The Doi Moi dilemma: Balancing economic growth and social justice in Vietnam

Abstract

This study examines the interplay between economic growth and social progress and justice in Vietnam during the Doi Moi (Renovation) era, beginning in 1986. It aims to critically assess how Vietnam has attempted to harmonize economic and social objectives over nearly four decades of transformation. Employing a qualitative methodology grounded in thematic and content analysis of the Communist Party of Vietnam documents, national statistics, and academic literature, the study reveals that Vietnam has achieved notable economic milestones—such as rapid GDP growth, poverty reduction, and rising human development indicators. Simultaneously, the country has expanded social services and advanced education and healthcare access. However, significant challenges persist, including income inequality, regional disparities, unsustainable economic practices, corruption, and limited access to social services for migrants and ethnic minorities. These findings suggest that while Vietnam has made commendable progress, the practical realization of social justice often lags behind policy intent. The study recommends strategic reforms in governance, economic restructuring, and social protection systems, emphasizing that sustainable and inclusive development requires a more integrated and accountable approach to balancing economic and social priorities.