Teacher education program supporting critical thinking skills: a case of primary school teachers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.41.05.19Palavras-chave:
Critical thinking, teacher behaviors, needs analysis, teacher education, teacher education program.Resumo
This quantitative study investigates the needs of primary school teachers for better Teacher Education Program supporting critical thinking skills. The study was carried out at four different public and private primary and secondary schools in Erbil, Iraq, during the 2019–2020 academic year, when the COVID-19 pandemic caused the suspensión of classes and the
closure of educational centers. An online survey was conducted with 48 physics, mathematics, Kurdish, and social science teachers to gather data regarding how teachers support students’ critical thinking skills in the classroom. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and revealed that teachers were inefficient in encouraging students to use critical thinking skills in the classroom. The findings indicated that teachers require training to improve skills such as open-mindedness, asking high-level questions, questioning information accuracy and reliability, and searching for causes or evidence. Hence, the study proposes a teacher education program to supporting critical thinking.
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Referências
Alper, A. (2010). Critical Thinking Disposition of Pre-Service Teachers. Education and Science, 35(158).
Anazifa, R.D. (2016). The effect of problem-based learning on critical thinking skills and student achievement. In Proceeding of 3 rd international conference on research, implementation and education of mathematics and science. Retrieved from: http://seminar. uny. ac. id/icriems/sites/seminar. uny. ac. id. icriems/files/prosiding/BE-07. pdf.
Anderson, T., Howe, C., Soden, R., Halliday, J., and Low, J. (2001). Peer Interaction and the Learning of Critical Thinking Skills in Further Education Students. Instructional Science, 29(1), doi: 10.1023/A:1026471702353.
Anon (2011). InTASC Model Core Teaching Standards. CCSSO. Retrieved March 18, 2021 https://ccsso.org/sites/default/files/2017-11/InTASC_Model_Core_Teaching_Standards_2011.pdf
Behar-Horenstein, L. S., & Niu, L. (2011). Teaching critical thinking skills in higher education: A review of the literature. Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC), 8(2).
Bundu, P., Arifin A., and Muhajir. (2018). Inquiry Learning Strategy to Improve Students’ Critical Thinking Skills. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME), 8(1).
Dekker, & Teun, J. (2020). Teaching Critical Thinking through Engagement with Multiplicity. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 37, doi: 10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100701.
Eales-Reynolds, L. J., Judge, B., McCreery, E., & Jones, P. (2013). Critical thinking skills for education students. Learning Matters.
Elyas, T., and Al-Zahrani, B.S (2019). Students’ Views on the Use of Critical Thinking-Based Pedagogical Approach for Vocabulary Instruction. Higher Education Studies, 9(3), doi: 10.5539/hes.v9n3p116.
Ennis, R. H. (2018). Critical thinking across the curriculum: A vision. Topoi, 37(1), 165-184.
Erikson, M. G., & Erikson, M. (2019). Learning outcomes and critical thinking–good intentions in conflict. Studies in Higher Education, 44(12), 2293-2303.
Fawkes, D., O’meara, B., Weber, D., & Flage, D. (2005). Examining the exam: A critical look at the California critical thinking skills test. Science & Education, 14(2), 117-135.
Feuerstein, M. (1999). Media Literacy in Support of Critical Thinking. Journal of Educational Media, 24(1), 43-54. doi: 10.1080/1358165990240104.
Forawi, S.A. (2016). Standard-Based Science Education and Critical Thinking. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 20, 52–62, doi: 10.1016/j.tsc.2016.02.005.
Ford, C. L., & Yore, L. D. (2012). Toward convergence of critical thinking, metacognition, and reflection: Illustrations from natural and social sciences, teacher education, and classroom practice. In Metacognition in science education (pp. 251-271). Dordrecht: Springer.
Furness, J., Cowie, B., and Cooper, B. (2017). Scoping the Meaning of ‘Critical’ in Mathematical Thinking for Initial Teacher Education. Policy Futures in Education, 15(6), 713–28. doi: 10.1177/1478210317719778.
Gülen, M. F. (1996). Criteria or Lights of the Way. London: Truestar.
Hager, P. (2003). Teaching Critical Thinking in Undergraduate Science Courses. Science and Education, 12(3), doi: 10.1023/A:1024043708461.
Hager, P., and Kaye, M. (1992). Critical Thinking in Teacher Education: A Process-Oriented Research Agenda. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 17(2), doi: 10.14221/ajte.1992v17n2.4.
Halpern, D.F. (1998). Teaching Critical Thinking for Transfer Across Domains: Dispositions, Skills, Structure Training, and Metacognitive Monitoring. American Psychologist, 53(4), 449-55. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.53.4.449.
Hjerm, M., Sevä, I,J., and Werner, L. (2018). How Critical Thinking, Multicultural Education and Teacher Qualification Affect Anti-Immigrant Attitudes.” International Studies in Sociology of Education, 27(1), 42–59. doi: 10.1080/09620214.2018.1425895.
Howard, T.C. (2003). Culturally Relevant Pedagogy: Ingredients for Critical Teacher Reflection. Theory into Practice, 42(3), 195-202.
Huber, C.R., and Kuncel, N.R (2016). Does College Teach Critical Thinking? A Meta-Analysis. Review of Educational Research, 86(2), doi: 10.3102/0034654315605917.
Hunaidah, H., Susantini, E., Wasis, W., Prahani, B.K. and Mahdiannur, M.A. (2018). Improving Collaborative Critical Thinking Skills of Physics Education Students through Implementation of CinQASE Learning Model. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Vol. 1108.
Husamah, D.F., and Setyawan, D. (2018). OIDDE Learning Model: Improving Higher Order Thinking Skills of Biology Teacher Candidates. International Journal of Instruction, 11(2), 249–64, doi: 10.12973/iji.2018.11217a.
Kong, S. Ch. (2014). Developing Information Literacy and Critical Thinking Skills through Domain Knowledge Learning in Digital Classrooms: An Experience of Practicing Flipped Classroom Strategy. Computers and Education, 78, doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2014.05.009.
Lévesque, S. (2008). Thinking historically: Educating students for the twenty-first century. University of Toronto Press.
Lewis, A., and Smith, D. (1993). Defining Higher Order Thinking. Theory Into Practice, 32(3), 131–37. doi: 10.1080/00405849309543588.
Lorencová, H., Jarošová, E., Avgitidou, S., and Dimitriadou, C. (2019). Critical Thinking Practices in Teacher Education Programmes: A Systematic Review. Studies in Higher Education, 44(5), 844–59. doi: 10.1080/03075079.2019.1586331.
Lunenburg, F. C. (2011). Critical thinking and constructivism techniques for improving student achievement. In National Forum of Teacher Education Journal (Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1-9).
Mahdi, O.R., Nassar, I.A., and Almuslamani, H.A. (2020). The Role of Using Case Studies Method in Improving Students’ Critical Thinking Skills in Higher Education. International Journal of Higher Education, 9(2). doi: 10.5430/ijhe.v9n2p297.
Miri, B., Ben-Chaim, D., and Uri, Z. (2007). Purposely Teaching for the Promotion of Higher-Order Thinking Skills: A Case of Critical Thinking. Research in Science Education, 37(4), 353–69. doi: 10.1007/s11165-006-9029-2.
Mulnix, J. W. (2012). Thinking Critically about Critical Thinking. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 44(5), doi: 10.1111/j.1469-5812.2010.00673.x.
Mulyono, Y. (2018). Critical Thinking Skills of Physics Education Students Through CTL-Based Fundamental Biology. Science, Engineering, Education, and Development Studies (SEEDS): Conference Series 2(1), doi: 10.20961/seeds.v2i1.24646.
Muskita, M., Subali, B., and Djukri. (2020). Effects of Worksheets Base the Levels of Inquiry in Improving Critical and Creative Thinking. International Journal of Instruction, 13(2), doi: 10.29333/iji.2020.13236a.
Piro, J., and Anderson, G.. (2015). Discussions in a Socrates Café: Implications for Critical Thinking in Teacher Education. Action in Teacher Education, 37(3), 265–83, doi: 10.1080/01626620.2015.1048009.
Pithers, R. T., and Soden, R. (2000). Critical Thinking in Education: A Review. Educational Research, 42(3), 237–49.
Plotnikova, N. F., and Strukov, E. N. (2019). Integration of Teamwork and Critical Thinking Skills in the Process of Teaching Students. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 14(1), doi: 10.18844/cjes.v14i1.4031.
Roschelle, J. M., Pea, R. D., Hoadley, C. M., Gordin, D. N., & Means, B. M. (2000). Changing how and what children learn in school with computer-based technologies. The future of children, 76-101.
Setiawan, A., Malik, A. Suhandi, A., and Permanasari, A. (2018). Effect of Higher Order Thinking Laboratory on the Improvement of Critical and Creative Thinking Skills. in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 306. Institute of Physics Publishing.
Szabo, Z., and Schwartz, J. (2011). Learning Methods for Teacher Education: The Use of Online Discussions to Improve Critical Thinking. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 20(1), 79–94, doi: 10.1080/1475939X.2010.534866.
Tashakkori, A., & Creswell, J. W. (2007). Editorial: The New Era of Mixed Methods. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 3–7. doi:10.1177/2345678906293042
Toy, B.Y., and Ok, A. (2012). Incorporating Critical Thinking in the Pedagogical Content of a Teacher Education Programme: Does It Make a Difference? European Journal of Teacher Education, 35(1), 39–56. doi: 10.1080/02619768.2011.634902.
Van der Zanden, P.J., Denessen, E., Cillessen, A.H., and Meijer, P.C. (2020). Fostering Critical Thinking Skills in Secondary Education to Prepare Students for University: Teacher Perceptions and Practices. Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 25(4), doi: 10.1080/13596748.2020.1846313.
Walters, K. S. (1989). Critical thinking in teacher education: Towards a demythologization. Journal of Teacher Education, 40(3), 14-19.
Wang, Ch.H. (2013b). Fostering Critical Religious Thinking in Multicultural Education for Teacher Education. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 34(2),152–64. doi: 10.1080/13617672.2013.802127.
Williams, R.L. (2005b). Targeting Critical Thinking within Teacher Education: The Potential Impact on Society. Teacher Educator, 40(3), 163–87. doi: 10.1080/08878730509555359.
Yang, Y.T.C., and Wu, W.Ch.I. (2012). Digital Storytelling for Enhancing Student Academic Achievement, Critical Thinking.; Learning Motivation: A Year-Long Experimental Study. Computers and Education, 59(2), 339–52. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2011.12.012.
Anazifa, R.D. (2016). The effect of problem-based learning on critical thinking skills and student achievement. In Proceeding of 3 rd international conference on research, implementation and education of mathematics and science. Retrieved from: http://seminar. uny. ac. id/icriems/sites/seminar. uny. ac. id. icriems/files/prosiding/BE-07. pdf.
Anderson, T., Howe, C., Soden, R., Halliday, J., and Low, J. (2001). Peer Interaction and the Learning of Critical Thinking Skills in Further Education Students. Instructional Science, 29(1), doi: 10.1023/A:1026471702353.
Anon (2011). InTASC Model Core Teaching Standards. CCSSO. Retrieved March 18, 2021 https://ccsso.org/sites/default/files/2017-11/InTASC_Model_Core_Teaching_Standards_2011.pdf
Behar-Horenstein, L. S., & Niu, L. (2011). Teaching critical thinking skills in higher education: A review of the literature. Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC), 8(2).
Bundu, P., Arifin A., and Muhajir. (2018). Inquiry Learning Strategy to Improve Students’ Critical Thinking Skills. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME), 8(1).
Dekker, & Teun, J. (2020). Teaching Critical Thinking through Engagement with Multiplicity. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 37, doi: 10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100701.
Eales-Reynolds, L. J., Judge, B., McCreery, E., & Jones, P. (2013). Critical thinking skills for education students. Learning Matters.
Elyas, T., and Al-Zahrani, B.S (2019). Students’ Views on the Use of Critical Thinking-Based Pedagogical Approach for Vocabulary Instruction. Higher Education Studies, 9(3), doi: 10.5539/hes.v9n3p116.
Ennis, R. H. (2018). Critical thinking across the curriculum: A vision. Topoi, 37(1), 165-184.
Erikson, M. G., & Erikson, M. (2019). Learning outcomes and critical thinking–good intentions in conflict. Studies in Higher Education, 44(12), 2293-2303.
Fawkes, D., O’meara, B., Weber, D., & Flage, D. (2005). Examining the exam: A critical look at the California critical thinking skills test. Science & Education, 14(2), 117-135.
Feuerstein, M. (1999). Media Literacy in Support of Critical Thinking. Journal of Educational Media, 24(1), 43-54. doi: 10.1080/1358165990240104.
Forawi, S.A. (2016). Standard-Based Science Education and Critical Thinking. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 20, 52–62, doi: 10.1016/j.tsc.2016.02.005.
Ford, C. L., & Yore, L. D. (2012). Toward convergence of critical thinking, metacognition, and reflection: Illustrations from natural and social sciences, teacher education, and classroom practice. In Metacognition in science education (pp. 251-271). Dordrecht: Springer.
Furness, J., Cowie, B., and Cooper, B. (2017). Scoping the Meaning of ‘Critical’ in Mathematical Thinking for Initial Teacher Education. Policy Futures in Education, 15(6), 713–28. doi: 10.1177/1478210317719778.
Gülen, M. F. (1996). Criteria or Lights of the Way. London: Truestar.
Hager, P. (2003). Teaching Critical Thinking in Undergraduate Science Courses. Science and Education, 12(3), doi: 10.1023/A:1024043708461.
Hager, P., and Kaye, M. (1992). Critical Thinking in Teacher Education: A Process-Oriented Research Agenda. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 17(2), doi: 10.14221/ajte.1992v17n2.4.
Halpern, D.F. (1998). Teaching Critical Thinking for Transfer Across Domains: Dispositions, Skills, Structure Training, and Metacognitive Monitoring. American Psychologist, 53(4), 449-55. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.53.4.449.
Hjerm, M., Sevä, I,J., and Werner, L. (2018). How Critical Thinking, Multicultural Education and Teacher Qualification Affect Anti-Immigrant Attitudes.” International Studies in Sociology of Education, 27(1), 42–59. doi: 10.1080/09620214.2018.1425895.
Howard, T.C. (2003). Culturally Relevant Pedagogy: Ingredients for Critical Teacher Reflection. Theory into Practice, 42(3), 195-202.
Huber, C.R., and Kuncel, N.R (2016). Does College Teach Critical Thinking? A Meta-Analysis. Review of Educational Research, 86(2), doi: 10.3102/0034654315605917.
Hunaidah, H., Susantini, E., Wasis, W., Prahani, B.K. and Mahdiannur, M.A. (2018). Improving Collaborative Critical Thinking Skills of Physics Education Students through Implementation of CinQASE Learning Model. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Vol. 1108.
Husamah, D.F., and Setyawan, D. (2018). OIDDE Learning Model: Improving Higher Order Thinking Skills of Biology Teacher Candidates. International Journal of Instruction, 11(2), 249–64, doi: 10.12973/iji.2018.11217a.
Kong, S. Ch. (2014). Developing Information Literacy and Critical Thinking Skills through Domain Knowledge Learning in Digital Classrooms: An Experience of Practicing Flipped Classroom Strategy. Computers and Education, 78, doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2014.05.009.
Lévesque, S. (2008). Thinking historically: Educating students for the twenty-first century. University of Toronto Press.
Lewis, A., and Smith, D. (1993). Defining Higher Order Thinking. Theory Into Practice, 32(3), 131–37. doi: 10.1080/00405849309543588.
Lorencová, H., Jarošová, E., Avgitidou, S., and Dimitriadou, C. (2019). Critical Thinking Practices in Teacher Education Programmes: A Systematic Review. Studies in Higher Education, 44(5), 844–59. doi: 10.1080/03075079.2019.1586331.
Lunenburg, F. C. (2011). Critical thinking and constructivism techniques for improving student achievement. In National Forum of Teacher Education Journal (Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1-9).
Mahdi, O.R., Nassar, I.A., and Almuslamani, H.A. (2020). The Role of Using Case Studies Method in Improving Students’ Critical Thinking Skills in Higher Education. International Journal of Higher Education, 9(2). doi: 10.5430/ijhe.v9n2p297.
Miri, B., Ben-Chaim, D., and Uri, Z. (2007). Purposely Teaching for the Promotion of Higher-Order Thinking Skills: A Case of Critical Thinking. Research in Science Education, 37(4), 353–69. doi: 10.1007/s11165-006-9029-2.
Mulnix, J. W. (2012). Thinking Critically about Critical Thinking. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 44(5), doi: 10.1111/j.1469-5812.2010.00673.x.
Mulyono, Y. (2018). Critical Thinking Skills of Physics Education Students Through CTL-Based Fundamental Biology. Science, Engineering, Education, and Development Studies (SEEDS): Conference Series 2(1), doi: 10.20961/seeds.v2i1.24646.
Muskita, M., Subali, B., and Djukri. (2020). Effects of Worksheets Base the Levels of Inquiry in Improving Critical and Creative Thinking. International Journal of Instruction, 13(2), doi: 10.29333/iji.2020.13236a.
Piro, J., and Anderson, G.. (2015). Discussions in a Socrates Café: Implications for Critical Thinking in Teacher Education. Action in Teacher Education, 37(3), 265–83, doi: 10.1080/01626620.2015.1048009.
Pithers, R. T., and Soden, R. (2000). Critical Thinking in Education: A Review. Educational Research, 42(3), 237–49.
Plotnikova, N. F., and Strukov, E. N. (2019). Integration of Teamwork and Critical Thinking Skills in the Process of Teaching Students. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 14(1), doi: 10.18844/cjes.v14i1.4031.
Roschelle, J. M., Pea, R. D., Hoadley, C. M., Gordin, D. N., & Means, B. M. (2000). Changing how and what children learn in school with computer-based technologies. The future of children, 76-101.
Setiawan, A., Malik, A. Suhandi, A., and Permanasari, A. (2018). Effect of Higher Order Thinking Laboratory on the Improvement of Critical and Creative Thinking Skills. in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 306. Institute of Physics Publishing.
Szabo, Z., and Schwartz, J. (2011). Learning Methods for Teacher Education: The Use of Online Discussions to Improve Critical Thinking. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 20(1), 79–94, doi: 10.1080/1475939X.2010.534866.
Tashakkori, A., & Creswell, J. W. (2007). Editorial: The New Era of Mixed Methods. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 3–7. doi:10.1177/2345678906293042
Toy, B.Y., and Ok, A. (2012). Incorporating Critical Thinking in the Pedagogical Content of a Teacher Education Programme: Does It Make a Difference? European Journal of Teacher Education, 35(1), 39–56. doi: 10.1080/02619768.2011.634902.
Van der Zanden, P.J., Denessen, E., Cillessen, A.H., and Meijer, P.C. (2020). Fostering Critical Thinking Skills in Secondary Education to Prepare Students for University: Teacher Perceptions and Practices. Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 25(4), doi: 10.1080/13596748.2020.1846313.
Walters, K. S. (1989). Critical thinking in teacher education: Towards a demythologization. Journal of Teacher Education, 40(3), 14-19.
Wang, Ch.H. (2013b). Fostering Critical Religious Thinking in Multicultural Education for Teacher Education. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 34(2),152–64. doi: 10.1080/13617672.2013.802127.
Williams, R.L. (2005b). Targeting Critical Thinking within Teacher Education: The Potential Impact on Society. Teacher Educator, 40(3), 163–87. doi: 10.1080/08878730509555359.
Yang, Y.T.C., and Wu, W.Ch.I. (2012). Digital Storytelling for Enhancing Student Academic Achievement, Critical Thinking.; Learning Motivation: A Year-Long Experimental Study. Computers and Education, 59(2), 339–52. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2011.12.012.
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Publicado
2021-06-29
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Celik, S. (2021). Teacher education program supporting critical thinking skills: a case of primary school teachers. Amazonia Investiga, 10(41), 188–198. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.41.05.19
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