Articles
Published 2023-03-30
Keywords
- criminal offense, criminal liability, authority of government bodies, assault, compensation for damage caused by criminal offense, victim.
How to Cite
Borovyk, A., Tkachenko, I., Danylevska, Y., & Pavelkiv, S. (2023). Public official as a victim of criminal assault: comparative approach. Amazonia Investiga, 12(62), 282–292. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.62.02.28
Abstract
This research paper aims to analyze criminal liability for assaulting law enforcement agents in different jurisdictions. A comparative approach is used to examine relevant criminal law provisions of several countries, including the United States, England, Germany, Canada, and Ukraine. The methodology combines statistical methods and comparative research to provide a detailed and comprehensive analysis. The most important findings indicate that some countries protect both public officials and law enforcement agents from illegal attacks, while others have a special liability regime for assaulting or threatening police officers only. In particular, it is argued that the Ukrainian approach is more balanced compared to other jurisdictions. Overall, the document provides a complete and detailed insight into criminal liability for assaulting law enforcement agents in various parts of the world.
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References
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Borovyk, A. (2022b). Problems of the unification of victims in criminal offenses against representatives of the authorities. State and regions. Series: Law, 3(77), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.32840/1813-338X-2022.3.6
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Johnson, L. (2019). Understanding Assaults against Police Officers: A Study of Conflict Escalation in Police Encounters with the Public. (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). The University of Leeds, 220 p. Retrieved from: https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/25726/1/Johnson_LA_Law_PhD_2019.pdf
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Melnyk, M. I., & Havronyuk, M. I. (2018). Scientific and practical commentary on the Criminal Code of Ukraine. 10th ed., revised. and added. Kyiv: “Dakor” Publishing House, 1368 p.
Minchenko, R., Lutsyuk, P., Kamensky, D., Kolodin, A., & Shamota, O. (2021). Civil and criminal liability in the field of transport relations: the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. Amazonia Investiga, 10(40), 212-221. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.40.04.21
Movchan, R., Vozniuk, A., Burak, M., Areshonkov, V., & Kamensky, D. (2021). Criminal law counteraction to land pollution in the EU countries: searching for the optimal model. Amazonia Investiga, 10(42), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.42.06.2
Movchan, R., Vozniuk, A., Kamensky, D., Koval, I., & Golovko, O. (2022). Criminal law protection of land resources in Ukraine and Latin America: comparative legal analysis. Amazonia Investiga, 11(51), 328-336. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.51.03.33
New York Penal Law (1965). Article 120 - NY Penal Law. Retrieved from: https://ypdcrime.com/penal.law/article120.php#p120.08
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Post de Advokat (2022). A Shot in the Direction of a Law Enforcement Officer Provides that the Accused has been Implementing the Intent to Murder, and his Actions are Subject to the Qualifications Under Art. 348 of the Criminal Code. Retrieved from: https://acortar.link/Ug1UM8
SainiLaw (n/d). What are the Types of Assault Charges in Canada? Retrieved from: https://www.saini-law.com/types-of-assault-charges-canada/
Sentencing Council (n/d). Assault. Retrieved from: https://www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/outlines/assault/
Shjarback, J. A., & Maguire, E. R. (2021). Extending Research on the “War on Cops”: The Effects of Ferguson on Nonfatal Assaults Against U.S. Police Officers. Crime & Delinquency, 67(1), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128719890266
State and Federal Criminal Defense (2022). Assault on a Public Official – California Penal Code 217.1(A). Retrieved from: https://www.egattorneys.com/violent-crimes/assault-on-a-public-official-california-penal-code-217-1a
The Crown Prosecution Service (2018). Assaults on Emergency Workers (Offences) Act 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/assaults-emergency-workers-offences-act-2018
The National Archives. (1996). Police Act 1996, Section 89. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/16/section/89
Tkachenko, I. (2022a). Relatives as victims of criminal offenses. Legal scientific electronic journal. 2022, 6, 378–383. https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2022-6/84
Tkachenko, I. (2022b). The victim in criminal and criminal procedural legislation: topical issues of theory and practice. Kyiv Journal of Law, 4, 185–193. https://doi.org/10.32782/klj/2022.4.28
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. (2010). Criminal Code of Ukraine. Retrieved from https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/document/ukr/2001/criminal-code-of-the-republic-of-ukraine-en_html/Ukraine_Criminal_Code_as_of_2010_EN.pdf
Voanews (2022). Germany Condemns New Year's Attacks on Firefighters, Police Officers. Retrieved from: https://www.voanews.com/a/germany-condemns-new-year-s-attacks-on-firefighters-police-officers-/6901479.html
Vozniuk, A., Hryha, M., Botnarenko, I., Makarenko, T., & Bryskovska, O. (2022). Electoral corruption: illegal voter bribery technologies. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(75), 145-163. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.10
Vozniuk, ?., Kamensky, D., Dudorov, O., Movchan, R., & Andrushko, A. (2021). Unconstitutionality of criminal liability for filing inaccurate information in Ukraine: critical legal analyses. Questiones Politicas, 69(39), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3969.07
Borovyk, A. (2022a). Government representative as a victim of criminal offenses against the authority of state authorities. Scientific bulletin of public and private law, 3, 189–197. https://doi.org/10.32844/2618-1258.2022.3.34
Borovyk, A. (2022b). Problems of the unification of victims in criminal offenses against representatives of the authorities. State and regions. Series: Law, 3(77), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.32840/1813-338X-2022.3.6
Chaika, V. (2012). Criminal liability for encroachment on the life of a law enforcement officer, a member of a public formation for the protection of public order and the state border, or a military serviceman. (PhD in Law dissertation). Bar Academy of Ukraine. Kyiv, 160 p.
Court of Appeal of Ukraine. (n.d.). Decision of February 20, 2020 in case ? 757/70/20-k. Retrieved from https://lpd.court.gov.ua/home/search/4692
Criminal Code Help (2022). Assaulting a Peace Officer Laws in Canada. URL: https://bit.ly/3NfG7nZ
Euronews (2022). Germany: Suspects detained for murder of two police officers after massive manhunt. Retrieved from: https://www.euronews.com/2022/01/31/germany-massive-manhunt-underway-after-two-police-officers-shot-and-killed-near-kaiserslau
German Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection. (1998). German Criminal Code (StGB). Retrieved from https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/englisch_stgb.html
Gladkov, E. (2016). Criminal law protection of law enforcement officers: scientific and methodological recommendations. Kharkiv: Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs, 48 p.
Government of Canada (n/d). The Criminal Code of Canada. Assaulting a Peace Officer. Retrieved from: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/page-36.html#docCont
HM Government. (2021). Assault on Emergency Workers in the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Bill: Equalities Impact Assessment. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/44aTkUS
Hutchinson, B. (2020). Police officers killed surge 28% this year and some point to civil unrest and those looking to exploit it. ABC News. Retrieved from: https://abcnews.go.com/US/police-officers-killed-surge-28-year-point-civil/story?id=71773405.
Johnson, L. (2019). Understanding Assaults against Police Officers: A Study of Conflict Escalation in Police Encounters with the Public. (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). The University of Leeds, 220 p. Retrieved from: https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/25726/1/Johnson_LA_Law_PhD_2019.pdf
Kuczur, J., & Kuczur, T. (2019). An assault on a public official in the penal code of 1997 against the background of other normative code solutions in Poland in the 20th century – an outline of the issues. Humanities and Social Sciences quarterly, 26(4), 71-82.
Legal Information Institute. (n.d.). 18 U.S. Code Part I - CRIMES. Chapter 7 - Assault. Retrieved from https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/part-I/chapter-7
Legislative Counsel of California. (2019). California Penal Code Section 217.1. Retrieved from https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN§ionNum=217.1
Melnyk, M. I., & Havronyuk, M. I. (2018). Scientific and practical commentary on the Criminal Code of Ukraine. 10th ed., revised. and added. Kyiv: “Dakor” Publishing House, 1368 p.
Minchenko, R., Lutsyuk, P., Kamensky, D., Kolodin, A., & Shamota, O. (2021). Civil and criminal liability in the field of transport relations: the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. Amazonia Investiga, 10(40), 212-221. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.40.04.21
Movchan, R., Vozniuk, A., Burak, M., Areshonkov, V., & Kamensky, D. (2021). Criminal law counteraction to land pollution in the EU countries: searching for the optimal model. Amazonia Investiga, 10(42), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.42.06.2
Movchan, R., Vozniuk, A., Kamensky, D., Koval, I., & Golovko, O. (2022). Criminal law protection of land resources in Ukraine and Latin America: comparative legal analysis. Amazonia Investiga, 11(51), 328-336. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.51.03.33
New York Penal Law (1965). Article 120 - NY Penal Law. Retrieved from: https://ypdcrime.com/penal.law/article120.php#p120.08
Parliament of Poland. (1997). The penal code of the Republic of Poland. Retrieved from https://www.imolin.org/doc/amlid/Poland_Penal_Code1.pdf
Post de Advokat (2022). A Shot in the Direction of a Law Enforcement Officer Provides that the Accused has been Implementing the Intent to Murder, and his Actions are Subject to the Qualifications Under Art. 348 of the Criminal Code. Retrieved from: https://acortar.link/Ug1UM8
SainiLaw (n/d). What are the Types of Assault Charges in Canada? Retrieved from: https://www.saini-law.com/types-of-assault-charges-canada/
Sentencing Council (n/d). Assault. Retrieved from: https://www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/outlines/assault/
Shjarback, J. A., & Maguire, E. R. (2021). Extending Research on the “War on Cops”: The Effects of Ferguson on Nonfatal Assaults Against U.S. Police Officers. Crime & Delinquency, 67(1), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128719890266
State and Federal Criminal Defense (2022). Assault on a Public Official – California Penal Code 217.1(A). Retrieved from: https://www.egattorneys.com/violent-crimes/assault-on-a-public-official-california-penal-code-217-1a
The Crown Prosecution Service (2018). Assaults on Emergency Workers (Offences) Act 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/assaults-emergency-workers-offences-act-2018
The National Archives. (1996). Police Act 1996, Section 89. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/16/section/89
Tkachenko, I. (2022a). Relatives as victims of criminal offenses. Legal scientific electronic journal. 2022, 6, 378–383. https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2022-6/84
Tkachenko, I. (2022b). The victim in criminal and criminal procedural legislation: topical issues of theory and practice. Kyiv Journal of Law, 4, 185–193. https://doi.org/10.32782/klj/2022.4.28
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. (2010). Criminal Code of Ukraine. Retrieved from https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/document/ukr/2001/criminal-code-of-the-republic-of-ukraine-en_html/Ukraine_Criminal_Code_as_of_2010_EN.pdf
Voanews (2022). Germany Condemns New Year's Attacks on Firefighters, Police Officers. Retrieved from: https://www.voanews.com/a/germany-condemns-new-year-s-attacks-on-firefighters-police-officers-/6901479.html
Vozniuk, A., Hryha, M., Botnarenko, I., Makarenko, T., & Bryskovska, O. (2022). Electoral corruption: illegal voter bribery technologies. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(75), 145-163. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.10
Vozniuk, ?., Kamensky, D., Dudorov, O., Movchan, R., & Andrushko, A. (2021). Unconstitutionality of criminal liability for filing inaccurate information in Ukraine: critical legal analyses. Questiones Politicas, 69(39), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3969.07
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