Does Money Help Elections? Analysis of the Impact of Campaign Spending and Incumbency in Ecuador
Keywords:
Electoral spending, electoral budgets, incumbent, elections, mayors.
Abstract
Restricting policies on electoral spending are intended to equalize the conditions of participation of candidates for a seat in a popular election. However, does the application of these restrictions generate equity in the electoral contest, or the opposite? There is much evidence about the advantage of the candidate who is reelected (incumbent) against his contender (challenger), which questions whether the budget restriction on electoral spending is effective in itself. For this research, we used a multiple linear regression method that measures the effects of the effectiveness of campaign spending in attracting votes from candidates for mayor of Ecuador, resulting in incumbency providing a degree of advantage over challengers. much more than the efficiency of spending, all in a highly restrictive scenario in electoral budgets and political campaign time.
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References
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Abramowitz, A. (1991). Incumbency, Camapign Spending and the Decline of Competition is U.S. House Elections. The Journal of Politics, 53(1), 34 - 56. https://doi.org/10.2307/2131719
Acevedo, S., & Navia, P. (2015). Un método no endógeno para medir el gasto electoral en Chile, 2005-2009. Revista mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, 60(225), 103-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0185-1918(15)30021-0
Alexander, H. (1984). Financing Politics. Money, Elections, and Political Reform. Congressional Quarterly inc.
Angulo, A. M. (2015). Intención de voto y simpatía partidista en Bogota. Colombia Internacional, 81 - 106.
Borja, S. (2020). El gasto social y el voto: análisis de los principales factores que influyen en el comportamiento del gobierno y los votantes Ecuador 2007-2017. Democracias, 8, 249 - 274.
Carey, J. M., Niemi, R. G., & Powell, L. W. (2000). Incumbency and the Probability of Reelection in State Legislative Elections. The journals of Politics, 62(3), 671-700. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00029
Carrillo, H. M. (2006). El clientelismo y la orientación del voto en la alternancia: el caso de los municipios de México (1989 - 1997). El Cotidiano, 21(138), 7-16. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32513802
Castillo, J. G., & Granda, F. (2014). Resultados electorales y el contexto socioeconómico: un análisis de las elecciones seccionales en el Ecuador 2009 - 2014. Democracias, 2, 21-75.
Cox, G., & Thies, M. (2000). How Much does Money matter? "Buying" Votes in Japan, 1967 - 1990. Comparative Political Studies, 33(1), 37-57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414000033001002
Del Castillo, P., & Zovatto, D. (1998). La financiación de la política en Iberoamérica. Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos.
Downs, A. (1957). Teoría Económica de la Acción Política en una Democracia. Editorial Ariel.
Erikson, R., & Palfrey, T. (1998). Campaign Spending and Incumbency: An alternative simultaneous equations approach. The Journal of Politics, 60(2), 355-373. https://doi.org/10.2307/2647913
Gierzynski, A., Klepner, P., & Lewis, J. (1998). Money or the Machine: Money and Votes in Chicago Aldermanic Elections. American Politics Research, 26(2), 160-173. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X9802600202
Green, D. P., & Krasno, J. (1988). Salvation for the Spendthrift Incumbent: Reestimating the Effects of Campaign Spending in House Election. American Journal of Political Science, 32(4), 884-907. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111193
Hernández-Rojas, R. D., Jimber del Rio, J.A., Ibañez Fernández, A., & Vergara-Romero, A. (2021). The cultural and heritage tourist, SEM analysis: the case of The Citadel of the Catholic King. Heritage Science, 9(52), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00525-0
Holbrook, T., & Weinschenk, A. (2014). Money, Candidates and Mayoral elections. Electoral studies, 35, 292-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2014.02.002
Jacobson, G. (1987). The Marginals Never Vanished: Incumbency and Competition in Elections to the U.S. House of Representatives. American Journal of Political Science, 31(1), 1952-82, 126-141. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111327
Jacobson, G. C. (1978). The Effects of Campaign Spending in Congressional Elections. American Political Science Review, 72(2), 469-491. https://doi.org/10.2307/1954105
Jacobson, G., & Kernell, S. (1983). Strategy and choice in congressional elections. Yale University Press.
Jimber del Río, J. A., Hernández-Rojas, R. D., Vergara-Romero, A., & Dancausa Millán, M. (2020). Loyalty in Heritage Tourism: The Case of Córdoba and Its Four World Heritage Sites. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238950
King, J. (2001). Incumbent Popularity and Vote Choice in Gubernatorial Elections. The Journals of Politics, 63(2), 585-597. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00080
Love, G. (2009). Competir y ganar: calidad de los candidatos en las elecciones legislativas de 2006 en México. Política y gobierno, 2, 77-100.
Macas-Acosta, G., Macas-Lituma, G., & Vergara-Romero, A. (2022). The Internal and External Factors That Determined Private Investment in Ecuador 2007–2020. Economies, 10(10), 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10100248
Machado, J. C. (2008). Ecuador: ... hasta que se fueron todos. Revista de ciencia política, 28(1), 189-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-090X2008000100010
Minteguiaga, A. (2012). Política y Políticas Sociales en el Ecuador reciente: Dificultades asociadas a la salida del ciclo neoliberal. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 1(135-136), 45-58. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=15324015004
Morales Quiroga, M.G., & Reveco Cabello, B. (2018). El efecto de las generaciones políticas sobre la participación electoral. El caso de Chile, 1999-2013. Perfiles Latinoamericanos, 26(52), 1-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18504/PL2652-011-2018
Morales, M., & Piñeiro, R. (2010). Gasto en campaña y éxito electoral de los candidatos a diputados en chile 2005. Revista de Ciencia Política, 30(3), 645-667. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-090X2010000300004
Nazareno, M., Stokes, S., & Brusco, V. (2006). Réditos y peligros electorales del Gasto Público en la Argentina. Desarrollo Económico, 46(181), 63-88. https://doi.org/10.2307/4151101
Ochoa-Rico, S., Jimber-del-Río, J.-A., Cornejo-Marcos, G., & Vergara-Romero, A. (2022). Characterization of the Territory and Estimation of a Synthetic Index of Social Welfare. TEM Journal, 11(3), 1254-1264. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM113-34
Pachano, S. (2009). El nuevo sistema político en funcionamiento. Revista de Ciencia Política, 30(2), 297-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-090X2010000200007
Palda, F., & Palda, K. (1998). the impact of campaing expenditures on political competition in the french Legislative elections of 1993. Public Choice, 94(157), 449-464. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004942118179
Rivera, A. S. (2012). Contando pesos. Gastos y votos en las elecciones municipales en Chile 2008. Búsquedas políticas, 95-123.
Romero-Subia, J. F., Jimber-del-Río, J.A., Ochoa-Rico, M. S. (2022). Analysis of Citizen Satisfaction in Municipal Services. Economies, 10(9), 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10090225
Samuels, D. (2001). Incumbents and Challengers on a Level Playing Field: Assessing the Impact of Campaign Finance in Brazil. Journal of Politics, 63(2), 569-584. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00079
Shin, M., Jin, Y., Gross, D., & Eom, K. (2005). Money matters in party-centered politics: campaign spending in Korean congressional elections. Electoral Studies. 24(1), 85-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2004.03.003
Sorhegui-Ortega, R., Vergara-Romero, A. & Garnica-Jarrin, L. (2021). Economía post-crecimiento: Una visión de múltiples perspectivas teóricas. Estudios del Desarrollo Social: Cuba y América Latina, 9(2), 209-223. Disponible en http://www.revflacso.uh.cu/index.php/EDS/article/view/565/682
Stratmann, T. (2005). Some talk: Money in politics. A review of the literature. Public Choice, 135-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28038-3_8
Van Dunk, E. (1997). Challenge Quality in State Legislative Elections. Political Research Quartely, 50(4), 793-807. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299705000404
Veiga, F. J., & Goncalves, L. (2004). The determinants of vote intentions in Portugal. Núcleo de Investigação em Políticas Económicas, 118, 341-364. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PUCH.0000019913.00616.e2
Abramowitz, A. (1991). Incumbency, Camapign Spending and the Decline of Competition is U.S. House Elections. The Journal of Politics, 53(1), 34 - 56. https://doi.org/10.2307/2131719
Acevedo, S., & Navia, P. (2015). Un método no endógeno para medir el gasto electoral en Chile, 2005-2009. Revista mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, 60(225), 103-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0185-1918(15)30021-0
Alexander, H. (1984). Financing Politics. Money, Elections, and Political Reform. Congressional Quarterly inc.
Angulo, A. M. (2015). Intención de voto y simpatía partidista en Bogota. Colombia Internacional, 81 - 106.
Borja, S. (2020). El gasto social y el voto: análisis de los principales factores que influyen en el comportamiento del gobierno y los votantes Ecuador 2007-2017. Democracias, 8, 249 - 274.
Carey, J. M., Niemi, R. G., & Powell, L. W. (2000). Incumbency and the Probability of Reelection in State Legislative Elections. The journals of Politics, 62(3), 671-700. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00029
Carrillo, H. M. (2006). El clientelismo y la orientación del voto en la alternancia: el caso de los municipios de México (1989 - 1997). El Cotidiano, 21(138), 7-16. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32513802
Castillo, J. G., & Granda, F. (2014). Resultados electorales y el contexto socioeconómico: un análisis de las elecciones seccionales en el Ecuador 2009 - 2014. Democracias, 2, 21-75.
Cox, G., & Thies, M. (2000). How Much does Money matter? "Buying" Votes in Japan, 1967 - 1990. Comparative Political Studies, 33(1), 37-57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414000033001002
Del Castillo, P., & Zovatto, D. (1998). La financiación de la política en Iberoamérica. Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos.
Downs, A. (1957). Teoría Económica de la Acción Política en una Democracia. Editorial Ariel.
Erikson, R., & Palfrey, T. (1998). Campaign Spending and Incumbency: An alternative simultaneous equations approach. The Journal of Politics, 60(2), 355-373. https://doi.org/10.2307/2647913
Gierzynski, A., Klepner, P., & Lewis, J. (1998). Money or the Machine: Money and Votes in Chicago Aldermanic Elections. American Politics Research, 26(2), 160-173. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X9802600202
Green, D. P., & Krasno, J. (1988). Salvation for the Spendthrift Incumbent: Reestimating the Effects of Campaign Spending in House Election. American Journal of Political Science, 32(4), 884-907. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111193
Hernández-Rojas, R. D., Jimber del Rio, J.A., Ibañez Fernández, A., & Vergara-Romero, A. (2021). The cultural and heritage tourist, SEM analysis: the case of The Citadel of the Catholic King. Heritage Science, 9(52), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00525-0
Holbrook, T., & Weinschenk, A. (2014). Money, Candidates and Mayoral elections. Electoral studies, 35, 292-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2014.02.002
Jacobson, G. (1987). The Marginals Never Vanished: Incumbency and Competition in Elections to the U.S. House of Representatives. American Journal of Political Science, 31(1), 1952-82, 126-141. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111327
Jacobson, G. C. (1978). The Effects of Campaign Spending in Congressional Elections. American Political Science Review, 72(2), 469-491. https://doi.org/10.2307/1954105
Jacobson, G., & Kernell, S. (1983). Strategy and choice in congressional elections. Yale University Press.
Jimber del Río, J. A., Hernández-Rojas, R. D., Vergara-Romero, A., & Dancausa Millán, M. (2020). Loyalty in Heritage Tourism: The Case of Córdoba and Its Four World Heritage Sites. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238950
King, J. (2001). Incumbent Popularity and Vote Choice in Gubernatorial Elections. The Journals of Politics, 63(2), 585-597. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00080
Love, G. (2009). Competir y ganar: calidad de los candidatos en las elecciones legislativas de 2006 en México. Política y gobierno, 2, 77-100.
Macas-Acosta, G., Macas-Lituma, G., & Vergara-Romero, A. (2022). The Internal and External Factors That Determined Private Investment in Ecuador 2007–2020. Economies, 10(10), 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10100248
Machado, J. C. (2008). Ecuador: ... hasta que se fueron todos. Revista de ciencia política, 28(1), 189-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-090X2008000100010
Minteguiaga, A. (2012). Política y Políticas Sociales en el Ecuador reciente: Dificultades asociadas a la salida del ciclo neoliberal. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 1(135-136), 45-58. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=15324015004
Morales Quiroga, M.G., & Reveco Cabello, B. (2018). El efecto de las generaciones políticas sobre la participación electoral. El caso de Chile, 1999-2013. Perfiles Latinoamericanos, 26(52), 1-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18504/PL2652-011-2018
Morales, M., & Piñeiro, R. (2010). Gasto en campaña y éxito electoral de los candidatos a diputados en chile 2005. Revista de Ciencia Política, 30(3), 645-667. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-090X2010000300004
Nazareno, M., Stokes, S., & Brusco, V. (2006). Réditos y peligros electorales del Gasto Público en la Argentina. Desarrollo Económico, 46(181), 63-88. https://doi.org/10.2307/4151101
Ochoa-Rico, S., Jimber-del-Río, J.-A., Cornejo-Marcos, G., & Vergara-Romero, A. (2022). Characterization of the Territory and Estimation of a Synthetic Index of Social Welfare. TEM Journal, 11(3), 1254-1264. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM113-34
Pachano, S. (2009). El nuevo sistema político en funcionamiento. Revista de Ciencia Política, 30(2), 297-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-090X2010000200007
Palda, F., & Palda, K. (1998). the impact of campaing expenditures on political competition in the french Legislative elections of 1993. Public Choice, 94(157), 449-464. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004942118179
Rivera, A. S. (2012). Contando pesos. Gastos y votos en las elecciones municipales en Chile 2008. Búsquedas políticas, 95-123.
Romero-Subia, J. F., Jimber-del-Río, J.A., Ochoa-Rico, M. S. (2022). Analysis of Citizen Satisfaction in Municipal Services. Economies, 10(9), 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10090225
Samuels, D. (2001). Incumbents and Challengers on a Level Playing Field: Assessing the Impact of Campaign Finance in Brazil. Journal of Politics, 63(2), 569-584. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00079
Shin, M., Jin, Y., Gross, D., & Eom, K. (2005). Money matters in party-centered politics: campaign spending in Korean congressional elections. Electoral Studies. 24(1), 85-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2004.03.003
Sorhegui-Ortega, R., Vergara-Romero, A. & Garnica-Jarrin, L. (2021). Economía post-crecimiento: Una visión de múltiples perspectivas teóricas. Estudios del Desarrollo Social: Cuba y América Latina, 9(2), 209-223. Disponible en http://www.revflacso.uh.cu/index.php/EDS/article/view/565/682
Stratmann, T. (2005). Some talk: Money in politics. A review of the literature. Public Choice, 135-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28038-3_8
Van Dunk, E. (1997). Challenge Quality in State Legislative Elections. Political Research Quartely, 50(4), 793-807. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299705000404
Veiga, F. J., & Goncalves, L. (2004). The determinants of vote intentions in Portugal. Núcleo de Investigação em Políticas Económicas, 118, 341-364. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PUCH.0000019913.00616.e2
Published
2022-11-08
How to Cite
Vergara-Romero, A., Rojas-Dávila, M., & Olalla-Hernández, A. (2022). Does Money Help Elections? Analysis of the Impact of Campaign Spending and Incumbency in Ecuador. Amazonia Investiga, 11(57), 172-180. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.57.09.18
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