Articles
Published 2024-03-30
Keywords
- Eastern Roman Empire, foederati, Battle of Herat, Turkic Khaganate, Ctesiphon Peace Treaty.
How to Cite
Melnyk, V. (2024). The VI Century eastern roman empire: Steppe allies, western turks, and herat war. Amazonia Investiga, 13(75), 89–105. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2024.75.03.8
Abstract
The subject of the Herat War and the Ctesiphon Peace Treaty of 591 is relevant since it reveals important aspects of the political, economic and military history. These events had a significant impact on the fates of the Byzantine Empire, the Persian Empire, and the Chinese Khaganate. The study of these events provides a more comprehensive understanding of the complex interrelationships and dynamics of Eastern politics. The academic paper also attempts to summarize the facts on the history of the “Herat War” of 589 from the standpoint of geopolitical analysis. This study involves analyzing historical sources including chronicles and archaeological data to reconstruct events and assess their consequences. The interpretation and analysis of documents and written sources of the time is also an important aspect in order to understand the motives and strategies of the parties involved in the events.
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References
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Li, J. (2018). Preparation of Tang Chang’an Persian Studies. The 4th International Conference on Arts, Design and Contemporary Education (ICADCE-2018) (pp. 238-241). Atlantis Press.
Melnyk, V. M. (2018). The importance of the compound bow and Hun cavalry for the transformation of the military-political strategy of the Roman Empire. The third international scientific conference (April 12-14, 2018). Kyiv: Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
Melnyk, V. M. (2020a). Legal personality of the Turkic Kaganate (552-568 AD): Iranian-Byzantine aspect. Legal Bulletin, 4, 147-148. https://doi.org/10.32837/yuv.v0i4.1983
Melnyk, V. M. (2020b). Political Byzantinism in the Legal History of Franks. History, 65(1), 228-244. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/political-byzantinism-in-the-legal-history-of-franks
Melnyk, V. M. (2020c). Social and legal realities of the “Avar Kaganate”: the Yersinia Pestis factor and the discourse of the international legal personality of the Eastern European nomadic community. Annals of Legal History, 4(3), 30-72. https://doi.org/10.38129/Ann.Yur.Ist.2020.4.3.30
Menander Protector. (1985). The history of Menander the Guardsman. Ed. and trans. R. C. Blockley. ARCA classical and medieval texts, papers and monographs. No 17. Liverpool: F. Cairns.
Myshin, D. E. (2014). Khosrow I Anushirvan (531–579), his epoch and his biography and teachings in the history of Miskaveikh. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences.
Moravcsik, G. (1958). Byzantine Turk: Byzantine Chuellen The History of Turkwalker works. Herman: Brill Atsademitz Pub. https://acortar.link/laEV4b
Narshakhi, M. (1897). The History of Bukhara. Tashkent. https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus12/Narsachi/otryv1.phtml?id=1418
Nöldeke, T. (1879). History of the Persians and Arabs at the time of the Sasanians: Translated from the Arabic chronicle of Tabari and provided with detailed explanations and additions. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 600. https://archive.org/details/GeschichteDerPerserUndAraber
Omasheva, Zh., & Tanabaeva, A. (2017). Cultural and historical relations between the Silk Road countries. Foreign Academic Studies, 3, 351-355. (In Russian)
Payne, R. (2013). Cosmology and the Expansion of the Iranian Empire, 502-628 CE. Past & Present, 220(1), 3-33.
Plokhy, S. (2016). The Gates of the Europe. A History of Ukraine. Kharkiv: KSD. https://acortar.link/gCH2Ji
Pourshariati, P. (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire. The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. https://acortar.link/Ss2QHc
Sadri, M. A. (2002). Turkic history and law. Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan. Kazan: Feng. http://www.tataroved.ru/publicat/cadri_m.pdf
Sebeos, B. (2007). The story of Emperor Iraklos. The work of Bishop Sebeos, a writer of the 7th century. London: Bennett & Bloom.
Semenov, S. G. (2015). Caucasus in the Political Relationships of Iran with Byzantium and Turk Kaganate in 556-591 AD. Khazar almanac, 13, 234-298. http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/171738
Skaff, J. K. (2002). Western Turk Rule of Turkestan’s Oases in the Sixth through Eighth Centuries. The Turks. (pp. 364-372). Ankara: Yeni Türkiye. https://acortar.link/j6Z571
Skaff, J. K. (2018). Ideological Interweaving in Eastern Eurasia: Simultaneous Kingship and Dynastic Competition, 580-755. In N. Di Cosmo & M. Maas (Eds.). Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, ca. 250-750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 386-399. https://acortar.link/8gJbAv
Sobestyansky, I. M. (1892). The national characteristics of the character and legal life of the ancient Slavs: a historical and critical study. Kharkiv: tipo. UN. Guseva, ex V.S. Biryukova. https://www.prlib.ru/item/460197
Sorochan, S. B. (2016). Byzantine Kherson (second half of the 6th – first half of the 10th centuries). Essays on the history of culture. Part 3. http://surl.li/tkijq
Spivak, I. A. (2019). Permanent air. Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after Vladimir Vernadsky. Historical Sciences, 5(71), 127-131. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/aere-perennius
Suny, R. G. (1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 418. https://archive.org/details/makingofgeorgian0000suny
Ta?a?il, A. (2004). Gokturcos. Atatürk Higher Institute of Culture, Language and History. Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Press. Printed book. https://search.worldcat.org/title/Gok-Turkler/oclc/33892575
Tas?ag?il, A. (2007). The Tribal System of the Turk Khaganate. Chronica, 242-248. https://www.iskolakultura.hu/index.php/chronica/article/view/10749
Telitsyn, N. N. (2020). The Written Language of the Turkic Peoples in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: the Basic System. Digest of World Politics. Annual Review, 10, 215-230. https://dspace.spbu.ru/bitstream/11701/22204/1/215-230.pdf
Tishin, V. V. (2020). To the name of the “King of the Turks” in the “Chronicle of Fredegar”. Bulletin of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, (3), 90-99.
Theophanes (1839). Theophanis Chronographia. Bonne: Impensis E. Weber. https://acortar.link/yCue4E
Tolstov, S. P. (1938). The tyranny of Apa-Kagan. Historical Notes, 3, 3-39.
Ayubov, A. R. (2017). Features of the evolution of Sogdian-Turkic relations in the early Middle Ages. Bulletin of the Tajik State University of Law, Business and Politics. Humanities Series, 1(70), 27-35. https://acortar.link/NGvfa2
Babayarov, G., & Kubatin, A. (2013). Byzantine impact on the iconography of western Turkic coinage. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 66(1), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.1556/aorient.66.2013.1.3
Bajoni, M. G. (2018). Envoys’ Speeches at the Peace Negotiations of 561-562 AD between the Byzantine Empire and the Persian Kingdom. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 29(3), 353-371. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2018.1491441
Baratova, L. S. (2004). Byzantine-Sogdian-Turkic symbiosis on coins of Central Asia. Second International Congress of Tutka Civilizations, 415-422.
Bartold, V. V. (1964). Works on selected problems of the history of Central Asia. Nauka, 2(2), 661. https://acortar.link/ow1iMM
Brychevskyi, M.Yu. (2009). Khazars and Rus. Brychevskyi M. Yu. Collection of works (p. 11-318). Kyiv: Olena Teliga Publishing House.
Brosset, M.-F. (1849). History of Georgia from antiquity to the 19th century, translated from Georgian by [Original title:] Khathlis chowreba: I. l'acad. Imper. Sciences. https://archive.org/details/histoiredelagor01fgoog
Ça?layan, Y. (2020). Byzantine and Sassanid Competition in International Trade in the V-VII Centuries. Anemon Mu? Alparslan University Journal of Social Sciences, 8(2), 645-653. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.683066
Chavannes, E?. (1900). Documents on the Western Tou-Kiue (Turks). Collected and commented on by Édouard Chavannes. https://archive.org/details/ChavanessDocumentsTouKiueTurcs
Ferdowsi, A.-Q. (1989). Shahnameh. (From the beginning of the reign of Yazdgerd, son of Bahram Gur, to the end of the book). Vol. VI. Iranian encyclopedia. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ferdowsi-i/
Frendo, J. D. (1986). Theophylactus Simocatta. The History. Trans. and ed. Michael and Mary Whitby. Oxford: Clarendon Press. https://acortar.link/dEXWi8
Gumilev, L. N. (1961). Great strife in the First Turkic Khaganate in the light of Byzantine sources. Byzantine timepiece, 20, 75-89. http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/articles/Article117.htm
Heather, P. (2013). The Restoration of Rome: Barbarian Popes and Imperial Pretenders. London: MACMILLAN https://acortar.link/Obwef4
Jäger, F. (1923). Life and work of P’ei Kü. East Asian Journal, 81-231. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112615508-027
Kalan, E. (2018). The medieval Great Silk Road as the main trade route connecting Eastern Europe and Asia. Journal of Turkish World Studies, 18(1), 143-152. https://acortar.link/CcpAF9
Kovalevskaya, V. B. (1984). The Caucasus and the Alans of the Century and Nations. Moscow: Nauka.
Klyashtorny, S.G. (2001). Central Eurasia in the early Middle Ages. History of Kazakhstan and Central Eurasia. (pp. 74-158). Almaty: Knowledge. https://library.tou.edu.kz/fulltext/buuk/b2629.pdf
Kulakovsky, Yu. A. (1996). History of Byzantium. Byzantine Library. Investigation. Saint Petersburg: Flapped. T. 2 518-602. https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Yulian_Kulakovskij/istorija-vizantii-tom-ii-518-602-gody/
Li, J. (2018). Preparation of Tang Chang’an Persian Studies. The 4th International Conference on Arts, Design and Contemporary Education (ICADCE-2018) (pp. 238-241). Atlantis Press.
Melnyk, V. M. (2018). The importance of the compound bow and Hun cavalry for the transformation of the military-political strategy of the Roman Empire. The third international scientific conference (April 12-14, 2018). Kyiv: Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
Melnyk, V. M. (2020a). Legal personality of the Turkic Kaganate (552-568 AD): Iranian-Byzantine aspect. Legal Bulletin, 4, 147-148. https://doi.org/10.32837/yuv.v0i4.1983
Melnyk, V. M. (2020b). Political Byzantinism in the Legal History of Franks. History, 65(1), 228-244. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/political-byzantinism-in-the-legal-history-of-franks
Melnyk, V. M. (2020c). Social and legal realities of the “Avar Kaganate”: the Yersinia Pestis factor and the discourse of the international legal personality of the Eastern European nomadic community. Annals of Legal History, 4(3), 30-72. https://doi.org/10.38129/Ann.Yur.Ist.2020.4.3.30
Menander Protector. (1985). The history of Menander the Guardsman. Ed. and trans. R. C. Blockley. ARCA classical and medieval texts, papers and monographs. No 17. Liverpool: F. Cairns.
Myshin, D. E. (2014). Khosrow I Anushirvan (531–579), his epoch and his biography and teachings in the history of Miskaveikh. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences.
Moravcsik, G. (1958). Byzantine Turk: Byzantine Chuellen The History of Turkwalker works. Herman: Brill Atsademitz Pub. https://acortar.link/laEV4b
Narshakhi, M. (1897). The History of Bukhara. Tashkent. https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus12/Narsachi/otryv1.phtml?id=1418
Nöldeke, T. (1879). History of the Persians and Arabs at the time of the Sasanians: Translated from the Arabic chronicle of Tabari and provided with detailed explanations and additions. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 600. https://archive.org/details/GeschichteDerPerserUndAraber
Omasheva, Zh., & Tanabaeva, A. (2017). Cultural and historical relations between the Silk Road countries. Foreign Academic Studies, 3, 351-355. (In Russian)
Payne, R. (2013). Cosmology and the Expansion of the Iranian Empire, 502-628 CE. Past & Present, 220(1), 3-33.
Plokhy, S. (2016). The Gates of the Europe. A History of Ukraine. Kharkiv: KSD. https://acortar.link/gCH2Ji
Pourshariati, P. (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire. The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. https://acortar.link/Ss2QHc
Sadri, M. A. (2002). Turkic history and law. Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan. Kazan: Feng. http://www.tataroved.ru/publicat/cadri_m.pdf
Sebeos, B. (2007). The story of Emperor Iraklos. The work of Bishop Sebeos, a writer of the 7th century. London: Bennett & Bloom.
Semenov, S. G. (2015). Caucasus in the Political Relationships of Iran with Byzantium and Turk Kaganate in 556-591 AD. Khazar almanac, 13, 234-298. http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/171738
Skaff, J. K. (2002). Western Turk Rule of Turkestan’s Oases in the Sixth through Eighth Centuries. The Turks. (pp. 364-372). Ankara: Yeni Türkiye. https://acortar.link/j6Z571
Skaff, J. K. (2018). Ideological Interweaving in Eastern Eurasia: Simultaneous Kingship and Dynastic Competition, 580-755. In N. Di Cosmo & M. Maas (Eds.). Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, ca. 250-750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 386-399. https://acortar.link/8gJbAv
Sobestyansky, I. M. (1892). The national characteristics of the character and legal life of the ancient Slavs: a historical and critical study. Kharkiv: tipo. UN. Guseva, ex V.S. Biryukova. https://www.prlib.ru/item/460197
Sorochan, S. B. (2016). Byzantine Kherson (second half of the 6th – first half of the 10th centuries). Essays on the history of culture. Part 3. http://surl.li/tkijq
Spivak, I. A. (2019). Permanent air. Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after Vladimir Vernadsky. Historical Sciences, 5(71), 127-131. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/aere-perennius
Suny, R. G. (1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 418. https://archive.org/details/makingofgeorgian0000suny
Ta?a?il, A. (2004). Gokturcos. Atatürk Higher Institute of Culture, Language and History. Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Press. Printed book. https://search.worldcat.org/title/Gok-Turkler/oclc/33892575
Tas?ag?il, A. (2007). The Tribal System of the Turk Khaganate. Chronica, 242-248. https://www.iskolakultura.hu/index.php/chronica/article/view/10749
Telitsyn, N. N. (2020). The Written Language of the Turkic Peoples in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: the Basic System. Digest of World Politics. Annual Review, 10, 215-230. https://dspace.spbu.ru/bitstream/11701/22204/1/215-230.pdf
Tishin, V. V. (2020). To the name of the “King of the Turks” in the “Chronicle of Fredegar”. Bulletin of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, (3), 90-99.
Theophanes (1839). Theophanis Chronographia. Bonne: Impensis E. Weber. https://acortar.link/yCue4E
Tolstov, S. P. (1938). The tyranny of Apa-Kagan. Historical Notes, 3, 3-39.
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