Discrimination in sports as a gross violation of human rights in Ukraine
Keywords:
prohibition regulations, universal values, rights of athletes, racial discrimination, sports ombudsman.
Abstract
The urgency of the problem described in the article is the existence of an ineffective observance mechanism of athletes' and fans' rights in connection with the manifestations of discrimination in sports. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to find ways to improve Ukrainian legislation in terms of protection of human rights from any manifestations of discrimination. To achieve this goal, the system-structural method and the formal-legal method, the method of analysis, the formal-logical method were used. The Ukrainian legislation in the researched field is analyzed. The experience of other countries in combating discrimination in sports has been studied. It is proposed to create an institute of sports ombudsman in Ukraine and stressed the need not to improve the criminal legislation in terms of clarifying the provisions of Article 161 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The expediency of establishing administrative liability for non-compliance with anti-discrimination legislation, amending the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses, which, in turn, will facilitate more prompt prosecution for human rights violations in sports. The practical value of the obtained results is that it can be taken as a basis for finding a mechanism to improve the fight against discrimination in sports.
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References
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Teetzel, S., & Weaving, C. (2017). Gender Discrimination in Sport in the 21st Century: A Commentary on Trans-Athlete Exclusion in Canada from a Sociohistorical Perspective. Sport History Review, 48, 185–193. DOI: 10.1123/shr.2017-0004.
Timofeychik, T. (2014). Discrimination in sports: the legal aspect. Current issues of international public and private international law, 6, 27–39. Recovered from: https://bit.ly/3t1zJ7r.
United Nations (2015) Final report of the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee on how sport and the Olympic ideals can be used to promote human rights for all and to strengthen their universal respect. Recovered from: https://undocs.org/ru/A/HRC/28/76.
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Cvirkun, N. (2021). Criminal-legal support of counteraction to criminal offenses on the basis of hatred. Bulletin of the Criminological Association of Ukraine, 1 (24), 60–67. Recovered from: http://dspace.univd.edu.ua/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/10412/Kryminalno_pravove_Tsvirkun_2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Denison, E., Bevan, N. & Jeanes, R. (2021). Reviewing evidence of LGBTQ+ discrimination and exclusion in sport. Sport Management Review, 24 (3), 389–409. DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.09.003.
European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) (2002). Ecri General Policy Recommendation no. 7 on national legislation to combat racism and racial discrimination. Recommendation of 13 December 2002. Recovered from: https://rm.coe.int/ecri-general-policy-recommendation-no-7-revised-on-national-legislatio/16808b5aae.
European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) (2009). Ecri General Policy Recommendation no 12: Main topics. Recommendation of 19 December 2008. Recovered from: https://bit.ly/2UYIuCO.
Fowlie, F. (2017). Prospects for a Sports Ombudsman in Canada. Laws, 6 (1), 5. DOI: 10.3390/laws6010005.
International Convention against Apartheid in Sport (1985). Convention of 10 December 1985. Recovered from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_122#Text.
Katsarova, I. (2021). Fighting discrimination in sport. European Parliamentary Research Service. Recovered from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2021/696163/EPRS_BRI(2021)696163_EN.pdf.
Kilvington, D., & Price, J. (2018). Sport and Discrimination. London: Routledge.
Kraljić, S., & Drnovšek, K. (2021). Ombudsman for Athletes' Rights - the example of Slovenia. Proceedings of the Faculty of Law in Split, 1(58), 151–161. DOI: 10.31141/zrpfs.2021.58.139.151.
Lapchick, R. (2020). Racism reported in sports decreasing but still prevalent. ESPN. Recovered from: https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/28738336/racism-reported-sports-decreasing-prevalent.
Law № 2341-III. Criminal Code of Ukraine. Information of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, № 25-26, 2001. Recovered from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2341-14
Malm, C., Jakobsson, J., & Isaksson, A. (2019). Physical Activity and Sport – Real Health Benefits: A Review with Insight into the Public Health of Sweden. Sports, 7 (127). Recovered from: https://bit.ly/2UQYdnk.
Marivoet, S. (2014). Challenge of Sport Towards Social Inclusion and Awareness-Raising Against Any Discrimination. Physical culture and sport. studies and research, 63, 3–11. DOI: 10.2478/pcssr-2014-0017.
Oliver, Р., & Lusted, J. (2015). Discrimination cases in grass-roots sport: comparing Australian and English experiences. Sport in Society, 18, 529–542. DOI: 10.1080/17430437.2014.976003.
Patel, S. (2015) Inclusion and Exclusion in Competitive Sport: sociolegal and regulatory perspectives. London: Routledge.
Patel, S. (2021). Gaps in the protection of athletes gender rights in sport – a regulatory riddle. The International Sports Law Journal. DOI: 10.1007/s40318-021-00182-2.
Phillips, J. (1997). Racial Discrimination in Sports: Unequal Opportunity for Equal Ability. Sociological Focus, 30 (4), 333–344. DOI: 10.1080/00380237.1997.10571084.
Report on the results Research (2021). The practice of investigating into Ukraine crimes committed on the grounds of intolerance. Recovered from: https://ulaf.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F-1.pdf
Reznik, O., Muzychuk, O., Andriichenko, N., Yakushchenko, Y., & Korzh, S. (2020). Fight Against Doping: Experience of Ukraine and European States. Amazonia Investiga, 9(27), 34-41. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2020.27.03.4
Shevchenko, O. (2010). Discrimination problems in sports. K. Gusova, A. Solovyova, Sports law: development prospects. All-Russian public organization «Association of Russian Lawyers»: Moscow.
Teetzel, S., & Weaving, C. (2017). Gender Discrimination in Sport in the 21st Century: A Commentary on Trans-Athlete Exclusion in Canada from a Sociohistorical Perspective. Sport History Review, 48, 185–193. DOI: 10.1123/shr.2017-0004.
Timofeychik, T. (2014). Discrimination in sports: the legal aspect. Current issues of international public and private international law, 6, 27–39. Recovered from: https://bit.ly/3t1zJ7r.
United Nations (2015) Final report of the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee on how sport and the Olympic ideals can be used to promote human rights for all and to strengthen their universal respect. Recovered from: https://undocs.org/ru/A/HRC/28/76.
United Nations (1948) Universal Declaration of Human Rights of December 10. Recovered from https://www.un.org/en/udhrbook/pdf/udhr_booklet_en_web.pdf
Zenquis, M., & Mwaniki, M. (2019). The Intersection of Race, Gender, and Nationality in Sport: Media Representation of the Ogwumike Sisters. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 43 (1), 23–43. DOI: 10.1177/0193723518823338.
Published
2021-12-17
How to Cite
Yunin, O., Komisarov, S., Shebanits, D., Naumenko, S., & Steblianko, A. (2021). Discrimination in sports as a gross violation of human rights in Ukraine. Amazonia Investiga, 10(47), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.47.11.17
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