PTSD in military personnel: diagnosis, treatment and support
Keywords:
military veterans, mental health, trauma impact, psychological well-being, therapeutic approaches, comprehensive support, psychological rehabilitation.
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military personnel demands urgent attention for enhanced diagnosis, treatment, and support, addressing mental health challenges in this crucial demographic. The main goal is to offer a detailed comprehension of how PTSD is diagnosed, treated, and supported among military personnel. This research utilizes established such methodology as surveys from respected sources, such as Hill & Ponton and the Center for Advancing Health. The criteria for including scientific sources underwent a rigorous selection process using academic. In the results it was discussed the treatments for PTSD in the military, such as psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and other approaches aimed at reducing stress and alleviating distress. Special attention is paid to support for service members with PTSD, which may include social support, rehabilitation programs and other interventions for their return to normal life after a traumatic experience. It was found that effective diagnosis and treatment of PTSD in military personnel can significantly improve their quality of life and reduce the risk of mental deterioration. The conclusions emphasize the need for further improvement of the support system for military personnel with PTSD and spreading awareness about this problem in order to improve the quality of life of this group of people.
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References
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Chovhaniuk, O., Bashkirova, L., Meleha, K., & Yakymenko, V. (2023). Study of the state of health in the conditions of constant numerous transitional and intermediate stages. Futurity Medicine, 2(2), 26-33. https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2023.06.30.03
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de la Espriella, R., Pingel, E. S., & Falla, J. V. (2010). The (de)construction of a psychiatric diagnosis: PTSD among former guerrilla and paramilitary soldiers in Colombia. Global Public Health, 5(3), 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441691003709430
Duel, J., Godier-McBard, L., MacLean, M. B., & Fossey, M. (2019). Challenging missions: vulnerable veterans leaving the armed forces and promising avenues to support them. In Military Veteran Reintegration (p. 95-134). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-815312-3.00006-1
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Hill & Ponton. (n.d.). Veterans Statistics - PTSD. Retrieved from: https://www.hillandponton.com/veterans-statistics/ptsd/
Hourani, L., Williams, J., Bray, R., & Kandel, D. (2015). Gender differences in the expression of PTSD symptoms among active duty military personnel. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 29, 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.11.007
Hussain, N. (2022). The correlation between risk factors of COVID-19 and nervous system damage: Pakistan based Analysis. Futurity Medicine, 1(3), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2022.09.30.03
Hrynzovskyi, A. M., Bielai, S. V., Kernickyi, A. M., Pasichnik, V. I., Vasischev, V. S., & Minko, A. V. (2022). Medical, social, and psychological aspects of assisting the families of the military personnel of Ukraine who performed combat tasks in extreme conditions. Medical news, 75(1), 310-317. https://doi.org/10.36740/wlek202201228
Ilina-Stohniienko, V., & Malets, M. (2022). Regarding the modernisation of medical care system for victims of armed conflicts (Ukrainian experience). Futurity Medicine, 1(3), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2022.09.30.04
Kaminskyy, V., & Viesova, O. (2022). Innovative activities in healthcare institutions of the future: models for overcoming dilemmas. Futurity Medicine, 1(1), 17-26. https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2022.03.25.02
Kryvolapchuk, V., & Protsyk, L. (2020). Psychological and legal features of reintegration of combatants. Science and law enforcement, (2), 295-306. https://naukaipravoohorona.com/journal/ukr/2020_2/32.pdf
MacGregor, A. J., Joseph, A. R., Walker, G. J., & Dougherty, A. L. (2020). Co-occurrence of hearing loss and posttraumatic stress disorder among injured military personnel: A retrospective study. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08999-6
Maldonado, W. S., García, E. R., Garcia, A. M., Galán, R., Gutiérrez, J. A., & Asensio, J. A. (2024). Lessons learned in military trauma in Colombia. In Current Therapy of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care (p. 7.e28–7.e35). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-69787-3.00015-0
Marx, B. P., & Gutner, C. A. (2015). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Patient interview, clinical assessment, and diagnosis. У A practical guide to PTSD treatment: Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches. (с. 35–52). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14522-004
Melnyk, Y., Prykhodko, І. І., & Stadnik, A. V. (2019). Medical-psychological support of specialists’ professional activity in extreme conditions. Minerva Psichiatrica, 60(4), 158-168. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0391-1772.19.02025-9
McLean, C. P., Zandberg, L., Brown, L., Zang, Y., Benhamou, K., Dondanville, K. A., Yarvis, J. S., Litz, B. T., Mintz, J., Young‐McCaughan, S., Peterson, A. L., & Foa, E. B. (2019). Guilt in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Active Duty Military Personnel. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(4), 616-624. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22416
Palmer, L., Thandi, G., Norton, S., Jones, M., Fear, N. T., Wessely, S., & Rona, R. J. (2019). Fourteen-year trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in UK military personnel, and associated risk factors. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 109, 156-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.11.023
Napryeyenko, O., Napryeyenko, N., Marazziti, D., Loganovsky, K., Mucci, F., Loganovskaja, T., & Tsekhmister, Y. (2019). Depressive Syndromes Associated with Alcohol Dependence. Clin Neuropsychiatry, 16(5-6), 206-212. https://doi.org/10.36131/clinicalnpsych2019050603
Rakhimov, T., & Mukhamediev, M. (2022). Implementation of digital technologies in the medicine of the future. Futurity Medicine, 1(2), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2022.06.30.02
Rona, R. J., Jones, M., Sundin, J., Goodwin, L., Hull, L., Wessely, S., & Fear, N. T. (2012). Predicting persistent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in UK military personnel who served in Iraq: A longitudinal study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(9), 1191-1198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.05.009
Simon, N., Roberts, N. P., Lewis, C. E., van Gelderen, M. J., & Bisson, J. I. (2019). Associations between perceived social support, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD): Implications for treatment. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1573129. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1573129
Sommer, J. L., Mota, N., Thompson, J. M., Asmundson, G. J., Sareen, J., Bernstein, C. N., Marrie, R. A., & El-Gabalawy, R. (2022). Associations between courses of posttraumatic stress disorder and physical health conditions among Canadian military personnel. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 87, 102543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102543
Thoene, U., García Alonso, R., & Blanco Bernal, C. A. (2020). Memory and Trauma: Soldier Victims in the Colombian Armed Conflict. SAGE Open, 10(3), 215824402094069. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020940696
U. S. Departament of veterans affairs (s.f). PTSD: National Center for PTSD. Retrieved from: https://acortar.link/Vm5d2l
Vostrotin, O., & Litovchenko, T. (2023). Clinical and paraclinical features of psychopathological disorders in right hemisphere stroke. Futurity Medicine, 2(3), 29-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2023.09.30.04
Vujanovic, A. A., Niles, B., Pietrefesa, A., Schmertz, S. K., & Potter, C. M. (2011). Mindfulness in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder among military veterans. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(1), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022272
Walsh, T. B., & Rosenblum, K. L. (2020). Fathering Across Military Deployment and Reintegration. In Handbook of Fathers and Child Development (p. 551–561). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51027-5_33
Zang, Y., Gallagher, T., McLean, C. P., Tannahill, H. S., Yarvis, J. S., & Foa, E. B. (2017). The impact of social support, unit cohesion, and trait resilience on PTSD in treatment-seeking military personnel with PTSD: The role of posttraumatic cognitions. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 86, 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.11.005
Bookwalter, D. B., Roenfeldt, K. A., LeardMann, C. A., Kong, S. Y., Riddle, M. S., & Rull, R. P. (2020). Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of selected autoimmune diseases among US military personnel. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-2432-9
Bowd, R., & Özerdem, A. (2013). How to assess social reintegration of ex-combatants. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 7(4), 453-475. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2012.727537
Bonanno, G. A., Mancini, A. D., Horton, J. L., Powell, T. M., LeardMann, C. A., Boyko, E. J., Wells, T. S., Hooper, T. I., Gackstetter, G. D., & Smith, T. C. (2012). Trajectories of trauma symptoms and resilience in deployed US military service members: Prospective cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(4), 317-323. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096552
Brownlow, J. A., Zitnik, G. A., McLean, C. P., & Gehrman, P. R. (2018). The influence of deployment stress and life stress on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) diagnosis among military personnel. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 103, 26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.05.005
Chovhaniuk, O., Bashkirova, L., Meleha, K., & Yakymenko, V. (2023). Study of the state of health in the conditions of constant numerous transitional and intermediate stages. Futurity Medicine, 2(2), 26-33. https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2023.06.30.03
Dobrovolska, N., Moroz, L., Shpak, M., Tsekhmister, Y., & Vovchenko, O. (2021). Мotivational mechanisms of emotional intelligence development in рracticing psychologists. AD ALTA: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 11(2), 54-59. https://www.magnanimitas.cz/ADALTA/110221/papers/A_08.pdf
de la Espriella, R., Pingel, E. S., & Falla, J. V. (2010). The (de)construction of a psychiatric diagnosis: PTSD among former guerrilla and paramilitary soldiers in Colombia. Global Public Health, 5(3), 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441691003709430
Duel, J., Godier-McBard, L., MacLean, M. B., & Fossey, M. (2019). Challenging missions: vulnerable veterans leaving the armed forces and promising avenues to support them. In Military Veteran Reintegration (p. 95-134). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-815312-3.00006-1
Engel, C.C., Jaycox, L.H., Freed, M.C., Bray, R.M., Brambilla, D., Zatzick, D., Litz, B., Tanielian, T., Novak, L.A., Lane, M.E., Belsher, B.E., Olmsted, K.L.R., Evatt, D.P., Vandermaas-Peeler, R., Unützer, J., & Katon, W. J. (2016). Centrally Assisted Collaborative Telecare for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Among Military Personnel Attending Primary Care. JAMA Internal Medicine, 176(7), 948. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2402
Gordiychuk, O. (2017, September 24). 93% without a Friend: veterans and psychologists speak frankly about the threat of PTSD. Novynarnya - news of Ukraine at war. https://acortar.link/zEoCDo
Hill & Ponton. (n.d.). Veterans Statistics - PTSD. Retrieved from: https://www.hillandponton.com/veterans-statistics/ptsd/
Hourani, L., Williams, J., Bray, R., & Kandel, D. (2015). Gender differences in the expression of PTSD symptoms among active duty military personnel. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 29, 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.11.007
Hussain, N. (2022). The correlation between risk factors of COVID-19 and nervous system damage: Pakistan based Analysis. Futurity Medicine, 1(3), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2022.09.30.03
Hrynzovskyi, A. M., Bielai, S. V., Kernickyi, A. M., Pasichnik, V. I., Vasischev, V. S., & Minko, A. V. (2022). Medical, social, and psychological aspects of assisting the families of the military personnel of Ukraine who performed combat tasks in extreme conditions. Medical news, 75(1), 310-317. https://doi.org/10.36740/wlek202201228
Ilina-Stohniienko, V., & Malets, M. (2022). Regarding the modernisation of medical care system for victims of armed conflicts (Ukrainian experience). Futurity Medicine, 1(3), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2022.09.30.04
Kaminskyy, V., & Viesova, O. (2022). Innovative activities in healthcare institutions of the future: models for overcoming dilemmas. Futurity Medicine, 1(1), 17-26. https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2022.03.25.02
Kryvolapchuk, V., & Protsyk, L. (2020). Psychological and legal features of reintegration of combatants. Science and law enforcement, (2), 295-306. https://naukaipravoohorona.com/journal/ukr/2020_2/32.pdf
MacGregor, A. J., Joseph, A. R., Walker, G. J., & Dougherty, A. L. (2020). Co-occurrence of hearing loss and posttraumatic stress disorder among injured military personnel: A retrospective study. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08999-6
Maldonado, W. S., García, E. R., Garcia, A. M., Galán, R., Gutiérrez, J. A., & Asensio, J. A. (2024). Lessons learned in military trauma in Colombia. In Current Therapy of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care (p. 7.e28–7.e35). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-69787-3.00015-0
Marx, B. P., & Gutner, C. A. (2015). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Patient interview, clinical assessment, and diagnosis. У A practical guide to PTSD treatment: Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches. (с. 35–52). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14522-004
Melnyk, Y., Prykhodko, І. І., & Stadnik, A. V. (2019). Medical-psychological support of specialists’ professional activity in extreme conditions. Minerva Psichiatrica, 60(4), 158-168. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0391-1772.19.02025-9
McLean, C. P., Zandberg, L., Brown, L., Zang, Y., Benhamou, K., Dondanville, K. A., Yarvis, J. S., Litz, B. T., Mintz, J., Young‐McCaughan, S., Peterson, A. L., & Foa, E. B. (2019). Guilt in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Active Duty Military Personnel. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(4), 616-624. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22416
Palmer, L., Thandi, G., Norton, S., Jones, M., Fear, N. T., Wessely, S., & Rona, R. J. (2019). Fourteen-year trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in UK military personnel, and associated risk factors. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 109, 156-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.11.023
Napryeyenko, O., Napryeyenko, N., Marazziti, D., Loganovsky, K., Mucci, F., Loganovskaja, T., & Tsekhmister, Y. (2019). Depressive Syndromes Associated with Alcohol Dependence. Clin Neuropsychiatry, 16(5-6), 206-212. https://doi.org/10.36131/clinicalnpsych2019050603
Rakhimov, T., & Mukhamediev, M. (2022). Implementation of digital technologies in the medicine of the future. Futurity Medicine, 1(2), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2022.06.30.02
Rona, R. J., Jones, M., Sundin, J., Goodwin, L., Hull, L., Wessely, S., & Fear, N. T. (2012). Predicting persistent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in UK military personnel who served in Iraq: A longitudinal study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(9), 1191-1198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.05.009
Simon, N., Roberts, N. P., Lewis, C. E., van Gelderen, M. J., & Bisson, J. I. (2019). Associations between perceived social support, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD): Implications for treatment. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1573129. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1573129
Sommer, J. L., Mota, N., Thompson, J. M., Asmundson, G. J., Sareen, J., Bernstein, C. N., Marrie, R. A., & El-Gabalawy, R. (2022). Associations between courses of posttraumatic stress disorder and physical health conditions among Canadian military personnel. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 87, 102543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102543
Thoene, U., García Alonso, R., & Blanco Bernal, C. A. (2020). Memory and Trauma: Soldier Victims in the Colombian Armed Conflict. SAGE Open, 10(3), 215824402094069. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020940696
U. S. Departament of veterans affairs (s.f). PTSD: National Center for PTSD. Retrieved from: https://acortar.link/Vm5d2l
Vostrotin, O., & Litovchenko, T. (2023). Clinical and paraclinical features of psychopathological disorders in right hemisphere stroke. Futurity Medicine, 2(3), 29-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2023.09.30.04
Vujanovic, A. A., Niles, B., Pietrefesa, A., Schmertz, S. K., & Potter, C. M. (2011). Mindfulness in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder among military veterans. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(1), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022272
Walsh, T. B., & Rosenblum, K. L. (2020). Fathering Across Military Deployment and Reintegration. In Handbook of Fathers and Child Development (p. 551–561). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51027-5_33
Zang, Y., Gallagher, T., McLean, C. P., Tannahill, H. S., Yarvis, J. S., & Foa, E. B. (2017). The impact of social support, unit cohesion, and trait resilience on PTSD in treatment-seeking military personnel with PTSD: The role of posttraumatic cognitions. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 86, 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.11.005
Published
2024-02-29
How to Cite
Klymenko, I., Tverdokhlib, N., Zlobin, O., Karachynskyi, O., & Kononenko, O. (2024). PTSD in military personnel: diagnosis, treatment and support. Amazonia Investiga, 13(74), 286-298. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2024.74.02.24
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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