The impact of Covid-19 on E-business practices and consumer buying behavior in a developing country
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.38.02.9Palabras clave:
E-business, COVID-19, Consumer behavior, Structure equation modeling.Resumen
Online trade has shown a sharp increase since the outbreak of pandemic Coronavirus. The COVID-19 has affected almost all financial and business activities around the world, even in Pakistan. It has changed the way consumers used to shop before the pandemic outbreak. Many companies until recently have developed and created their online stores and making up the most of their sales using internet channel. Consumer have no other choice but shop from home. In this research study, we discuss the impact of COVID-19 on e-business practices and consumer behavior in Pakistan. The theory of acceptance model has been applied where consumer behavior, e-business, and COVID-19, and posted as a key construct of the proposed research model. Structural Equation Modelling approach has been used to examine the interrelationship of variables of research. We applied two-step recommended Structural Equation Modelling approach, first, validate the constructs by using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and then conducted Structural Equation Modelling path analysis and report the results, which indicated that in the present scenario COVID-19 has significantly impacted both e-businesses and consumer buying behavior in the context of Pakistan. This research briefly highlights the e-commerce trends and discusses the rapidly growing scope for online businesses and makes several future research suggestions, especially in the context of cultural and other barriers such as digital payment adoption in developing economies. This study limitation is the study sample and context-specific to Pakistan.
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Ahmed, Y. A., Ahmad, M. N., Ahmad, N., & Zakaria, N. H. (2019). Social media for knowledge-sharing: A systematic literature review. Telematics and informatics, 37, 72-112.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Allcott, H., Boxell, L., Conway, J., Gentzkow, M., Thaler, M., & Yang, D. Y. (2020). Polarization and public health: Partisan differences in social distancing during the Coronavirus pandemic. NBER Working Paper (w26946).
Andersen, K. G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W. I., Holmes, E. C., & Garry, R. F. (2020). The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nature medicine, 26(4), 450-452.
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Ap?v?loaie, E.-I. (2014). The impact of the internet on the business environment. Procedia Economics and finance, 15, 951-958.
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta?analytic review. British journal of social psychology, 40(4), 471-499.
Atkeson, A. (2020). What will be the economic impact of COVID-19 in the US? Rough estimates of disease scenarios). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science 16(1), 74-94.
Baker, S. R., Bloom, N., Davis, S. J., Kost, K. J., Sammon, M. C., & Viratyosin, T. (2020). The unprecedented stock market impact of COVID-19 (0898-2937). Working Paper 26945, National Bureau of Economic Research.
Baldwin, R., & Mauro, B. W. d. (2020). Economics in the Time of COVID-19. CEPR Press.
Barrios, J. M., & Hochberg, Y. (2020). Risk perception through the lens of politics in the time of the covid-19 pandemic (0898-2937). University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics Working Paper, (2020-32). 1, 5.3
Barro, R., Ursua, J., & Weng, J. (2020). Coronavirus Meets the Great Influenza Pandemic. VoxEU. org, 20.
Barrot, J.-N., Grassi, B., & Sauvagnat, J. (2020). Sectoral effects of social distancing. Covid Economics 3.
Bartik, A. W., Bertrand, M., Cullen, Z. B., Glaeser, E. L., Luca, M., & Stanton, C. T. (2020). How are small businesses adjusting to covid-19? early evidence from a survey (0898-2937). NBER Working Paper No. 26989. National Bureau of Economic Research.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological bulletin, 107(2), 238.
Binder, C. R., Hutter, M., Pang, M., & Webb, R. (2020). System science and sustainability assessment. Sustainability Assessment of Urban Systems, 30.
Bolten, J. J. (1989). The right to seek asylum in Europe. Neth. Q. Hum. Rts., 7, 381.
Boore, C., James, N. M., & Iraki, X. (2017). Strategic issues in e-Health implementation in developing countries: The Kenyan healthcare sector. Global Scientific Journals, 5(7), 50-62.
Borges, M., Hoppen, N., & Luce, F. B. (2009). Information technology impact on market orientation in e-business. Journal of business research, 62(9), 883-890.
Bounie, D., Camara, Y., & Galbraith, J. W. (2020). Consumers' Mobility, Expenditure and Online-Offline Substitution Response to COVID-19: Evidence from French Transaction Data. Available at SSRN 3588373.
Bullard, A. (2020). Derecho y Economía: El análisis económico de las instituciones legales: Palestra Editores.
Bursztyn, L., Rao, A., Roth, C., & Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2020). Misinformation during a pandemic. University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics Working Paper (2020-44).
Cajner, T., Crane, L. D., Decker, R. A., Grigsby, J., Hamins-Puertolas, A., Hurst, E., & Yildirmaz, A. (2020). The US labor market during the beginning of the pandemic recession (0898-2937), Working Paper 27159
Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., & Wei, Y. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507-513.
Chen, W., Jin, W., Hardegen, N., Lei, K.-j., Li, L., Marinos, N., & Wahl, S. M. (2003). Conversion of peripheral CD4+ CD25? naive T cells to CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells by TGF-? induction of transcription factor Foxp3. The Journal of experimental medicine, 198(12), 1875-1886.
Cohen, P. A. (2020). Between Tradition and Modernity: Wang T’ao and Reform in Late Ching China. Brill, Cumberland (Harvard University Press)
Cook, A. D., & Yogendran, S. (2020). Conceptualising humanitarian civil-military partnerships in the Asia-Pacific:(Re-) ordering cooperation. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 74(1), 35-53.
Cortina, J. M. (1993). Interaction, nonlinearity, and multicollinearity: Implications for multiple regression. Journal of Management 19(4), 915-922.
Craven, M., Liu, L., Mysore, M., & Wilson, M. (2020). COVID-19: Implications for business. McKinsey & Company.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS quarterly, 319-340.
Dew, J., & Xiao, J. J. (2011). The financial management behavior scale: Development and validation. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 22(1), 43.
Dinev, T., & Hart, P. (2006). An extended privacy calculus model for e-commerce transactions. Information systems research, 17(1), 61-80.
Dunford, M., Gao, B., & Li, W. (2020). Who, where and why? Characterizing China’s rural population and residual rural poverty. Area Development and Policy, 5(1), 89-118.
Fang, Y.-H. (2014). Beyond the credibility of electronic word of mouth: Exploring eWOM adoption on social networking sites from affective and curiosity perspectives. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 18(3), 67-102.
Feizollahi, S., Shirmohammadi, A., Kahreh, Z. S., & Kaherh, M. S. (2014). Investigation the effect of internet technology on performance of services organizations with e-commerce orientations. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 109(1), 605-609.
Fetzer, T., Hensel, L., Hermle, J., & Roth, C. (2020). Coronavirus perceptions and economic anxiety. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1-36.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Intention and Behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-20.
Grabner-Kräuter, S., & Kaluscha, E. A. (2003). Empirical research in on-line trust: a review and critical assessment. International journal of human-computer studies, 58(6), 783-812.
Gretzel, U., Fuchs, M., Baggio, R., Hoepken, W., Law, R., Neidhardt, J., & Xiang, Z. (2020). E-Tourism beyond COVID-19: a call for transformative research. Information Technology & Tourism, 1.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing theory Practice 19(2), 139-152.
Hajli, M. N. (2014). A study of the impact of social media on consumers. International Journal of Market Research, 56(3), 387-404.
Hall, C. M., Scott, D., & Gössling, S. (2020). Pandemics, transformations and tourism: be careful what you wish for. Tourism Geographies, 1-22.
Hanspal, T., Weber, A., & Wohlfart, J. (2020). Income and wealth shocks and expectations during the COVID-19 pandemic. CEBI Working Paper Series .
Hasanat, M. W., Hoque, A., Shikha, F. A., Anwar, M., Hamid, A. B. A., & Tat, H. H. (2020). The Impact of Coronavirus (Covid-19) on E-Business in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 85-90.
Henseler, J., & Chin, W. W. (2010). A comparison of approaches for the analysis of interaction effects between latent variables using partial least squares path modeling. Structural equation modeling, 17(1), 82-109.
Hollenbeck, C. R., & Kaikati, A. M. (2012). Consumers' use of brands to reflect their actual and ideal selves on Facebook. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29(4), 395-405.
Inoue, H., & Todo, Y. (2020). The propagation of the economic impact through supply chains: The case of a mega-city lockdown against the spread of COVID-19. Available at SSRN 3564898.
Jahng, N., Krug, D., & Zhang, Z. (2007). Student achievement in online distance education compared to face-to-face education. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, 10(1).
Jai, T.-M. C., Burns, L. D., & King, N. J. (2013). The effect of behavioral tracking practices on consumers’ shopping evaluations and repurchase intention toward trusted online retailers. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 901-909.
Jones, P. (2020). The arts therapies: A revolution in healthcare. Routledge.
Kowalewski, O., & ?piewanowski, P. (2020). Stock market response to potash mine disasters. Journal of Commodity Markets, 100124.
Kulshrestha, J., Eslami, M., Messias, J., Zafar, M. B., Ghosh, S., Gummadi, K. P., & Karahalios, K. (2017). Quantifying search bias: investigating sources of bias for political searches in social media,” in Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, CSCW '17 (New York, NY: ACM), 417–432.
Lai, C.-C., Shih, T.-P., Ko, W.-C., Tang, H.-J., & Hsueh, P.-R. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 105924.
Li, K. J., & Li, X. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic: Social Distancing, Public Policy, and Market Response. Public Policy, and Market Response. Available at SSRN.
McKibbin, W., & Fernando, R. (2020). The economic impact of COVID-19. Economics in the Time of COVID-19, 45.
McKinsey, D. S., & Pappas, P. G. (2020). Histoplasmosis: time to redraw the map and up our game. Oxford University Press US.
Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G. C., & Guarino, A. (2013). Performing data analysis using IBM SPSS. John Wiley & Sons.
Muellbauer, J. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic and US consumption. INET Oxford COVID-19 Blog. 23 March 2020.
Myers, D. (2020). Surfactant science and technology. John Wiley & Sons.
Peter, J. P., & Churchill Jr, G. A. (1986). Relationships among research design choices and psychometric properties of rating scales: A meta-analysis. Journal of Marketing Research, 23(1), 1-10.
Pushkarev, V. V., Trishkina, E. A., Tokareva, E. V., Cuong, B. T., & Shepeleva, O. R. (2020). The Adversarial Approach in the Pre-trial Phase of Prosecution. Cuestiones Políticas, 37(65), 281-287. Recuperado a partir de https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/cuestiones/article/view/33319
Rahayu, R., & Day, J. (2015). Determinant factors of e-commerce adoption by SMEs in developing country: evidence from Indonesia. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 195, 142-150.
Raines-Eudy, R. (2000). Using structural equation modeling to test for differential reliability and validity: An empirical demonstration. Structural Equation Modeling 7(1), 124-141.
Sebora, T. C., Lee, S. M., & Sukasame, N. (2009). Critical success factors for e-commerce entrepreneurship: an empirical study of Thailand. Small Business Economics, 32(3), 303-316.
Shahzad, A., Chin, H. K., Altaf, M., & Bajwa, F. A. (2020). Malaysian SME's performance and the use of e-commerce: A multi-group analysis of click-and-mortar and pure-play e-retailers. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 14(1), 1-33.
Sharot, T., & Sunstein, C. R. (2020). How people decide what they want to know. Nature Human Behaviour, 1-6.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. J. C. H. C. (1996). Using multivariate statistics Vol. 5 Pearson Boston, MA.
Tarhini, A., Alalwan, A. A., Shammout, A. B., & Al-Badi, A. (2019). An analysis of the factors affecting mobile commerce adoption in developing countries. Review of International Business and Strategy. Vol 29(3)
UNCTAD. (2020). The Covid?19 Shock to Developing Countries: Towards a ‘Whatever It Takes’ Programme for the Two?thirds of the World’s Population Being Left Behind. Geneva. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/gds_tdr2019_covid2_en.pdf
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS quarterly, 425-478.
Wagner, E. W. (2020). The Literati Purges: Political Conflict in Early Yi Korea. Brill.
Zhong, Z., Zheng, L., Kang, G., Li, S., & Yang, Y. (2020). Random Erasing Data Augmentation. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 34(07), 13001-13008
Ahmad, T., & Hui, J. (2020). One Health approach and Coronavirus Disease 2019. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 16(4), 931.
Ahmed, Y. A., Ahmad, M. N., Ahmad, N., & Zakaria, N. H. (2019). Social media for knowledge-sharing: A systematic literature review. Telematics and informatics, 37, 72-112.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Allcott, H., Boxell, L., Conway, J., Gentzkow, M., Thaler, M., & Yang, D. Y. (2020). Polarization and public health: Partisan differences in social distancing during the Coronavirus pandemic. NBER Working Paper (w26946).
Andersen, K. G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W. I., Holmes, E. C., & Garry, R. F. (2020). The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nature medicine, 26(4), 450-452.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1984). The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness-of-fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Psychometrika, 49(2), 155-173.
Ap?v?loaie, E.-I. (2014). The impact of the internet on the business environment. Procedia Economics and finance, 15, 951-958.
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta?analytic review. British journal of social psychology, 40(4), 471-499.
Atkeson, A. (2020). What will be the economic impact of COVID-19 in the US? Rough estimates of disease scenarios). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science 16(1), 74-94.
Baker, S. R., Bloom, N., Davis, S. J., Kost, K. J., Sammon, M. C., & Viratyosin, T. (2020). The unprecedented stock market impact of COVID-19 (0898-2937). Working Paper 26945, National Bureau of Economic Research.
Baldwin, R., & Mauro, B. W. d. (2020). Economics in the Time of COVID-19. CEPR Press.
Barrios, J. M., & Hochberg, Y. (2020). Risk perception through the lens of politics in the time of the covid-19 pandemic (0898-2937). University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics Working Paper, (2020-32). 1, 5.3
Barro, R., Ursua, J., & Weng, J. (2020). Coronavirus Meets the Great Influenza Pandemic. VoxEU. org, 20.
Barrot, J.-N., Grassi, B., & Sauvagnat, J. (2020). Sectoral effects of social distancing. Covid Economics 3.
Bartik, A. W., Bertrand, M., Cullen, Z. B., Glaeser, E. L., Luca, M., & Stanton, C. T. (2020). How are small businesses adjusting to covid-19? early evidence from a survey (0898-2937). NBER Working Paper No. 26989. National Bureau of Economic Research.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological bulletin, 107(2), 238.
Binder, C. R., Hutter, M., Pang, M., & Webb, R. (2020). System science and sustainability assessment. Sustainability Assessment of Urban Systems, 30.
Bolten, J. J. (1989). The right to seek asylum in Europe. Neth. Q. Hum. Rts., 7, 381.
Boore, C., James, N. M., & Iraki, X. (2017). Strategic issues in e-Health implementation in developing countries: The Kenyan healthcare sector. Global Scientific Journals, 5(7), 50-62.
Borges, M., Hoppen, N., & Luce, F. B. (2009). Information technology impact on market orientation in e-business. Journal of business research, 62(9), 883-890.
Bounie, D., Camara, Y., & Galbraith, J. W. (2020). Consumers' Mobility, Expenditure and Online-Offline Substitution Response to COVID-19: Evidence from French Transaction Data. Available at SSRN 3588373.
Bullard, A. (2020). Derecho y Economía: El análisis económico de las instituciones legales: Palestra Editores.
Bursztyn, L., Rao, A., Roth, C., & Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2020). Misinformation during a pandemic. University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics Working Paper (2020-44).
Cajner, T., Crane, L. D., Decker, R. A., Grigsby, J., Hamins-Puertolas, A., Hurst, E., & Yildirmaz, A. (2020). The US labor market during the beginning of the pandemic recession (0898-2937), Working Paper 27159
Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., & Wei, Y. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507-513.
Chen, W., Jin, W., Hardegen, N., Lei, K.-j., Li, L., Marinos, N., & Wahl, S. M. (2003). Conversion of peripheral CD4+ CD25? naive T cells to CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells by TGF-? induction of transcription factor Foxp3. The Journal of experimental medicine, 198(12), 1875-1886.
Cohen, P. A. (2020). Between Tradition and Modernity: Wang T’ao and Reform in Late Ching China. Brill, Cumberland (Harvard University Press)
Cook, A. D., & Yogendran, S. (2020). Conceptualising humanitarian civil-military partnerships in the Asia-Pacific:(Re-) ordering cooperation. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 74(1), 35-53.
Cortina, J. M. (1993). Interaction, nonlinearity, and multicollinearity: Implications for multiple regression. Journal of Management 19(4), 915-922.
Craven, M., Liu, L., Mysore, M., & Wilson, M. (2020). COVID-19: Implications for business. McKinsey & Company.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS quarterly, 319-340.
Dew, J., & Xiao, J. J. (2011). The financial management behavior scale: Development and validation. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 22(1), 43.
Dinev, T., & Hart, P. (2006). An extended privacy calculus model for e-commerce transactions. Information systems research, 17(1), 61-80.
Dunford, M., Gao, B., & Li, W. (2020). Who, where and why? Characterizing China’s rural population and residual rural poverty. Area Development and Policy, 5(1), 89-118.
Fang, Y.-H. (2014). Beyond the credibility of electronic word of mouth: Exploring eWOM adoption on social networking sites from affective and curiosity perspectives. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 18(3), 67-102.
Feizollahi, S., Shirmohammadi, A., Kahreh, Z. S., & Kaherh, M. S. (2014). Investigation the effect of internet technology on performance of services organizations with e-commerce orientations. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 109(1), 605-609.
Fetzer, T., Hensel, L., Hermle, J., & Roth, C. (2020). Coronavirus perceptions and economic anxiety. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1-36.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Intention and Behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-20.
Grabner-Kräuter, S., & Kaluscha, E. A. (2003). Empirical research in on-line trust: a review and critical assessment. International journal of human-computer studies, 58(6), 783-812.
Gretzel, U., Fuchs, M., Baggio, R., Hoepken, W., Law, R., Neidhardt, J., & Xiang, Z. (2020). E-Tourism beyond COVID-19: a call for transformative research. Information Technology & Tourism, 1.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing theory Practice 19(2), 139-152.
Hajli, M. N. (2014). A study of the impact of social media on consumers. International Journal of Market Research, 56(3), 387-404.
Hall, C. M., Scott, D., & Gössling, S. (2020). Pandemics, transformations and tourism: be careful what you wish for. Tourism Geographies, 1-22.
Hanspal, T., Weber, A., & Wohlfart, J. (2020). Income and wealth shocks and expectations during the COVID-19 pandemic. CEBI Working Paper Series .
Hasanat, M. W., Hoque, A., Shikha, F. A., Anwar, M., Hamid, A. B. A., & Tat, H. H. (2020). The Impact of Coronavirus (Covid-19) on E-Business in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 85-90.
Henseler, J., & Chin, W. W. (2010). A comparison of approaches for the analysis of interaction effects between latent variables using partial least squares path modeling. Structural equation modeling, 17(1), 82-109.
Hollenbeck, C. R., & Kaikati, A. M. (2012). Consumers' use of brands to reflect their actual and ideal selves on Facebook. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29(4), 395-405.
Inoue, H., & Todo, Y. (2020). The propagation of the economic impact through supply chains: The case of a mega-city lockdown against the spread of COVID-19. Available at SSRN 3564898.
Jahng, N., Krug, D., & Zhang, Z. (2007). Student achievement in online distance education compared to face-to-face education. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, 10(1).
Jai, T.-M. C., Burns, L. D., & King, N. J. (2013). The effect of behavioral tracking practices on consumers’ shopping evaluations and repurchase intention toward trusted online retailers. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 901-909.
Jones, P. (2020). The arts therapies: A revolution in healthcare. Routledge.
Kowalewski, O., & ?piewanowski, P. (2020). Stock market response to potash mine disasters. Journal of Commodity Markets, 100124.
Kulshrestha, J., Eslami, M., Messias, J., Zafar, M. B., Ghosh, S., Gummadi, K. P., & Karahalios, K. (2017). Quantifying search bias: investigating sources of bias for political searches in social media,” in Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, CSCW '17 (New York, NY: ACM), 417–432.
Lai, C.-C., Shih, T.-P., Ko, W.-C., Tang, H.-J., & Hsueh, P.-R. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 105924.
Li, K. J., & Li, X. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic: Social Distancing, Public Policy, and Market Response. Public Policy, and Market Response. Available at SSRN.
McKibbin, W., & Fernando, R. (2020). The economic impact of COVID-19. Economics in the Time of COVID-19, 45.
McKinsey, D. S., & Pappas, P. G. (2020). Histoplasmosis: time to redraw the map and up our game. Oxford University Press US.
Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G. C., & Guarino, A. (2013). Performing data analysis using IBM SPSS. John Wiley & Sons.
Muellbauer, J. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic and US consumption. INET Oxford COVID-19 Blog. 23 March 2020.
Myers, D. (2020). Surfactant science and technology. John Wiley & Sons.
Peter, J. P., & Churchill Jr, G. A. (1986). Relationships among research design choices and psychometric properties of rating scales: A meta-analysis. Journal of Marketing Research, 23(1), 1-10.
Pushkarev, V. V., Trishkina, E. A., Tokareva, E. V., Cuong, B. T., & Shepeleva, O. R. (2020). The Adversarial Approach in the Pre-trial Phase of Prosecution. Cuestiones Políticas, 37(65), 281-287. Recuperado a partir de https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/cuestiones/article/view/33319
Rahayu, R., & Day, J. (2015). Determinant factors of e-commerce adoption by SMEs in developing country: evidence from Indonesia. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 195, 142-150.
Raines-Eudy, R. (2000). Using structural equation modeling to test for differential reliability and validity: An empirical demonstration. Structural Equation Modeling 7(1), 124-141.
Sebora, T. C., Lee, S. M., & Sukasame, N. (2009). Critical success factors for e-commerce entrepreneurship: an empirical study of Thailand. Small Business Economics, 32(3), 303-316.
Shahzad, A., Chin, H. K., Altaf, M., & Bajwa, F. A. (2020). Malaysian SME's performance and the use of e-commerce: A multi-group analysis of click-and-mortar and pure-play e-retailers. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 14(1), 1-33.
Sharot, T., & Sunstein, C. R. (2020). How people decide what they want to know. Nature Human Behaviour, 1-6.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. J. C. H. C. (1996). Using multivariate statistics Vol. 5 Pearson Boston, MA.
Tarhini, A., Alalwan, A. A., Shammout, A. B., & Al-Badi, A. (2019). An analysis of the factors affecting mobile commerce adoption in developing countries. Review of International Business and Strategy. Vol 29(3)
UNCTAD. (2020). The Covid?19 Shock to Developing Countries: Towards a ‘Whatever It Takes’ Programme for the Two?thirds of the World’s Population Being Left Behind. Geneva. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/gds_tdr2019_covid2_en.pdf
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS quarterly, 425-478.
Wagner, E. W. (2020). The Literati Purges: Political Conflict in Early Yi Korea. Brill.
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2021-04-12
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Afridi, F. E. A., Jan, S., Ayaz, B., & Irfan, M. (2021). The impact of Covid-19 on E-business practices and consumer buying behavior in a developing country. Amazonia Investiga, 10(38), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.38.02.9
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