Human Resources Practices in Non-profit Organizations: Evidence from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Keywords:
HR practices, NPOs, HR management, Economic planning, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract
Non-profit organizations (NPOs) are essential to the economic planning process in Saudi Arabia. This study examines the Human Resource (HR) practices of Saudi Arabian non-profit organizations. It is based on a primary survey administered to 201 employees of the four types of existing non-profit organizations (NPOs) in Saudi Arabia (Qur'an Memorization Society, Dawah Society, Specialized Society, and Development Committee) using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was intended for the eight existing HR practices: work design, HR planning, polarization, selection, training and development, motivation, performance evaluation, and job satisfaction. The ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests were performed on the eight segments of the HR instruments to investigate the perspectives of HR professionals in the NPO sector. The findings of the study indicate that the HR practices are moderated by the gender, age, education, and years of experience of the employees. The work design has the highest awareness among the employees, with a mean of 4.05, while job satisfaction has the lowest awareness, with a mean of 3.18 on a 5-point scale. A correlation between HR practices shows that work design improves performance evaluation, polarization affects HR planning, and training and development influence performance evaluation.
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References
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Kubiak, E. (2022). Increasing perceived work meaningfulness by implementing psychological need-satisfying performance management practices. Human Resource Management Review, 32(3), 100792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2020.100792
Kum, F. D., Cowden, R., & Karodia, A. M. (2014). The Impact of Training and Development on Employee Performance: A Case Study of Escon Consulting. Singaporean Journal of Business, Economics and Management Studies, 3(3), 72–105. https://doi.org/10.12816/0010945
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Nejad, A. A., Yaghoubi, N. M., Doaei, H., & Rowshan, S. A. (2016). Exploring the Dimensions and Components of Islamic Values Influencing the Productivity of Human Resources from the Perspective of Mashhad Municipality Employees. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 230, 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.09.048
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Parashar, A., & Lakra, H. S. (2022). Saudi Vision for a Happy City. Ekistics and the New Habitat, 81(2), 52–68. https://doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e2021812572
Paşaoğlu, D. (2015). Analysis of the Relationship Between Human Resources Management Practices and Organizational Commitment from a Strategic Perspective: Findings from the Banking Industry. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.10.101
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Vardarlıer, P. (2016). Strategic Approach to Human Resources Management During Crisis. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235, 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.057
Walk, M., Schinnenburg, H., & Handy, F. (2013). Missing in Action: Strategic Human Resource Management in German Nonprofits. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 25(4), 991–1021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-013-9380-7
Ban, C., Drahnak-Faller, A., & Towers, M. (2003). Human Resource Challenges in Human Service and Community Development Organizations. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 23(2), 133–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371x03023002004
Barnard, C., I., & Andrews, K. R. (1971). The Functions of the Executive: Thirtieth Anniversary Edition (30th ed.). Harvard University Press. https://www.amazon.com/Functions-Executive-30th-Anniversary/dp/0674328035
Barrena-Martínez, J., López-Fernández, M., & Romero-Fernández, P. M. (2017). Socially responsible human resource policies and practices: Academic and professional validation. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 23(1), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2016.05.001
Bartram, T., Cavanagh, J., & Hoye, R. (2017). The growing importance of human resource management in the NGO, volunteer and not-for-profit sectors. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(14), 1901–1911. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1315043
Bashir, M. (2019). Toward excellence in public relations: identifying practices and barriers in Kuwaiti corporate, governmental and non-profit organizations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 31(3–4), 118–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726x.2019.1679633\
Celma, D., Martinez-Garcia, E., & Raya, J. M. (2018). Socially responsible HR practices and their effects on employees’ wellbeing: Empirical evidence from Catalonia, Spain. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 24(2), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2017.12.001
Crawshaw, J., Budhwar, P., & Davis, A. (2014). Human Resource Management: Strategic and International Perspectives (1st ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://edge.sagepub.com/crawshaw2e
Degbey, W. Y., Rodgers, P., Kromah, M. D., & Weber, Y. (2021). The impact of psychological ownership on employee retention in mergers and acquisitions. Human Resource Management Review, 31(3), 100745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2020.100745
Drucker, P. F. (2008). Management Rev Ed (Revised ed.). Harper Business. https://www.amazon.com/Management-Rev-Ed-Peter-Drucker/dp/0061252662
Elbortokaly, A. A., & Hanafi, N. M. (2021). Saudi Vision 2030: A New Mind-set of City future Moving from Strategic Planning to Sustainable Development based vision. Ekistics and the New Habitat, 81(2), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e2021812557
Goswami, A. (2018). Human Resource Management and Its Importance for Today’s Organizations. Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education, 15(3), 128–135. https://doi.org/10.29070/15/57308
Guo, C., Brown, W. A., Ashcraft, R. F., Yoshioka, C. F., & Dong, H. K. D. (2011). Strategic Human Resources Management in Nonprofit Organizations. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 31(3), 248–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371x11402878
Gupta, S. C. (2022). Advanced Human Resource Management: Strategic Perspective. Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. https://www.amazon.com/Advanced-Human-Resource-Management-Perspective/dp/8180521931
Haile, G. A. (2015). Workplace Job Satisfaction in Britain: Evidence from Linked Employer-Employee Data. LABOUR, 29(3), 225–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/labr.12054
Holland, P., Sheehan, C., & de Cieri, H. (2007). Attracting and retaining talent: exploring human resources development trends in Australia. Human Resource Development International, 10(3), 247–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678860701515158
Joniaková, Z., & Blštáková, J. (2015). Age Management as Contemporary Challenge to Human Resources Management in Slovak Companies. Procedia Economics and Finance, 34, 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)01620-2
Karam, E. P., Gardner, W. L., Gullifor, D. P., Tribble, L. L., & Li, M. (2017). Authentic Leadership and High-Performance Human Resource Practices: Implications for Work Engagement. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 103–153. https://doi.org/10.1108/s0742-730120170000035004
King, D., & Griffin, M. (2017). Bringing Democracy Within: Justifying Workplace Democracy at Non-Profit Organizations. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2017(1), 11804. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2017.11804abstract
Klingmann, A. (2022). Branding Saudi Arabia’s Capital. Ekistics and the New Habitat, 81(2), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e2021812458
Koster, F., & Benda, L. (2020). Innovative human resource management: measurement, determinants and outcomes. International Journal of Innovation Science, 12(3), 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijis-03-2020-0027
Kubiak, E. (2022). Increasing perceived work meaningfulness by implementing psychological need-satisfying performance management practices. Human Resource Management Review, 32(3), 100792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2020.100792
Kum, F. D., Cowden, R., & Karodia, A. M. (2014). The Impact of Training and Development on Employee Performance: A Case Study of Escon Consulting. Singaporean Journal of Business, Economics and Management Studies, 3(3), 72–105. https://doi.org/10.12816/0010945
Kumari, D. G. S. (2019). The Role of Human Resource Practices in Creating Organizational Competitive Advantage – Elucidate Employee Satisfaction through Intervention Programme. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 23(4), 1563–1573. https://doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v23i4/pr190481
Mikhaylov, F., Julia, K., & Eldar, S. (2014). Current Tendencies of the Development of Service of Human Resources Management. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 330–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.072
Mitchell, B., & Alfuraih, A. (2018). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Achieving the Aspirations of the National Transformation Program 2020 and Saudi Vision 2030 Through Education. Journal of Education and Development, 2(3), 36. https://doi.org/10.20849/jed.v2i3.526
Nejad, A. A., Yaghoubi, N. M., Doaei, H., & Rowshan, S. A. (2016). Exploring the Dimensions and Components of Islamic Values Influencing the Productivity of Human Resources from the Perspective of Mashhad Municipality Employees. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 230, 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.09.048
Norusis, M. J. (2010). PASW Statistics 18 Guide to Data Analysis (1st ed.). Prentice Hall. https://www.amazon.com/PASW-Statistics-Guide-Data-Analysis/dp/0321690583
Olander, H., Hurmelinna-Laukkanen, P., & Heilmann, P. (2015). Human resources – strength and weakness in protection of intellectual capital. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 16(4), 742–762. https://doi.org/10.1108/jic-03-2015-0027
Parashar, A., & Lakra, H. S. (2022). Saudi Vision for a Happy City. Ekistics and the New Habitat, 81(2), 52–68. https://doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e2021812572
Paşaoğlu, D. (2015). Analysis of the Relationship Between Human Resources Management Practices and Organizational Commitment from a Strategic Perspective: Findings from the Banking Industry. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.10.101
Patel, D. (2012). Importance of Competency Mapping in Human Resource Management. Paripex - Indian Journal of Research, 3(4), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.15373/22501991/apr2014/86
Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (Illustrated ed.). Free Press. https://www.amazon.com/Competitive-Advantage-Creating-Sustaining-Performance/dp/0029250900
Reinholdt, M. (2006). No More Polarization, Please! Towards a More Nuanced Perspective on Motivation in Organizations. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.982108
Ridder, H. G., & McCandless, A. (2008). Influences on the Architecture of Human Resource Management in Nonprofit Organizations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 39(1), 124–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764008328182
Roundy, P. T., & Burke-Smalley, L. (2021). Leveraging entrepreneurial ecosystems as human resource systems: A theory of meta-organizational human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 100863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2021.100863
Saad, M. M., Gaber, H. R., & Labib, A. A. (2021). Investigating the impact of human resource management practices on employee engagement, and the moderating role of strategy implementation in Egypt. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 19. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v19i0.1412
Saudi Press Agency. (2021). National Transformation Program Highlights Key Achievements over Its First Five Years. National Transformation Program Highlights. https://www.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=en&newsid=2237560
Sharma, V. K. (2017). Human Resource Management: Evolution and the Challenges Ahead (3rd ed.). Viva Books.
Simpol, M. S. B. M. (2020). The Importance of Integrated Reporting in Value Creation (Intellectual Capital): A Theoretical Framework. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(1), 797–813. https://doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i1/pr200185
Singh, A., Singh, H. P., Alam, F., & Agrawal, V. (2022). Role of Education, Training, and E-Learning in Sustainable Employment Generation and Social Empowerment in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 14(14), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148822
Singh, H. P., & Agarwal, A. (2011). Espousal of E-Learning in Adult Education. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Techniques and Artificial Intelligence (pp. 28-31). Pattaya, Thailand: ISEM-Planetary Scientific Research Centre.
Singh, H. P., Agarwal, A., & Das, J. K. (2013). Implementation of E-Learning in Adult Education: A Roadmap. Mumukshu Journal of Humanities, 5(1), 229–232. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319877862_Implementation_of_E-Learning_in_Adult_Education_A_roadmap
Singh, H. P., Jindal, S., & Samim, S. A. (2011a). Role of Human Resource Information System in Banking Industry of Developing Countries. Special Issue of the International Journal of the Computer, the Internet and Management, 19(SP1), 59.1-59.5. https://bit.ly/3coQmWw
Singh, H. P., Jindal, S., & Samim, S. A. (2011b). A Critical Study on Adoption of E-Learning for Development of Human Resources in Developing Countries. Mumukshu Journal of Humanities, 3(3), 116–120. https://bit.ly/3vaxd10
United National Platform. (2022, May 18). Civil Society Partnership in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Civil Society Partnership. https://bit.ly/3IZ8z9q
Valaei, N., & Rezaei, S. (2016). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Management Research Review, 39(12), 1663–1694. https://doi.org/10.1108/mrr-09-2015-0216
Vardarlıer, P. (2016). Strategic Approach to Human Resources Management During Crisis. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235, 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.057
Walk, M., Schinnenburg, H., & Handy, F. (2013). Missing in Action: Strategic Human Resource Management in German Nonprofits. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 25(4), 991–1021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-013-9380-7
Published
2022-08-30
How to Cite
Alsaif, T., Alshammari, H., & Alhamad, I. A. (2022). Human Resources Practices in Non-profit Organizations: Evidence from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Amazonia Investiga, 11(54), 18-29. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.54.06.2
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