Trends in studying urban runoff: a retrospective analysis
Keywords:
Balance equation, continuous simulation models, peak discharges, rational method, surface runoff coefficient, urban surface runoff.
Abstract
The paper is a retrospective analysis of trends in quantitative empirical and theoretical studies of urban surface runoff from the mid-19th century to the early 90s of the 20th century, when the largest Soviet scientific school for such studies in the city of Kharkov was dissolved. As shown in the paper, the calculation methods for estimating peak discharges of urban surface runoff can be traced back to a pioneering work by T.J. Mulvaney (1850), which laid the foundation for the “rational method”. Later this method was developed in the works by E.Kuichling (1889) and D.E.Lloyd-Davies (1906). The significance of developing such a method was determined by frequent cases of flooding urban territories and by the need for rapid removal of large volumes of storm water through special collectors. This method is still widely used in simplified calculations of urban surface runoff, since it has a good physical justification (balance equation): the amount of precipitation falling on a given catchment area equals the amount of runoff less losses for infiltration, surface retention and evaporation, which are integrally included into a surface runoff coefficient. Along with accumulating empirical data, scientists began to pay more attention to the problem of pollution of urban surface runoff, as it causes pollution of rivers, lakes, seas, water storage reservoirs and other water bodies. First of such systematic studies were commenced in the 60-70s of the 20th century by the US governmental agencies. Having accumulated a large amount of empirical data and having understood the mechanisms determining the water quality of urban surface runoff, scientists began to develop continuous simulation models, which the paper reviews and dwells on.
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References
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Bock, P., Viessman, W. (1958). Storm drainage research project. The John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
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Chen, W.W., Shubinski, R.D. (1971). Computer simulation of urban storm water runoff. Proc. ASCE, J. Hydr. Div., 97 (NHY2), 289-301.
Clark, C.O. (1945). Storage and the unit-hydrograph. Transactions American Society of Civil Engineers, 110, 1419-1446.
Crawford, N.H., Linsey, R.L. (1966). Digital simulation in hydrology: Stanford Watershed Model IV. Tech. Rep. 39. Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
Crawford, N.H., Burges, S.J. (2004). History of the Stanford Watershed Model. Water Resources IMPACT, 6 (2), 1-5.
Delleur, J.W. (1982). Introduction to urban hydrology and storm-water management. Overview of Monograph. Water Research Monograph. Urban Storm-water Hydrology, 7, 32.
Donigian, A.S.Jr., Crawford, N.H. (1979). User’s manual for the nonpoint source (NPS) model. Environmental Research Laboratory ORD US EPA, Athens, Georgia, 30605, April 1979, 45.
Dooge, J.C.I. (1957). The rational method of estimating flood peaks. Engineering (London), 184, 375-377.
Eagleson, P.S., March, F. (1965). Approaches to the linear synthesis of urban runoff systems. Rep. 85, Hydrodyn. Lab., Mass. Inst. of Technol., Cambridge.
Edson, C.G. (1951). Parameters for relating unit hydrographs to watershed characteristics. Transactions American Geophysical Union, 32(4), 591–596.
Environmental Protection Agency. (1976). Areawide Assessment Procedures Manual. Three volumes, EPA-600/9-67-014, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, July 1976 et seq.
Evans, F.L., Geldreich, E.E., Weibel, S.R., Robeck, G.G. (1968). Treatment of urban storm-water runoff. J. of Water Pollution Control Federation, 40(5).
Fok, Y.S., Murabayashi, E.T., Phamwon, S. (1977). Digital simulation and evaluation of storm drainage system: St.Louis Heights Watershed Model. Technical Report No 114, November 1977, pp:138.
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Hydrocom. (1976). Inc. Hydrocomp Simulation Programming, Operations Manual. Second Edition, Palo Alto, California.
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Khvat, V.M., Moskovkin, V.M. (1991). Ocherednost prirodooxrannyx i texnologicheskih mer po snyatiyu zagryaznyayushhih gashruzok na gorodskie landshafty (Priority of environmental and technological measures to remove polluting loads on urban landscapes). Izvestia Akademii Nauk (Proceeding of the Academy of the Sciences of the USSR). Series: Geographical. 5:74-79. (in Russian)
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Kolpak, V.Z., Moskovkin, V.M., Lysenko, V.E. (1984). Matematicheskoe modelirovanie formirovaniya stoka vody i nanosov na malyh vodosborah so slozhnym relefom. Thesis from an All-Union conference “Dinamika i termika rek, vodokhranilishh i estuariev”. (Mathematical modeling of the formation of runoff and sediments in small watersheds with complex relief. Thesis from an All-Union conference “Dynamics and thermics of rivers, reservoirs and estuaries”). Vol. I. M: 140-143. (in Russian)
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Kuichling, Emil. (1889). The relation between the rainfall and the discharge of sewers in populous districts. Trans. Amer. Soc. of Civ. Eng., 20: 1-56.
Kulandaiswamy, V.C. (1964). A basic study of the rainfall excess-surface relationship in a basin system. Ph.D. University of Illinois. Civil Engineering Department.
Linsley, R.K., Kohler, M.S., Paulhus, J.L.H. (1958). Hydrology for engineers. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., pp: 340.
Linsley, R.L. (1971). A critical review of currently available hydrologic models for analysis of urban storm-water runoff. A report submitted to the U.S. Office of Water Research, Washington, D.C. by Hydrocomp International Inc., Palo Alto, California.
Linsey, R.K., Crawford, N.H. (1974). Continuous simulation models in urban hydrology. Geophysical research Letters, 1 (1): 59-62.
Litwin, Y.J., Lager, J.A. and Smith, W.G. (1980). Areawide Stormwater Pollution Analysis with the Macroscopic Planning (ABMAC) Model, Association of Bay Area Governments, Oakland, CA,NTIS PD 82-107947.
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Nash, J.E. (1959). Systematic determination of unit hydrograph parameters. Journal of Geophysical Research, 64(1):11-115.
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Ronenko, O.P., Moskovkin, V.M. (1988). Imitacionnaya model processa funkcionirovaniya akkumuliruyushhej emkosti s ispolzovaniem informacii o realnyx dozhdevyx sobytiyax. Modelirovanie i kontrol kachestva vod (The simulation model of the functioning of the storage capacity using information about the actual storm events. Modeling and monitoring water quality). Kharkov: VNIIVO Publishing House (All-Union Research Institute of Water Conservation), pp: 89-94. (in Russian).
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Snyder, F.F. (1938). Synthetic unit-graphs. Transaction, American Geophysical Union, 19(1): 447-454.
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Brater, E.F. (1968). Steps toward a better understanding of urban runoff processes. Water Resources Research, 4 (2), 335-347.
Bukholdin, A.A. et al. (1974). Osobennosti sostava poverkhnostnogo stoka s territorii gorodov. Problemy okhrany vod (Special features of the composition of urban surface runoff. Problems of water protection), Kharkov, 5, 61-69. (in Russian).
Chen, W.W., Shubinski, R.D. (1971). Computer simulation of urban storm water runoff. Proc. ASCE, J. Hydr. Div., 97 (NHY2), 289-301.
Clark, C.O. (1945). Storage and the unit-hydrograph. Transactions American Society of Civil Engineers, 110, 1419-1446.
Crawford, N.H., Linsey, R.L. (1966). Digital simulation in hydrology: Stanford Watershed Model IV. Tech. Rep. 39. Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
Crawford, N.H., Burges, S.J. (2004). History of the Stanford Watershed Model. Water Resources IMPACT, 6 (2), 1-5.
Delleur, J.W. (1982). Introduction to urban hydrology and storm-water management. Overview of Monograph. Water Research Monograph. Urban Storm-water Hydrology, 7, 32.
Donigian, A.S.Jr., Crawford, N.H. (1979). User’s manual for the nonpoint source (NPS) model. Environmental Research Laboratory ORD US EPA, Athens, Georgia, 30605, April 1979, 45.
Dooge, J.C.I. (1957). The rational method of estimating flood peaks. Engineering (London), 184, 375-377.
Eagleson, P.S., March, F. (1965). Approaches to the linear synthesis of urban runoff systems. Rep. 85, Hydrodyn. Lab., Mass. Inst. of Technol., Cambridge.
Edson, C.G. (1951). Parameters for relating unit hydrographs to watershed characteristics. Transactions American Geophysical Union, 32(4), 591–596.
Environmental Protection Agency. (1976). Areawide Assessment Procedures Manual. Three volumes, EPA-600/9-67-014, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, July 1976 et seq.
Evans, F.L., Geldreich, E.E., Weibel, S.R., Robeck, G.G. (1968). Treatment of urban storm-water runoff. J. of Water Pollution Control Federation, 40(5).
Fok, Y.S., Murabayashi, E.T., Phamwon, S. (1977). Digital simulation and evaluation of storm drainage system: St.Louis Heights Watershed Model. Technical Report No 114, November 1977, pp:138.
Geiger, W.F., Lа Bella, S.A., McDonald, G.C. (1976). Overflow abatement alternatives selected by combining continuous and single event simulations. Proceedings, National Symposium on Urban Hydrology, Hydraulics and Sediment Control, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
Gironas, J., Roesner, L.A., Davis, J. (2009). Storm Water Management Model. Applied Manual, pp: 179.
Gregory, R.-L., Arnold, C.-E. (1932). Runoff-rational runoff formulas. Trans. ASCE, 96: 1038-1099.
Handbook of Applied Hydrology. (1964). ed. by Chow, V.T. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Heaney, J.P., Huber, W.C., Nox, S.J. (1976). Storm Water Management Model: Level 1 – Preliminary Screening Procedures, EPA-600/2-76-275, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 1976.
Heaney, J.P., Huber, W., Medina, M., Murphy, M. Jr., Nix, S. (1977). Nationwide evaluation of combined sewer overflows and urban stormwater discharges, Vol. II: Cost Assessment and Impacts. EPA-600/2-77-064, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, March 1977.
Hicks, W.I. (1944). A method of computing urban runoff. Trans. ASCE, 109: 1217-1253.
Horner, W.-W. (1933). Rainfall, runoff, and evaporation in relation to urban areas. In Rainfall, Runoff and Evaporation, ed. by M. M. Leroy, K. Sherman and R. E. Horton, pp: 53-56.
Howard, C.D.D. (1976). Theory of storage and treatment plant overflow. Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE, 102 (EE4): 709-722.
Huber, W.C. (1979). Use of the EPA SWMM for continuous simulation. Rice Institute Pamphlet-Rice University Studies, 65(1): 43-51.
Hydrocom. (1976). Inc. Hydrocomp Simulation Programming, Operations Manual. Second Edition, Palo Alto, California.
Izzard, C.F. (1946). Hydraulic of runoff for developed surface. Proc., 26th Annual Meeting, Highway Research Board, Vol. 26:129-146.
Khvat, V.M. (1983). Reglamentaciya vypuska poverxnostnogo stoka s gorodskoj territorii v vodnye obekty (Regulation of discharge of the surface runoff from urban territories into water bodies). In Ohkrana vod ot zagryazneniya poverxnostnym stokom (Protection of water from surface runoff pollution). Kharkov. VNIIVO Publishing House (All-Union Research Institute of Water Conservation), pp: 3-12. (in Russian)
Khvat, V.M., Moskovkin, V.M. (1989). Ocenka zagryazneniya na urbanizirovannyh territoriyah (Evaluation of pollution in urban areas). Geography and Natural Reseources, 4:35-38. (in Russian)
Khvat, V.M., Moskovkin, V.M. (1991). Ocherednost prirodooxrannyx i texnologicheskih mer po snyatiyu zagryaznyayushhih gashruzok na gorodskie landshafty (Priority of environmental and technological measures to remove polluting loads on urban landscapes). Izvestia Akademii Nauk (Proceeding of the Academy of the Sciences of the USSR). Series: Geographical. 5:74-79. (in Russian)
Khvat, V.M., Moskovkin, V.M., Manuilov, M.B., Ronenko, O.P. (1991). Ob aerozolnom zagryaznenii poverkhnostnogo stoka na urbanizirovannyh territoriyah (On aerosol pollution of surface runoff in urban areas). Meteorology and Hydrology, 2:114-115. (in Russian)
Kolpak, V.Z., Moskovkin, V.M., Lysenko, V.E. (1984). Matematicheskoe modelirovanie formirovaniya stoka vody i nanosov na malyh vodosborah so slozhnym relefom. Thesis from an All-Union conference “Dinamika i termika rek, vodokhranilishh i estuariev”. (Mathematical modeling of the formation of runoff and sediments in small watersheds with complex relief. Thesis from an All-Union conference “Dynamics and thermics of rivers, reservoirs and estuaries”). Vol. I. M: 140-143. (in Russian)
Kondratyev, K.Ya., Khvat, V.M., Moskovkin, V.M., Manuilov, M.B. (1988). O dispersnom sostave atmosphernykh aerozoley i paschete ikh osazhdeniya // Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR (On dispersed composition of atmospheric aerosols and calculation of their deposition // Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR), 303 (3): 591-593. (in Russian)
Kuichling, Emil. (1889). The relation between the rainfall and the discharge of sewers in populous districts. Trans. Amer. Soc. of Civ. Eng., 20: 1-56.
Kulandaiswamy, V.C. (1964). A basic study of the rainfall excess-surface relationship in a basin system. Ph.D. University of Illinois. Civil Engineering Department.
Linsley, R.K., Kohler, M.S., Paulhus, J.L.H. (1958). Hydrology for engineers. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., pp: 340.
Linsley, R.L. (1971). A critical review of currently available hydrologic models for analysis of urban storm-water runoff. A report submitted to the U.S. Office of Water Research, Washington, D.C. by Hydrocomp International Inc., Palo Alto, California.
Linsey, R.K., Crawford, N.H. (1974). Continuous simulation models in urban hydrology. Geophysical research Letters, 1 (1): 59-62.
Litwin, Y.J., Lager, J.A. and Smith, W.G. (1980). Areawide Stormwater Pollution Analysis with the Macroscopic Planning (ABMAC) Model, Association of Bay Area Governments, Oakland, CA,NTIS PD 82-107947.
Lloyd-Davies, D.E. (1906). The elimination of storm water from sewerage system. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., 164(41): 41-67.
Metcalf, L., Eddy, H.P. (1930). Sewerage and Sewage Disposal, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Metcalf and Eddy. (1971). Inc., University of Florida, and Water Resources Engineers, Inc., Storm Water Management Model, U.S. EPA Report 11024 DOC 07/21, 4 volumes, July-October 1971.
Modeling nonpoint pollution from the land surface. Ecological Research Series, EPA_600/3-76-083, Environmental Research Laboratory ORD US EPA, Athens, Georgia, 30601, July 1976.
Moskovkin, V.M., Lysenko, V.E., Kolpak, V.Z., 1983. Modelirovanie vynosa vzveshennyh veshhestv poverkhnostnym stokom s territorii goroda. Okhrana vod ot zagryazneniya poverkhnostnym stokom. (Modeling the removal of suspended solids by urban surface runoff. Proceedings: Protection of waters from runoff pollution). Kharkov: VNIIVO Publishing House (All-Union Research Institute of Water Conservation), pp: 136-143. (in Russian).
Moskovkin, V.M., Lysenko, V.E., Kolpak, V.Z., Kurnosenko, A, Kh. (1983). Modelirovanie vynosa nanosov i pesticidov poverkhnostnym stokom s selskochozyastvennich vodosborov. Okhrana vod ot zagryazneniya poverkhnostnym stokom. (Modeling the removal of suspended solids and pesticides by surface runoff from agricultural watersheds. Proceedings: Protection of waters from runoff pollution). Kharkov: VNIIVO Publishing House (All-Union Research Institute of Water Conservation), pp: 129-136. (in Russian).
Moskovkin, V.M., Vavelskij, M.M., Khvat, V.M. (1988). Imitacionnaya model nakopleniya i vynosa vzveshennyh veshhestv poverkhnostnym stokom s zastroennoj territorii. (A simulation model of accumulation and export of suspended solids by surface runoff from built-up areas). Meteorology and Hydrology, 4:107-114. (in Russian).
Mulvaney, T.J. (1850). On the use of self-registering rain and flood gauges in making observations of rainfall and flood discharges in a given catchment. Proc. Inst. Civ.Eng. Ireland, 4:18-31.
Nash, J.E. (1959). Systematic determination of unit hydrograph parameters. Journal of Geophysical Research, 64(1):11-115.
Pitman, W.V. (1973). A mathematical model for generating monthly rivr flows from meteorological data in South Africa. Hydrol. Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Rep. № 2/73, 1973.
Pitman, W.V. (1976). A mathematical model for generating monthly river flows from meteorological data in South Africa. Hydrol. Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Rep. № 2/ 76.
Pravila okhrany poverhnostnyx vod ot zagryazneniya stochnymi vodami. (The rules for the protection of surface waters from sewage pollution), 1975. Moscow, Ministry of Water Resource Management of the USSR, Ministry of Healthcare of the USSR, Ministry of Fishery of the USSR, pp: 38. (in Russian).
Roesner, L.A., Nichandros, H.M., Shubinski, R.P. (1974). A model for evaluating runoff quality in metropolitan master planning. Tech. Memo № 23 (NTIS PB 234 312), ASCE Urban Water Resources Research Program, New York, N.Y., April 1974.
Ronenko, O.P., Moskovkin, V.M. (1988). Imitacionnaya model processa funkcionirovaniya akkumuliruyushhej emkosti s ispolzovaniem informacii o realnyx dozhdevyx sobytiyax. Modelirovanie i kontrol kachestva vod (The simulation model of the functioning of the storage capacity using information about the actual storm events. Modeling and monitoring water quality). Kharkov: VNIIVO Publishing House (All-Union Research Institute of Water Conservation), pp: 89-94. (in Russian).
Schmer, F.A. (1969). Investigation of a linear model to describe hydrologic phenomenon of drainage basins. Technical Report № 19. Water Resources Institute, Texas A&M University, December 1969, pp: 116.
Scwab, G.O., Frewert, R.K., Edminster, T.W., Barnes, K.K. (1966). Soil and water conservation engineering. Second edition. New York : John Wiley and Sons, pp: 683.
Sherman, L.K. (1932). Stream flow from rainfall by the unit graph method. Eng. News Record, 108: 501-505.
Singh, K.P. (1962). A non-linear approach to the instantaneous unit hydrograph theory. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois. Civil Engineering Department.
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Published
2018-06-29
How to Cite
Moskovkin, V., Serkina, O., Lesovik, R., & Dobrydina, I. (2018). Trends in studying urban runoff: a retrospective analysis. Amazonia Investiga, 7(14), 228-239. Retrieved from https://amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/510
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