Análise da Transitividade da Cobertura Eleitoral em Jornais On-line da Malásia e Paquistão: Um Estudo com Análise Crítica do Discurso e Perspectiva da Linguística Sistemática Funcional
Palavras-chave:
Online Newspapers, News Institutions, Hard News, Election Coverage by Online Newspapers, Malaysian and Pakistani Online Newspapers, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Systematic Functional Linguistics (SFL), Transitivity AnalysisResumo
A linguagem do jornal é emergida por crenças, práticas de fala e escrita (Joseph, 2006). Para analisar o significado oculto por trás do texto dos jornais do período eleitoral de 2018 na Malásia e no Paquistão, a teoria da Análise Crítica do Discurso (CDA) de Norman Fairclough (1995) é aplicada em notícias de 'Malaysiakini', 'The New Straits Times' e jornais on-line mainstream da Malásia), 'Dawn' e 'The News' (como jornais on-line independentes e tradicionais do Paquistão). As datas selecionadas para a análise das notícias são de 2 de maio de 2018 a 15 de maio de 2018 na Malásia; no Paquistão são 18 de julho de 2018 até 31 de julho de 2018, duas semanas cada, respectivamente. Os vinte e cinco (25) relatórios de notícias são selecionados com base em atores sociais sobre a questão "corrupção". Os atores sociais são "Dr. Mahathir Mohamad" e "Najib Razak" da Malásia, enquanto; no Paquistão são "Imran Khan" e "Nawaz Sharif", que são analisados na estrutura semiótica social de van Leeuwen (2005). Os dados são analisados através da Análise de Transitividade da Linguística Sistemática Funcional (SFL) por Halliday, que é baseada no trabalho editado de Matthiessen (2014). Jornais online independentes dos dois países mostraram uma representação liberal e justa para todos os atores sociais, em contraste; As escolhas lingüísticas dos jornais tradicionais estão mais inclinadas a governar interesses políticos privados.
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Referências
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Ahmed, Z. S. (2012). The Role of the Pakistani Mass Media in the Lawyers’ Resistance against the Musharraf Dictatorship, 2007- By Zahid Shahab Ahmed. Pakistaniaat, 4(3), 61–77.
Bednarek, M. and Caple, H. (2012) ‘“Value added”: Language, image and news values’, Discourse, Context and Media. Elsevier, 1(2–3), pp. 103–113. doi: 10.1016/j.dcm.2012.05.006.
Bell, A. (1991). The Language of News Media (First, Vol. 15). Basil Blackwell Ltd. https://doi.org/10.2307/416501
Bruce, I. (2011). Genres on the Web, 42. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9178-9
Chandler, D. (1997). An Introduction to Genre Theory. The Media and Communications Studies Site, (August), 1–15. Retrieved from http://faculty.washington.edu/farkas/HCDE510-Fall2012/Chandler_genre_theoryDFAnn.pdf
Daldal, A. (2014). Power and Ideology in Michel Foucault and Antonio Gramsci: A Comparative. American Research Institute for Policy Development, 2(2), 149–167. Retrieved from http://rhpsnet.com/journals/rhps/Vol_2_No_2_June_2014/8.pdf
Davari, S., & Moini, R. M. (2016). The Representation of Social Actors in Top Notch Textbook Series: A critical discourse analysis perspective. International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 4(13). Retrieved from http://jfl.iaun.ac.ir/article_14880_0.html%0A
Eggins, S. (2004). An Introduction to Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics. Journal for the Study of English Linguistics (Second). Continuum International Publishing group, London. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/dell/Downloads/Suzanne Eggins - An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics (2005, Continuum).pdf-downloaded library genesis
Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: the critical study of language. (First). New York: Longman Group Limited, America.
Foss, S. K., & Gill, A. (2009). Michel foucault’s theory of rhetoric as epistemic. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 51(4), 384–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570318709374280
Foucault, M. (1980) Power/Knowledge. Fifth. Edited by C. Gordon. The Harvester Press, USA.
Fowler, R. et al. (1979) Language and Control. First. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 1979.
Graber, B. D. a, & Smith, J. M. (2005). Political communication Faces 21st Century. Journal of Communication, 479–507. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02682.x
Halliday, M. A. K. (1999). Text & Context in Functional Linguistics-The Notion of “Context” in Language Education. (M. Ghadessy, Ed.) (First). John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam & The Netherlands.
Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2014) Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar. Fourth. Edited by C. M. I. M. Matthiessen. Great Britain: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203431269.
Hasan, R. (2005). Pedagogy and Shaping Conscious (E): Linguistic and Social Processes- Ch#1-Society, language and the mind: the meta-dialogism of Basil Bernstein’ s theory. (F. Christie, Ed.) (Second). Great Britain: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC.
Hjarvard, S. and Kristensen, N. N. (2014) ‘When media of a small nation argue for war’, Media, War and Conflict, 7(1), pp. 51–69. doi: 10.1177/1750635213516560.
Ho K.C, Kluver, R., Yang, K. C. C., & Paso, E. (2003). Asia.com. (M. Seldon, Ed.). RoutledgeCurzon, Taylor & Francis Group, London and New York.
Hutchinson, F. E. (2018) ‘Malaysia’s 14 General Elections: Drivers and agents of change’, Asian Affairs. Taylor & Francis, 0(0), pp. 1–24. doi: 10.1080/03068374.2018.1521126.
Infoasaid (2012) Pakistan Media and Telecoms Landscape Guide.
Janks, H. (1997). Critical Discourse Analysis as a Research Tool. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 18(3), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/0159630970180302
Joseph, J. E. (2006) Language and Politics, The Handbook of Applied Linguistics. Edited by K. Davies, Alan & Mitchell. Edinburgh University Press, Great Britain. doi: 10.1002/9780470757000.ch14.
Lee, F. L. F., & Lin, A. M. Y. (2006). Newspaper editorial discourse and the politics of self-censorship in Hong Kong. Discourse and Society, 17(3), 331–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506062371
Lewis, S. C. and Westlund, O. (2015) ‘Actors, Actants, Audiences, and Activities in Cross- Media News Work’, Digital Journalism, 3(1), pp. 37–41. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2014.927986.
Lumsden, L. J. (2013). How Independent? an Analysis of Ge13 Coverage By Malaysia’ S Online News Portal Coverage Sejauh Mana Kebebasan? Satu Analisis Liputan Pru13 Oleh Portal Berita Atas Talian. Malaysian Journal of Communication, 29(2), 1–30. Retrieved from http://ejournals.ukm.my/mjc/article/view/15020
Mezzera, M. and Sial, S. (2010) ‘Media and Governance in Pakistan: A controversial yet essential relationship’, Initiative for Peacebuilding.
Nadadur, R. D. (2007). Self-censorship in the Pakistani print media. South Asian Survey, 14(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/097152310701400105
Orpin, D. (2005) ‘Corpus Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis: Examining the ideology of sleaze’, International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 10(1), pp. 37–61. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.10.1.03orp.
Page, B. (1996). The Mass Media as Political Actors. Political Science & Politics, 29(1), 20–24. https://doi.org/137.111.13.162
Postill, J. (2014). A Critical History of Internet Activism and Social Protest in Malaysia, 1998-2011*. Asiascape: Digital Asia, 1(1–2), 78–103. https://doi.org/10.1163/22142312-12340006
Ramanathan, R. and Hoon, T. (2015) ‘Application of Critical Discourse Analysis in Media Discourse Studies’, 3L: Southeast Asian Journal of English Language …, 21(2), pp. 57–68.
Rizwan, S. (2019) ‘Legitimation strategies and theistic worldview in sociopolitical discourse: A systemic functional critical discourse analysis of Pakistani social media discussions’, Text & Talk an Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse & Communication Studies, 39(2), pp. 235–260. doi: 10.1515/text-2019-2026.
Stromback, J. (2008). Four phases of mediatization: An analysis of the mediatization of politics. International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(3), 228–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161208319097
Tan, T. et al. (2019) ‘Star online (newspaper) NST no longer friendly with us, laments Najib’, Star online, July. Available at: https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/04/nst-no-longer-friendly-with-us-laments-najib/.
Thompson, G. (1999). Text & Context in Functional Linguistics- Acting the part Lexico-grammatical choices and contextual factors. (M. Ghadessy, Ed.) (First). s Publishing Company, Amsterdam & The Netherlands. Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uthm-ebooks/detail.action?docID=623206. Created
Thomson, E. A., White, P. R. R., & Kitley, P. (2008). Objectivity” and “hard news” reporting across cultures: Comparing the news report in english, french, japanese and indonesian journalism. Journalism Studies, 9(2), 212–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700701848261
Van Dijk, T. A. (1991) Racism and the press. First. Edited by R. Miles. London and New York: Routledge. doi: 10.1016/0378-2166(94)90021-3.
Van Leeuwen, T. (2005) Introducing Social Semiotics. First. USA & Canada: Routledge. Available at: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/3739/.
Ward, D. (2004). The Media and Elections: A Handbook and Comparative Study. (D. & L. B.-P. Ward, Ed.). Great Britain: Routledge & Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, New Jersy, 07430. Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uthm-ebooks/detail.action?docID=234217. Created
Wodak, Ruth & Meyer, M. (2001). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. (M. Wodak, Ruth & Meyer, Ed.), Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (First, Vol. 209). SAGE Publications Ltd 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU.
Wodak, R. (2006). Mediation between discourse and society: Assessing cognitive approaches in CDA. Discourse Studies, 8(1), 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445606059566
Zafar, A. (2014). Media & Elections: General Election Campaign (2013) in Pakistan and The Role of Media, (February). https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.4227.4242
Ahmed, Z. S. (2012). The Role of the Pakistani Mass Media in the Lawyers’ Resistance against the Musharraf Dictatorship, 2007- By Zahid Shahab Ahmed. Pakistaniaat, 4(3), 61–77.
Bednarek, M. and Caple, H. (2012) ‘“Value added”: Language, image and news values’, Discourse, Context and Media. Elsevier, 1(2–3), pp. 103–113. doi: 10.1016/j.dcm.2012.05.006.
Bell, A. (1991). The Language of News Media (First, Vol. 15). Basil Blackwell Ltd. https://doi.org/10.2307/416501
Bruce, I. (2011). Genres on the Web, 42. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9178-9
Chandler, D. (1997). An Introduction to Genre Theory. The Media and Communications Studies Site, (August), 1–15. Retrieved from http://faculty.washington.edu/farkas/HCDE510-Fall2012/Chandler_genre_theoryDFAnn.pdf
Daldal, A. (2014). Power and Ideology in Michel Foucault and Antonio Gramsci: A Comparative. American Research Institute for Policy Development, 2(2), 149–167. Retrieved from http://rhpsnet.com/journals/rhps/Vol_2_No_2_June_2014/8.pdf
Davari, S., & Moini, R. M. (2016). The Representation of Social Actors in Top Notch Textbook Series: A critical discourse analysis perspective. International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 4(13). Retrieved from http://jfl.iaun.ac.ir/article_14880_0.html%0A
Eggins, S. (2004). An Introduction to Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics. Journal for the Study of English Linguistics (Second). Continuum International Publishing group, London. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/dell/Downloads/Suzanne Eggins - An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics (2005, Continuum).pdf-downloaded library genesis
Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: the critical study of language. (First). New York: Longman Group Limited, America.
Foss, S. K., & Gill, A. (2009). Michel foucault’s theory of rhetoric as epistemic. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 51(4), 384–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570318709374280
Foucault, M. (1980) Power/Knowledge. Fifth. Edited by C. Gordon. The Harvester Press, USA.
Fowler, R. et al. (1979) Language and Control. First. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 1979.
Graber, B. D. a, & Smith, J. M. (2005). Political communication Faces 21st Century. Journal of Communication, 479–507. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02682.x
Halliday, M. A. K. (1999). Text & Context in Functional Linguistics-The Notion of “Context” in Language Education. (M. Ghadessy, Ed.) (First). John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam & The Netherlands.
Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2014) Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar. Fourth. Edited by C. M. I. M. Matthiessen. Great Britain: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203431269.
Hasan, R. (2005). Pedagogy and Shaping Conscious (E): Linguistic and Social Processes- Ch#1-Society, language and the mind: the meta-dialogism of Basil Bernstein’ s theory. (F. Christie, Ed.) (Second). Great Britain: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC.
Hjarvard, S. and Kristensen, N. N. (2014) ‘When media of a small nation argue for war’, Media, War and Conflict, 7(1), pp. 51–69. doi: 10.1177/1750635213516560.
Ho K.C, Kluver, R., Yang, K. C. C., & Paso, E. (2003). Asia.com. (M. Seldon, Ed.). RoutledgeCurzon, Taylor & Francis Group, London and New York.
Hutchinson, F. E. (2018) ‘Malaysia’s 14 General Elections: Drivers and agents of change’, Asian Affairs. Taylor & Francis, 0(0), pp. 1–24. doi: 10.1080/03068374.2018.1521126.
Infoasaid (2012) Pakistan Media and Telecoms Landscape Guide.
Janks, H. (1997). Critical Discourse Analysis as a Research Tool. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 18(3), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/0159630970180302
Joseph, J. E. (2006) Language and Politics, The Handbook of Applied Linguistics. Edited by K. Davies, Alan & Mitchell. Edinburgh University Press, Great Britain. doi: 10.1002/9780470757000.ch14.
Lee, F. L. F., & Lin, A. M. Y. (2006). Newspaper editorial discourse and the politics of self-censorship in Hong Kong. Discourse and Society, 17(3), 331–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506062371
Lewis, S. C. and Westlund, O. (2015) ‘Actors, Actants, Audiences, and Activities in Cross- Media News Work’, Digital Journalism, 3(1), pp. 37–41. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2014.927986.
Lumsden, L. J. (2013). How Independent? an Analysis of Ge13 Coverage By Malaysia’ S Online News Portal Coverage Sejauh Mana Kebebasan? Satu Analisis Liputan Pru13 Oleh Portal Berita Atas Talian. Malaysian Journal of Communication, 29(2), 1–30. Retrieved from http://ejournals.ukm.my/mjc/article/view/15020
Mezzera, M. and Sial, S. (2010) ‘Media and Governance in Pakistan: A controversial yet essential relationship’, Initiative for Peacebuilding.
Nadadur, R. D. (2007). Self-censorship in the Pakistani print media. South Asian Survey, 14(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/097152310701400105
Orpin, D. (2005) ‘Corpus Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis: Examining the ideology of sleaze’, International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 10(1), pp. 37–61. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.10.1.03orp.
Page, B. (1996). The Mass Media as Political Actors. Political Science & Politics, 29(1), 20–24. https://doi.org/137.111.13.162
Postill, J. (2014). A Critical History of Internet Activism and Social Protest in Malaysia, 1998-2011*. Asiascape: Digital Asia, 1(1–2), 78–103. https://doi.org/10.1163/22142312-12340006
Ramanathan, R. and Hoon, T. (2015) ‘Application of Critical Discourse Analysis in Media Discourse Studies’, 3L: Southeast Asian Journal of English Language …, 21(2), pp. 57–68.
Rizwan, S. (2019) ‘Legitimation strategies and theistic worldview in sociopolitical discourse: A systemic functional critical discourse analysis of Pakistani social media discussions’, Text & Talk an Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse & Communication Studies, 39(2), pp. 235–260. doi: 10.1515/text-2019-2026.
Stromback, J. (2008). Four phases of mediatization: An analysis of the mediatization of politics. International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(3), 228–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161208319097
Tan, T. et al. (2019) ‘Star online (newspaper) NST no longer friendly with us, laments Najib’, Star online, July. Available at: https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/04/nst-no-longer-friendly-with-us-laments-najib/.
Thompson, G. (1999). Text & Context in Functional Linguistics- Acting the part Lexico-grammatical choices and contextual factors. (M. Ghadessy, Ed.) (First). s Publishing Company, Amsterdam & The Netherlands. Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uthm-ebooks/detail.action?docID=623206. Created
Thomson, E. A., White, P. R. R., & Kitley, P. (2008). Objectivity” and “hard news” reporting across cultures: Comparing the news report in english, french, japanese and indonesian journalism. Journalism Studies, 9(2), 212–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700701848261
Van Dijk, T. A. (1991) Racism and the press. First. Edited by R. Miles. London and New York: Routledge. doi: 10.1016/0378-2166(94)90021-3.
Van Leeuwen, T. (2005) Introducing Social Semiotics. First. USA & Canada: Routledge. Available at: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/3739/.
Ward, D. (2004). The Media and Elections: A Handbook and Comparative Study. (D. & L. B.-P. Ward, Ed.). Great Britain: Routledge & Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, New Jersy, 07430. Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uthm-ebooks/detail.action?docID=234217. Created
Wodak, Ruth & Meyer, M. (2001). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. (M. Wodak, Ruth & Meyer, Ed.), Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (First, Vol. 209). SAGE Publications Ltd 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU.
Wodak, R. (2006). Mediation between discourse and society: Assessing cognitive approaches in CDA. Discourse Studies, 8(1), 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445606059566
Zafar, A. (2014). Media & Elections: General Election Campaign (2013) in Pakistan and The Role of Media, (February). https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.4227.4242
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2019-08-31
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Asad, S., Mohd Noor, S. N. F. B., & Jaes, L. B. (2019). Análise da Transitividade da Cobertura Eleitoral em Jornais On-line da Malásia e Paquistão: Um Estudo com Análise Crítica do Discurso e Perspectiva da Linguística Sistemática Funcional. Amazonia Investiga, 8(21), 168–176. Recuperado de https://amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/85
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