v. 14 n. 86 (2025)
Articles

The role of geographical and legal features in optimizing security and control of semi-enclosed seas: A case study of the eastern Adriatic Sea

PDF (English)
  • Tomislav Sunko,
  • Mihael Dedo,
  • Ružica Popović,
  • Toni Mišković,
  • Marin Delić,
  • Lovro Strnad
Tomislav Sunko
Croatian Defense Academy “Dr Franjo Tuđman”, Zagreb, Croatia.
Biografia do Autor

PhD., Asst. Prof., Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia, Croatian Defense Academy “Dr Franjo Tuđman”, Zagreb, Croatia.

Mihael Dedo
Croatian Defense Academy “Dr Franjo Tuđman”, Zagreb, Croatia.
Biografia do Autor

University Magister of Engineering in Naval/Maritime Traffic, Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia, Croatian Defense Academy “Dr Franjo Tuđman”, Zagreb, Croatia.

Ružica Popović
Regional Meteorological Office Split, Split, Croatia.
Biografia do Autor

PhD., Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Regional Meteorological Office Split, Split, Croatia.

Toni Mišković
Transmitters and Communications Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.
Biografia do Autor

Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering, Transmitters and Communications Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.

Marin Delić
Split Ship Management, Split, Croatia.
Biografia do Autor

Bachelor of Engineering in Nautical Studies / Nautical Science, Split Ship Management, Split, Croatia.

Lovro Strnad
Dr. Franjo Tuđman Defense and Security University, Zagreb, Croatia.
Biografia do Autor

Student, Rectory, Dr. Franjo Tuđman Defense and Security University, Zagreb, Croatia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2025.86.02.21

Publicado 2025-12-01

Palavras-chave

  • Semi-enclosed sea,
  • security,
  • surveillance,
  • Adriatic

Como Citar

Sunko, T., Dedo, M., Popović, R., Mišković, T., Delić, M., & Strnad, L. (2025). The role of geographical and legal features in optimizing security and control of semi-enclosed seas: A case study of the eastern Adriatic Sea. Amazonia Investiga, 14(86), 281–297. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2025.86.02.21

Copyright (c) 2025 Tomislav Sunko, Mihael Dedo, Ružica Popović, Toni Mišković, Marin Delić, Lovro Strnad

Creative Commons License
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Resumo

Semi-enclosed seas are geographic areas specifically defined by their general geometry. Geographical characteristics heavily influence the possibilities and challenges of surveillance, security and navigation of semi-enclosed seas. This paper analyses specifications and typical challenges that occur within the semi-enclosed seas, firstly by defining them and secondly by comparing different challenges that occur within different geographical areas. The causality of typical challenges is then correlated to geomorphological, geopolitical and hydrometeorological properties of semi-enclosed seas. Heavy focus is on the problematics arising on the eastern coast of Adriatic. These are further compared to the general properties of challenges occurring in the semi-enclosed seas analysed by comparison of different regions, resulting in not only a correlation between semi-enclosed sea properties, but also a clear systematizations and categorization of those problems which will enable further research on combating them.

PDF (English)

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

  1. Britannica (2023). Home, Geography & Travel, Physical Geography of Water, Oceans & Sea. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/
  2. Ćorić, D., & Šantić, I. (2012). Nadzor Sigurnosti Plovidbe I Utvrđivanje Prekršajne Odgovornosti. [Navigation safety supervision and determination of offence liability]. Pravni vjesnik: časopis za pravne i društvene znanosti Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta J.J. Strossmayera u Osijeku, 28(2), 79-94. Retrieved from https://hrcak.srce.hr/121043
  3. Cosoli, S., Mazzoldi, A., & Gačić, M. (2010). Validation of Surface Current Measurements in the Northern Adriatic Sea from High-Frequency Radars. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 25(5), 908-919. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHO680.1
  4. Croatian Hydrographic Institute (2012). Adriatic Sea - East Coast, Split. ISBN 978-953-6165-80-3
  5. Degan, V.Đ. (2019). Spor o granicama između hrvatske i slovenije [The Boundary Dispute between Croatia and Slovenia]. Comparative Maritime Law, 58(173), 11-66. https://doi.org/10.21857/ydkx2crzx9
  6. Do, H. (2024). Popular MDA Initiatives and Implications for ASEAN. Security Nexus. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep63401
  7. Državni hidrometeorološki zavod (2024). Meteorološki i hidrološki događaji koji su obilježili 2024. godinu. [Meteorological and hydrological events that marked the year 2024]. Retrieved from https://acortar.link/FPvE8C
  8. Fuglesang Rye, Z.A. (2021). Radar on the forefront of environmental solutions. Kongsberg Maritime. Retrieved from https://acortar.link/372S1H
  9. Hayton, B. (2014). The South China Sea: The Struggle for Power in Asia. London: Yale University Press.
  10. Hrvatski Hidografski Institut Split (2007). Oglas za pomorce [Advertisement for seafarers]. Notice to mariners Vol. 3/2007. Retrieved from https://www.hhi.hr/Portals/0/adam/HHI/plu7a24_qE2iTGKkKGOaDQ/PdfView/ozp200703.pdf
  11. International Crisis Group (2025). Strait of Hormuz, 2025. Retrieved from https://www.crisisgroup.org/trigger-list/iran-usisrael-trigger-list/flashpoints/strait-hormuz
  12. International Maritime Bureau (2019). Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships, Annual Report for 2019. Retrieved from https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/2019_Annual_Piracy_Report.pdf
  13. International Maritime Organization (2006). New and Amended Existing Traffic Separation Schemes. Retrieved from https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/imo-circular-58-2006.pdf
  14. Jardas, I., Pallaoro, A., Vrgoč, N., Jukić-Peladić, S., & Dadić, V. (2008). Crvena knjiga morskih riba Hrvatske [Red Book of Marine Fishes of Croatia]. Zagreb: Ministarstvo kulture i medija Republike Hrvatske. ISBN 978-953-7169-51-0
  15. Kos, S. (2018). Navigacija, Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža [Navigation, Miroslav Krleža Lexicographic Institute]. Hrvatska tehnička enciklopedija. Retrieved from https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/navigacija/
  16. Kovačić, M., Rukavina, B., & Perinić, L. (2022). Marine spatial planning in Croatia – legal and technical aspects. Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal of Maritime Research, 36(1), 14-21. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.31217/p.36.1.2
  17. Leder, T. D., Ujević, T., & Čala, M. (2004). Coastline lenghts and areas of islands in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea determined from the topographic maps at the scale of 1: 25 000. Geoadria, 9(1), 5-32. https://doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.127
  18. Leppäkoski, E., Shiganova, T., & Alexandrov, B. (2009). European Enclosed and Semi-enclosed Seas. In: Biological Invasions in Marine Ecosystems Ecological, Management, and Geographic Perspectives, 204, 529-547. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79236-9_30
  19. Lionello, P., Cavaleri, L., Nissen, K. M., Pino, C., Raicich, F., & Ulbrich, U. (2012). Severe marine storms in the Northern Adriatic: Characteristics and trends. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 40, 93-105. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2010.10.002
  20. Lowe, A.V. (1990). Bernaerts’ Guide to the Law of the Sea: The 1982 United Nations Convention. By Arnd Bernaerts. [Coulsdon, Surrey: Fairplay Publications Ltd. 1988. xiv + 363 pp. £24 (£22 in UK)/$48]. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 39(3), 716–717. doi: 10.1093/iclqaj/39.3.716
  21. Luttenberger, A., & Zec, D. (2010). Interesi obalne države u pomorskom nadzoru [Coastal state interests in maritime surveillance]. Poredbeno pomorsko pravo, 49(164), 345-366. Retrieved from https://hrcak.srce.hr/63269
  22. Marelić, T. (2016). Utjecaj vjetra na organizaciju jedrenjačke plovidbe na hrvatskom dijelu Jadrana [Wind influence on sailing ship navigation across Croatian part of Adriatic Sea]. Geoadria, 21(2), 211-236. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.21
  23. Marjanović, M. (2011). CROPOS – pozicioniranje nikad lakše i jednostavnije u Hrvatskoj [CROPOS – positioning has never been easier and simpler in Croatia]. Zbornik radova 2. CROPOS konferencije, Zagreb, 21-30. Retrieved from https://www.cropos.hr/files/docs/2_CROPOS_konferencija_Zbornik_radova.pdf
  24. Mikulski, D. (1981). Water balance of the semi-enclosed seas. Geophysica, 63-74. Retrieved from https://www.geophysica.fi/pdf/geophysica_1981_17_1-2_063_mikulski.pdf
  25. Nyman, T., Porthin, M., Sassi, J., Sonninen, S., Huhta, H. K., & Hänninen, S. (2010). Åland Sea FSA study. VTT Research report VTT. Retrieved from https://sarjaweb.vtt.fi/julkaisut/muut/2010/VTT-R-08328-08.pdf
  26. Narodne novine. (2021). Odluka o proglašenju isključivog gospodarskog pojasa Republike Hrvatske u Jadranskom moru [Decision on the proclamation of the exclusive economic zone of the Republic of Croatia in the Adriatic Sea]. Retrieved from https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2021_02_10_192.html
  27. Oguz, T., & Su, J. (2004). Semi-Enclosed Seas, Islands and Australia Overview. In: The Sea: Ideas and Observations on Progress in the Study of the Seas, The Sea, Volume 14A: The Global Coastal Ocean: Interdisciplinary Regional Studies and Syntheses. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674015272
  28. Premužić, M., Šugar, D., & Bačić, Ž. (2018). Mogućnosti pozicioniranja primjenom sustava Galileo i novih metoda mrežnog rješenja [Positioning possibilities using the Galileo system and new network solution methods]. Zbornik radova 5. CROPOS konferencije, 55–71. Retrieved from https://www.cropos.hr/files/docs/5-konferencija/Zbornik_radova.pdf
  29. Pugh, M. (1994). Maritime Security and Peacekeeping: A Framework for United Nations Operations. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719045639
  30. Republika Hrvatska (2024). Servisi CROPOS sustava [CROPOS system services]. Retrieved from https://www.cropos.hr/servisi/gpps
  31. Riđanović, J., & Bičanić, Z. (1993). Hrvatski Jadran i novi teritorijalni ustroj (Prostorni pojam, duljina i razvedenost hrvatske obale) [The Croatian Adriatic and the new territorial organization (Spatial concept, length and indentation of the Croatian coast)], Acta Geographica Croatica, 28(1), 85-96. Retrieved from https://hrcak.srce.hr/84421
  32. Scovazzi, T. (2024). The Regime of Enclosed or Semi-Enclosed Seas with Special Regard for the Mediterranean Sea. Portuguese Yearbook of the Law of the Sea, 1(1), 154-175. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1163/29501636-01010009
  33. Sea Around Us (2016). Tools&Data, Basic search, EEZ. Retrieved from http://www.seaaroundus.org/
  34. Sea Around Us (2016). Catches by Taxon in the waters of Croatia. https://acortar.link/dATzCA
  35. Sunko, T. (2024). Optimizacija prostornog razmještaja resursa obalne straže u poluzatvorenim morima u funkciji nacionalne sigurnosti. [Optimisation of the Coast Guard resource deployment in semi-enclosed seas as a function of the national security]. (Doctoral Thesis), University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia. Retrieved from https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:187:493640
  36. UNCLOS (1982). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf
  37. Sveučilište u Rijec (2016). Studija konsolidacije sustava obveznog javljanja brodova i uspostave zajedničkog jadranskog VTS sustava - prometno plovidbena studija [Study of consolidation of the mandatory ship reporting system and establishment of a common Adriatic VTS system - traffic and navigation study.]. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Maritime Studies. Retrieved from https://acortar.link/3ATr5L
  38. Van Dyke, J.M. (2005). An Analysis of the Aegean Disputes under International Law. Ocean Development & International Law, 36(1), 63–117. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320590909088
  39. Vlada Republike Hrvatske (2022). Hrvatska i Italija potpisale Ugovor o razgraničenju isključivih gospodarskih pojaseva [Croatia and Italy sign Agreement on the Delimitation of Exclusive Economic Zones]. Retrieved from https://acortar.link/aP3tDj
  40. Vokić Žužul, M., & Filipović, V. (2015). Granice podmorskih prostora jadranskih država [The boundaries of the undersea areas of the Adriatic countries]. Poredbeno pomorsko parvo, 54(169), 9-56. Retrieved from https://hrcak.srce.hr/144383
  41. Volarić, B., & Nikolić, D. (2014). Zaleđivanje istočne obale jadrana [Icing of the eastern Adriatic coast]. Hrvatski meteorološki časopis, (48/49), 93-113. Retrieved from https://hrcak.srce.hr/133925
  42. Vrdoljak, Lj., Režić, M., & Petričević, I. (2021). Bathymetric and geological properties of the Adriatic sea. Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik, 36(2), 93-107. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2021.2.9
  43. Vujović, I., & Kuzmanić, I. (2018). Investigation Of Weather Conditions’ Influence to the Maritime Zone Surveillance – Ground Truth Generation. 21st International Research/Expert Conference” Trends in the Development of Machinery and Associated Technology” TMT 2018, Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic. Retrieved from https://acortar.link/QZ7dvI
  44. Žabica, T. (1993). Hrvatski Jadranski prostor kao prirodno - geografska turistička regija [The Croatian Adriatic as a natural - geographical tourist region]. Ekonomska misao i praksa, 2(2), 183-201. Retrieved from https://hrcak.srce.hr/221980
  45. Zakon, Hr. (2019). Pomorski zakonik [Maritime Code] NN 181/04, 76/07, 146/08, 61/11, 56/13, 26/15 i 17/19, Zagreb. Available online https://www.zakon.hr/z/310/Pomorski-zakonik