Forensic information sources during the investigation of war crimes
Resumo
The relevance of studying the forensic information sources in the investigation of war crimes is determined by the specifics of these acts, the impact of the armed conflict on the activities of law enforcement officers, and the need for information exchange between national and international agencies. The aim of the study is to determine the specifics of working with forensic information sources in the investigation of war crimes. The research employed the logical method, comparative method, forecasting.
The commission of war crimes in wartime determines the specifics of the choice of forensic information sources. The legal status of information affects the possibility of its use in the investigation process. Working with data sources depends on regulatory, infrastructural support, and staffing. Subjects of work with forensic information sources are national and foreign law enforcement agencies and international institutions. The appropriateness of data exchange using European platforms is substantiated.
The academic novelty of the research consists of analysing the sources of forensic information in the context of the specifics of war crimes and the specifics of cooperation between national and international agencies.
The study reveals the prospects of algorithmization of work with sources of forensic information on war crimes in the context of armed conflict.
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Referências
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ArmyInform. (2023). More than 105,000 war crimes committed by the Russian Federation against Ukraine were documented by the Prosecutor General's Office. https://acortar.link/bcxwsK
Banjarani, D.R., Febrian, F., Zuhir, M. A., & Adisti, N. A. (2023). The Urgency of War Crimes Regulation in Indonesian Criminal Law. Fiat Justisia: Journal of Legal Studies, 17(2), 109-132. https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v17no2.2859
Blahuta, R.I., & Movchan, A.V. (2020). The latest technologies in the investigation of crimes: the current state and problems of use: monograph. Lviv: LvSUIAIR. (In Ukranian)
Braga da Silva, R. (2020). Sherlock at the ICC? Regulating Third-Party Investigations of International Crimes in the Rome Statute Legal Framework. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 18(1), 59-86. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqaa021
Caianiello, M. (2022). The Role of the EU in the Investigation of Serious International Crimes Committed in Ukraine. Towards a New Model of Cooperation? European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 30(3-4), 219-237. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718174-30030002
Cioffi, А., & Cecannecchia, С. (2023). Role of forensic medicine in addressing the war crimes: Perspective from Russia-Ukraine conflict during the COVID-19 pandemic. Medicine, Science and the Law, 63(2), 168-173. https://doi.org/10.1177/00258024221125135
Colvin, V., & Orchard, Ph. (2022). Forced deportations and the Ukraine war: Russian culpability in atrocity crimes. Violence: An International Journal, 3(2), 281-300. https://doi.org/10.1177/26330024231167184
Dufeniuk, O. (2022). Investigation of War Crimes in Ukraine: Challenges, Standards, Innovations. Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences, 1, 46-56. https://doi.org/10.30525/2592-8813-2022-1-6
Eichensehr, K. (2022). International institutions mobilize to impose accountability on Russia and individual perpetrators of war crimes and other abuses. American Journal of International Law, 116, 631–642. https://acortar.link/q0RXoH
Eurojust. (2023). The joint investigation team garners further support for the ICPA and agrees to investigate genocide crimes in Ukraine. https://acortar.link/P1tMi3
Europol. (2021). Joint Investigation Teams – JITs. https://acortar.link/JHftjP
Fedoriv, O.M. (2022). Implementation of standards for effectiveness of pre-trial investigation under martial law. Actual Problems of Native Jurisprudence, 4, 210-218. https://doi.org/10.32782/39221342
Filipov, Yu. (2022). Technical and forensic support for the investigation of war crimes: Сoncept, purpose, individual areas of development. Law Journal of the National Academy of Internal Affairs, 12(4), 72-83. https://doi.org/10.56215/04221204.72
Freeman, L. (2018). Digital Evidence and War Crimes Prosecutions: The Impact of Digital Technologies on International Criminal Investigations and Trials. Fordham International Law Journal, 41(2), 283-335. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj/vol41/iss2/1
Freeman, L. (2021). Weapons of War, Tools of Justice: Using Artificial Intelligence to Investigate International Crimes. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 19(1), 35-53. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqab013
Ghosh, A. K. (2022). War Crimes and Crime of Genocide: Does the Laws really prevent Crimes in the Modern Society. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 10(V), 4452-4461. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43428
Hathaway, O.A., Strauch, P.K., Walton, B.A., & Weinberg, Z.A.Y. (2019). What is a War Crime? The Yale Journal of International Law, 44(1), 54-113. https://acortar.link/J1ArP2
Horiunova, Y., Shemchuk, V., Lysianskyi, P., Vykhovanets, Z., & Gerasymova, E. (2022). Foreign policy strategy of Ukraine in the context of the Russia-Ukraine war. Amazonia Investiga, 11(60), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.60.12.8
Human Rights Center. (2022). Berkeley Protocol on Digital Open Source Investigations: A Practical Guide on the Effective Use of Digital Open Source Information in Investigating Violations of International Criminal, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. https://acortar.link/OSZj5V
Institute for International Criminal Investigations. (2022). Annual Report of Institute for International Criminal Investigations. https://acortar.link/92yRvz
International Criminal Court. (2010). Elements of Crimes. https://acortar.link/OSqz1w
Kozytska, O. (2022). General Characteristics of Open-Source Cyberintelligence as a Method of Obtaining Forensically Relevant Information. Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences, 3, 91-98. https://doi.org/10.30525/2592-8813-2021-3-10
Mayans-Hermida, B.E., & Hola, B. (2020). Balancing ‘the International’ and ‘the Domestic’: Sanctions under the ICC Principle of Complementarity. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 18(5), 1103-1130. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqab003
Meng, X., Meng, K., & Qiao, W. (2020). A Survey of Research on Image Data Sources Forensics. AIPR`20: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition (pp. 174-179). https://doi.org/10.1145/3430199.3430241
Ministry of Temporarily Occupied Territories and Internally Displaced Persons of Ukraine. (2019). A Guide to Gathering Evidence for the International Criminal Court and Documenting International Crimes. Kyiv. https://acortar.link/UTt0kc
Morgan, R.M., & Levin, E.A. (2019). A crisis for the future of forensic science: Lessons from the UK of the importance of epistemology for funding research and development. Forensic Science International: Synergy, 1, 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2019.09.002
Moussa, A.F. (2021). Electronic evidence and its authenticity in forensic evidence. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 11, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-021-00234-6
Murad Code. (2022). The Global Code of Conduct for Gathering and Using Information about Systematic and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence. [File PDF] http://surl.li/lbtsp
Nizamani, S., Nizamani, S., Nizamani, Sh., & Ismaili, I.A. (2019). On the computational models for the analysis of illicit activities. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series). 46(4), 561-566. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1902.05691
OECD. (2021). Performance of the Prosecution Services in Latvia: a Comparative Study. OECDilibrary https://doi.org/10.1787/c0113907-en
Office of the Prosecutor General. (s.f). If you became a victim or witness of Russia's war crimes, record and send the evidences! https://warcrimes.gov.ua/
Ortynska, N., Baranyak, V., Tsyliuryk, I., Koniushenko, Ya., & Krasiuk, I. (2022). Investigation and justice of crimes committed under war conditions in Ukraine. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(73), 311-329. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4073.16
Paliy, H.O. (2022). Participation of Ukrainian civil society organizations in documenting crimes committed by the Russian Federation in Ukraine. Kyiv: NISS. https://acortar.link/4tpAKx
Schmitt, S. (2022). Proving war crimes isn’t simple – a forensics expert explains what’s involved with documenting human rights violations during conflicts, from Afghanistan to Ukraine. The Conversation. http://surl.li/djeia
Tsybulskyi, D. (2022). Forensically significant information for the prevention of criminal offenses. Legal Bulletin, 5, 232-239. https://doi.org/10.32782/yuv.v5.2022.25
United Nations. (2022a). Prevention and Response to Conflict Related Sexual Violence. https://acortar.link/NwDsVH
United Nations. (2022b). Ukraine: UN expert urges all war crimes investigators work closely with national authorities. https://acortar.link/4a8uiq
Weyermann, C., Willis, S., Margot, P., & Roux, C. (2023). Towards more relevance in forensic science research and development. Forensic Science International, 348, 111592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111592
Aksamitowska, K. (2021). War Crimes Units: Legislative, Organisational and Technical Lessons. The Hague: Asser Instituut, Center for International and European Law. https://acortar.link/LTujyY
ArmyInform. (2023). More than 105,000 war crimes committed by the Russian Federation against Ukraine were documented by the Prosecutor General's Office. https://acortar.link/bcxwsK
Banjarani, D.R., Febrian, F., Zuhir, M. A., & Adisti, N. A. (2023). The Urgency of War Crimes Regulation in Indonesian Criminal Law. Fiat Justisia: Journal of Legal Studies, 17(2), 109-132. https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v17no2.2859
Blahuta, R.I., & Movchan, A.V. (2020). The latest technologies in the investigation of crimes: the current state and problems of use: monograph. Lviv: LvSUIAIR. (In Ukranian)
Braga da Silva, R. (2020). Sherlock at the ICC? Regulating Third-Party Investigations of International Crimes in the Rome Statute Legal Framework. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 18(1), 59-86. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqaa021
Caianiello, M. (2022). The Role of the EU in the Investigation of Serious International Crimes Committed in Ukraine. Towards a New Model of Cooperation? European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 30(3-4), 219-237. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718174-30030002
Cioffi, А., & Cecannecchia, С. (2023). Role of forensic medicine in addressing the war crimes: Perspective from Russia-Ukraine conflict during the COVID-19 pandemic. Medicine, Science and the Law, 63(2), 168-173. https://doi.org/10.1177/00258024221125135
Colvin, V., & Orchard, Ph. (2022). Forced deportations and the Ukraine war: Russian culpability in atrocity crimes. Violence: An International Journal, 3(2), 281-300. https://doi.org/10.1177/26330024231167184
Dufeniuk, O. (2022). Investigation of War Crimes in Ukraine: Challenges, Standards, Innovations. Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences, 1, 46-56. https://doi.org/10.30525/2592-8813-2022-1-6
Eichensehr, K. (2022). International institutions mobilize to impose accountability on Russia and individual perpetrators of war crimes and other abuses. American Journal of International Law, 116, 631–642. https://acortar.link/q0RXoH
Eurojust. (2023). The joint investigation team garners further support for the ICPA and agrees to investigate genocide crimes in Ukraine. https://acortar.link/P1tMi3
Europol. (2021). Joint Investigation Teams – JITs. https://acortar.link/JHftjP
Fedoriv, O.M. (2022). Implementation of standards for effectiveness of pre-trial investigation under martial law. Actual Problems of Native Jurisprudence, 4, 210-218. https://doi.org/10.32782/39221342
Filipov, Yu. (2022). Technical and forensic support for the investigation of war crimes: Сoncept, purpose, individual areas of development. Law Journal of the National Academy of Internal Affairs, 12(4), 72-83. https://doi.org/10.56215/04221204.72
Freeman, L. (2018). Digital Evidence and War Crimes Prosecutions: The Impact of Digital Technologies on International Criminal Investigations and Trials. Fordham International Law Journal, 41(2), 283-335. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj/vol41/iss2/1
Freeman, L. (2021). Weapons of War, Tools of Justice: Using Artificial Intelligence to Investigate International Crimes. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 19(1), 35-53. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqab013
Ghosh, A. K. (2022). War Crimes and Crime of Genocide: Does the Laws really prevent Crimes in the Modern Society. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 10(V), 4452-4461. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43428
Hathaway, O.A., Strauch, P.K., Walton, B.A., & Weinberg, Z.A.Y. (2019). What is a War Crime? The Yale Journal of International Law, 44(1), 54-113. https://acortar.link/J1ArP2
Horiunova, Y., Shemchuk, V., Lysianskyi, P., Vykhovanets, Z., & Gerasymova, E. (2022). Foreign policy strategy of Ukraine in the context of the Russia-Ukraine war. Amazonia Investiga, 11(60), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.60.12.8
Human Rights Center. (2022). Berkeley Protocol on Digital Open Source Investigations: A Practical Guide on the Effective Use of Digital Open Source Information in Investigating Violations of International Criminal, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. https://acortar.link/OSZj5V
Institute for International Criminal Investigations. (2022). Annual Report of Institute for International Criminal Investigations. https://acortar.link/92yRvz
International Criminal Court. (2010). Elements of Crimes. https://acortar.link/OSqz1w
Kozytska, O. (2022). General Characteristics of Open-Source Cyberintelligence as a Method of Obtaining Forensically Relevant Information. Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences, 3, 91-98. https://doi.org/10.30525/2592-8813-2021-3-10
Mayans-Hermida, B.E., & Hola, B. (2020). Balancing ‘the International’ and ‘the Domestic’: Sanctions under the ICC Principle of Complementarity. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 18(5), 1103-1130. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqab003
Meng, X., Meng, K., & Qiao, W. (2020). A Survey of Research on Image Data Sources Forensics. AIPR`20: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition (pp. 174-179). https://doi.org/10.1145/3430199.3430241
Ministry of Temporarily Occupied Territories and Internally Displaced Persons of Ukraine. (2019). A Guide to Gathering Evidence for the International Criminal Court and Documenting International Crimes. Kyiv. https://acortar.link/UTt0kc
Morgan, R.M., & Levin, E.A. (2019). A crisis for the future of forensic science: Lessons from the UK of the importance of epistemology for funding research and development. Forensic Science International: Synergy, 1, 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2019.09.002
Moussa, A.F. (2021). Electronic evidence and its authenticity in forensic evidence. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 11, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-021-00234-6
Murad Code. (2022). The Global Code of Conduct for Gathering and Using Information about Systematic and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence. [File PDF] http://surl.li/lbtsp
Nizamani, S., Nizamani, S., Nizamani, Sh., & Ismaili, I.A. (2019). On the computational models for the analysis of illicit activities. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series). 46(4), 561-566. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1902.05691
OECD. (2021). Performance of the Prosecution Services in Latvia: a Comparative Study. OECDilibrary https://doi.org/10.1787/c0113907-en
Office of the Prosecutor General. (s.f). If you became a victim or witness of Russia's war crimes, record and send the evidences! https://warcrimes.gov.ua/
Ortynska, N., Baranyak, V., Tsyliuryk, I., Koniushenko, Ya., & Krasiuk, I. (2022). Investigation and justice of crimes committed under war conditions in Ukraine. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(73), 311-329. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4073.16
Paliy, H.O. (2022). Participation of Ukrainian civil society organizations in documenting crimes committed by the Russian Federation in Ukraine. Kyiv: NISS. https://acortar.link/4tpAKx
Schmitt, S. (2022). Proving war crimes isn’t simple – a forensics expert explains what’s involved with documenting human rights violations during conflicts, from Afghanistan to Ukraine. The Conversation. http://surl.li/djeia
Tsybulskyi, D. (2022). Forensically significant information for the prevention of criminal offenses. Legal Bulletin, 5, 232-239. https://doi.org/10.32782/yuv.v5.2022.25
United Nations. (2022a). Prevention and Response to Conflict Related Sexual Violence. https://acortar.link/NwDsVH
United Nations. (2022b). Ukraine: UN expert urges all war crimes investigators work closely with national authorities. https://acortar.link/4a8uiq
Weyermann, C., Willis, S., Margot, P., & Roux, C. (2023). Towards more relevance in forensic science research and development. Forensic Science International, 348, 111592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111592
Publicado
2023-11-30
Como Citar
Shulha, A., Tkach, A., Murzo, Y., Horodetska, M., & Sokur, T. (2023). Forensic information sources during the investigation of war crimes. Amazonia Investiga, 12(71), 103-116. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.71.11.9
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