vodnye obekty (Regulation of discharge of the surface runoff from urban territories into water bodies). In Ohkrana vod ot zagryazneniya poverxnostnym stokom (Protection of water from surface runoff pollution). Kharkov. VNIIVO Publishing House (All-Union Research Institute of Water Conservation), pp: 3-12. (in Russian)
Khvat, V.M., Moskovkin, V.M. (1989). Ocenka zagryazneniya na urbanizirovannyh territoriyah (Evaluation of pollution in urban areas). Geography and Natural Reseources, 4:35-38. (in Russian)
Khvat, V.M., Moskovkin, V.M. (1991). Ocherednost prirodooxrannyx i texnologicheskih mer po snyatiyu zagryaznyayushhih gashruzok na gorodskie landshafty (Priority of environmental and technological measures to remove polluting loads on urban landscapes). Izvestia Akademii Nauk (Proceeding of the Academy of the Sciences of the USSR). Series: Geographical. 5:74-79. (in Russian)
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Kolpak, V.Z., Moskovkin, V.M., Lysenko, V.E. (1984). Matematicheskoe modelirovanie formirovaniya stoka vody i nanosov na malyh vodosborah so slozhnym relefom. Thesis from an All-Union conference “Dinamika i termika rek, vodokhranilishh i estuariev”. (Mathematical modeling of the formation of runoff and sediments in small watersheds with complex relief. Thesis from an All-Union conference “Dynamics and thermics of rivers, reservoirs and estuaries”). Vol. I. M: 140-143. (in Russian)
Kondratyev, K.Ya., Khvat, V.M., Moskovkin, V.M., Manuilov, M.B. (1988). O dispersnom sostave atmosphernykh aerozoley i paschete ikh osazhdeniya // Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR (On dispersed composition of atmospheric aerosols and calculation of their deposition // Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR), 303 (3): 591-593. (in Russian)
Kuichling, Emil. (1889). The relation between the rainfall and the discharge of sewers in populous districts. Trans. Amer. Soc. of Civ. Eng., 20: 1-56.
Kulandaiswamy, V.C. (1964). A basic study of the rainfall excess-surface relationship in a basin system. Ph.D. University of Illinois. Civil Engineering Department.
Linsley, R.K., Kohler, M.S., Paulhus, J.L.H. (1958). Hydrology for engineers. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., pp: 340.
Linsley, R.L. (1971). A critical review of currently available hydrologic models for analysis of urban storm-water runoff. A report submitted to the U.S. Office of Water Research, Washington, D.C. by Hydrocomp International Inc., Palo Alto, California.
Linsey, R.K., Crawford, N.H. (1974). Continuous simulation models in urban hydrology. Geophysical research Letters, 1 (1): 59-62.
Litwin, Y.J., Lager, J.A. and Smith, W.G. (1980). Areawide Stormwater Pollution Analysis with the Macroscopic Planning (ABMAC) Model, Association of Bay Area Governments, Oakland, CA,NTIS PD 82-107947.
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Modeling nonpoint pollution from the land surface. Ecological Research Series, EPA_600/3-76-083, Environmental Research Laboratory ORD US EPA, Athens, Georgia, 30601, July 1976.
Moskovkin, V.M., Lysenko, V.E., Kolpak, V.Z., 1983. Modelirovanie vynosa vzveshennyh veshhestv poverkhnostnym stokom s territorii goroda. Okhrana vod ot zagryazneniya poverkhnostnym stokom. (Modeling the removal of suspended solids by urban surface runoff. Proceedings: Protection of waters from runoff pollution). Kharkov: VNIIVO Publishing House (All-Union Research Institute of Water Conservation), pp: 136-143. (in Russian).
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Brater, E.F. (1968). Steps toward a better understanding of urban runoff processes. Water Resources Research, 4 (2), 335-347.
Bukholdin, A.A. et al. (1974). Osobennosti sostava poverkhnostnogo stoka s territorii gorodov. Problemy okhrany vod (Special features of the composition of urban surface runoff. Problems of water protection), Kharkov, 5, 61-69. (in Russian).
Chen, W.W., Shubinski, R.D. (1971). Computer simulation of urban storm water runoff. Proc. ASCE, J. Hydr. Div., 97 (NHY2), 289-301.
Clark, C.O. (1945). Storage and the unit-hydrograph. Transactions American Society of Civil Engineers, 110, 1419-1446.
Crawford, N.H., Linsey, R.L. (1966). Digital simulation in hydrology: Stanford Watershed Model IV. Tech. Rep. 39. Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
Crawford, N.H., Burges, S.J. (2004). History of the Stanford Watershed Model. Water Resources IMPACT, 6 (2), 1-5.
Delleur, J.W. (1982). Introduction to urban hydrology and storm-water management. Overview of Monograph. Water Research Monograph. Urban Storm-water Hydrology, 7, 32.
Donigian, A.S.Jr., Crawford, N.H. (1979). User’s manual for the nonpoint source (NPS) model. Environmental Research Laboratory ORD US EPA, Athens, Georgia, 30605, April 1979, 45.
Dooge, J.C.I. (1957). The rational method of estimating flood peaks. Engineering (London), 184, 375-377.
Eagleson, P.S., March, F. (1965). Approaches to the linear synthesis of urban runoff systems. Rep. 85, Hydrodyn. Lab., Mass. Inst. of Technol., Cambridge.
Edson, C.G. (1951). Parameters for relating unit hydrographs to watershed characteristics. Transactions American Geophysical Union, 32(4), 591–596.
Environmental Protection Agency. (1976). Areawide Assessment Procedures Manual. Three volumes, EPA-600/9-67-014, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, July 1976 et seq.
Evans, F.L., Geldreich, E.E., Weibel, S.R., Robeck, G.G. (1968). Treatment of urban storm-water runoff. J. of Water Pollution Control Federation, 40(5).
Fok, Y.S., Murabayashi, E.T., Phamwon, S. (1977). Digital simulation and evaluation of storm drainage system: St.Louis Heights Watershed Model. Technical Report No 114, November 1977, pp:138.
Geiger, W.F., L? Bella, S.A., McDonald, G.C. (1976). Overflow abatement alternatives selected by combining continuous and single event simulations. Proceedings, National Symposium on Urban Hydrology, Hydraulics and Sediment Control, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
Gironas, J., Roesner, L.A., Davis, J. (2009). Storm Water Management Model. Applied Manual, pp: 179.
Gregory, R.-L., Arnold, C.-E. (1932). Runoff-rational runoff formulas. Trans. ASCE, 96: 1038-1099.
Handbook of Applied Hydrology. (1964). ed. by Chow, V.T. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Heaney, J.P., Huber, W.C., Nox, S.J. (1976). Storm Water Management Model: Level 1 – Preliminary Screening Procedures, EPA-600/2-76-275, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 1976.
Heaney, J.P., Huber, W., Medina, M., Murphy, M. Jr., Nix, S. (1977). Nationwide evaluation of combined sewer overflows and urban stormwater discharges, Vol. II: Cost Assessment and Impacts. EPA-600/2-77-064, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, March 1977.
Hicks, W.I. (1944). A method of computing urban runoff. Trans. ASCE, 109: 1217-1253.
Horner, W.-W. (1933). Rainfall, runoff, and evaporation in relation to urban areas. In Rainfall, Runoff and Evaporation, ed. by M. M. Leroy, K. Sherman and R. E. Horton, pp: 53-56.
Howard, C.D.D. (1976). Theory of storage and treatment plant overflow. Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE, 102 (EE4): 709-722.
Huber, W.C. (1979). Use of the EPA SWMM for continuous simulation. Rice Institute Pamphlet-Rice University Studies, 65(1): 43-51.
Hydrocom. (1976). Inc. Hydrocomp Simulation Programming, Operations Manual. Second Edition, Palo Alto, California.
Izzard, C.F. (1946). Hydraulic of runoff for developed surface. Proc., 26th Annual Meeting, Highway Research Board, Vol. 26:129-146.
Khvat, V.M. (1983). Reglamentaciya vypuska poverxnostnogo stoka s gorodskoj territorii v vodnye obekty (Regulation of discharge of the surface runoff from urban territories into water bodies). In Ohkrana vod ot zagryazneniya poverxnostnym stokom (Protection of water from surface runoff pollution). Kharkov. VNIIVO Publishing House (All-Union Research Institute of Water Conservation), pp: 3-12. (in Russian)
Khvat, V.M., Moskovkin, V.M. (1989). Ocenka zagryazneniya na urbanizirovannyh territoriyah (Evaluation of pollution in urban areas). Geography and Natural Reseources, 4:35-38. (in Russian)
Khvat, V.M., Moskovkin, V.M. (1991). Ocherednost prirodooxrannyx i texnologicheskih mer po snyatiyu zagryaznyayushhih gashruzok na gorodskie landshafty (Priority of environmental and technological measures to remove polluting loads on urban landscapes). Izvestia Akademii Nauk (Proceeding of the Academy of the Sciences of the USSR). Series: Geographical. 5:74-79. (in Russian)
Khvat, V.M., Moskovkin, V.M., Manuilov, M.B., Ronenko, O.P. (1991). Ob aerozolnom zagryaznenii poverkhnostnogo stoka na urbanizirovannyh territoriyah (On aerosol pollution of surface runoff in urban areas). Meteorology and Hydrology, 2:114-115. (in Russian)
Kolpak, V.Z., Moskovkin, V.M., Lysenko, V.E. (1984). Matematicheskoe modelirovanie formirovaniya stoka vody i nanosov na malyh vodosborah so slozhnym relefom. Thesis from an All-Union conference “Dinamika i termika rek, vodokhranilishh i estuariev”. (Mathematical modeling of the formation of runoff and sediments in small watersheds with complex relief. Thesis from an All-Union conference “Dynamics and thermics of rivers, reservoirs and estuaries”). Vol. I. M: 140-143. (in Russian)
Kondratyev, K.Ya., Khvat, V.M., Moskovkin, V.M., Manuilov, M.B. (1988). O dispersnom sostave atmosphernykh aerozoley i paschete ikh osazhdeniya // Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR (On dispersed composition of atmospheric aerosols and calculation of their deposition // Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR), 303 (3): 591-593. (in Russian)
Kuichling, Emil. (1889). The relation between the rainfall and the discharge of sewers in populous districts. Trans. Amer. Soc. of Civ. Eng., 20: 1-56.
Kulandaiswamy, V.C. (1964). A basic study of the rainfall excess-surface relationship in a basin system. Ph.D. University of Illinois. Civil Engineering Department.
Linsley, R.K., Kohler, M.S., Paulhus, J.L.H. (1958). Hydrology for engineers. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., pp: 340.
Linsley, R.L. (1971). A critical review of currently available hydrologic models for analysis of urban storm-water runoff. A report submitted to the U.S. Office of Water Research, Washington, D.C. by Hydrocomp International Inc., Palo Alto, California.
Linsey, R.K., Crawford, N.H. (1974). Continuous simulation models in urban hydrology. Geophysical research Letters, 1 (1): 59-62.
Litwin, Y.J., Lager, J.A. and Smith, W.G. (1980). Areawide Stormwater Pollution Analysis with the Macroscopic Planning (ABMAC) Model, Association of Bay Area Governments, Oakland, CA,NTIS PD 82-107947.
Lloyd-Davies, D.E. (1906). The elimination of storm water from sewerage system. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., 164(41): 41-67.
Metcalf, L., Eddy, H.P. (1930). Sewerage and Sewage Disposal, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Metcalf and Eddy. (1971). Inc., University of Florida, and Water Resources Engineers, Inc., Storm Water Management Model, U.S. EPA Report 11024 DOC 07/21, 4 volumes, July-October 1971.
Modeling nonpoint pollution from the land surface. Ecological Research Series, EPA_600/3-76-083, Environmental Research Laboratory ORD US EPA, Athens, Georgia, 30601, July 1976.
Moskovkin, V.M., Lysenko, V.E., Kolpak, V.Z., 1983. Modelirovanie vynosa vzveshennyh veshhestv poverkhnostnym stokom s territorii goroda. Okhrana vod ot zagryazneniya poverkhnostnym stokom. (Modeling the removal of suspended solids by urban surface runoff. Proceedings: Protection of waters from runoff pollution). Kharkov: VNIIVO Publishing House (All-Union Research Institute of Water Conservation), pp: 136-143. (in Russian).
Moskovkin, V.M., Lysenko, V.E., Kolpak, V.Z., Kurnosenko, A, Kh. (1983). Modelirovanie vynosa nanosov i pesticidov poverkhnostnym stokom s selskochozyastvennich vodosborov. Okhrana vod ot zagryazneniya poverkhnostnym stokom. (Modeling the removal of suspended solids and pesticides by surface runoff from agricultural watersheds. Proceedings: Protection of waters from runoff pollution). Kharkov: VNIIVO Publishing House (All-Union Research Institute of Water Conservation), pp: 129-136. (in Russian).
Moskovkin, V.M., Vavelskij, M.M., Khvat, V.M. (1988). Imitacionnaya model nakopleniya i vynosa vzveshennyh veshhestv poverkhnostnym stokom s zastroennoj territorii. (A simulation model of accumulation and export of suspended solids by surface runoff from built-up areas). Meteorology and Hydrology, 4:107-114. (in Russian).
Mulvaney, T.J. (1850). On the use of self-registering rain and flood gauges in making observations of rainfall and flood discharges in a given catchment. Proc. Inst. Civ.Eng. Ireland, 4:18-31.
Nash, J.E. (1959). Systematic determination of unit hydrograph parameters. Journal of Geophysical Research, 64(1):11-115.
Pitman, W.V. (1973). A mathematical model for generating monthly rivr flows from meteorological data in South Africa. Hydrol. Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Rep. ? 2/73, 1973.
Pitman, W.V. (1976). A mathematical model for generating monthly river flows from meteorological data in South Africa. Hydrol. Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Rep. ? 2/ 76.
Pravila okhrany poverhnostnyx vod ot zagryazneniya stochnymi vodami. (The rules for the protection of surface waters from sewage pollution), 1975. Moscow, Ministry of Water Resource Management of the USSR, Ministry of Healthcare of the USSR, Ministry of Fishery of the USSR, pp: 38. (in Russian).
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2018-06-29
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Moskovkin, V. M., Serkina, O. V., Lesovik, R. V., & Dobrydina, I. M. (2018). Tendências no estudo do escoamento urbano: uma análise retrospectiva. Amazonia Investiga, 7(14), 228–239. Recuperado de https://amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/510
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