International experience of crime investigation in the field of human trafficking
Keywords:
exploitation, human trafficking, legislation, responsibility, slavery, Ukraine.
Abstract
The paper aims to define an effective anti-human trafficking system in Ukraine. On the basis of theoretical information and international experience systematic analysis, the peculiarities of investigating crimes in the field of human trafficking are identified: timely receipt of information concerning crimes commission, assigning a case of human trafficking to an investigator or prosecutor with positive experience in detecting such crimes, cooperation of law enforcement agencies with each other and law enforcement agencies of other states in regard to effective ways of such crimes investigation, an effective system of human trafficking victims support. It is possible to increase the effectiveness of combating human trafficking through activities in the following areas: training of law enforcement officers in accordance with international standards; exchange of experience between Ukrainian law enforcement officers with the employees of relevant institutions of other countries; enshrinement at the statutory level of stricter responsibility for such crimes commission; monitoring the compliance of the Ukrainian anti-human trafficking system activities with international standards; creation of a comprehensive support system for human trafficking victims.
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References
Aronowitz, A. (2009). Human Trafficking, Human Misery: The Global Trade in Human Beings. Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT.
Buresh, I.V. (2013). State regulation in the field of combating human trafficking in Ukraine. Investments: Practice and Experience, 7, 115–118. (In Ukrainian).
Busza, J. (2004). Sex work and migration: The dangers of oversimplification. Health and Human Rights 7:231-49. Retrieved from https://www.bmj.com/content/328/7452/1369.
Cherechukina, L.V., & Yakovenko, M.O. (2013). Detection and Investigation of Crimes Related to Trafficking in Human Beings, 135. (In Ukrainian).
Chin, C. (2013). Cosmopolitan sex workers: Woman and migration in a global city. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199890910.001.0001/acprof-9780199890910.
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David, P. et al. (2010). ASEAN Handbook on International Legal Cooperation in Trafficking in Persons Cases. Jakarta: ASEAN.
Didyk, N.M. (2016). Causes of human trafficking. Personality and society: methodology and practice of modern psychology, 102–105. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved from https://www.lvduvs.edu.ua/documents_pdf/biblioteka/nauk_konf/04_12_2020.pdf
Dombrovan, O.I. (2013). Interaction of Ukrainian law enforcement agencies with EU law enforcement agencies in detecting and investigating human trafficking and illegal migration, 53–56. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved from https://www.lvduvs.edu.ua/documents_pdf/biblioteka/nauk_konf/04_12_2020.pdf
Dubyna, V.I. (2010). Current trends in combating human trafficking. Current issues of preventing and combating trafficking in human beings, 19–21. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved from http://univd.edu.ua/uk/dir/401/materiali-naukovo-praktichnih-konferentsiy-seminariv-toshcho#2010
Dubyna, V.I. (2015). Operational development of traffickers for women for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Investigative prevention of corruption and corruption-related offenses: materials of the round table, 75-80. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved from http://elar.naiau.kiev.ua/bitstream/123456789/7936/1/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_p074-078.pdf
European Commission. (2018). Together Against Trafficking in Human Beings: Member States: Netherlands. Recovered from https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/member-states/netherlands_en.
FBI. (2021). Human Trafficking. Recovered from https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/violent-crime/human-trafficking
Feingold, D. (2005). Human trafficking. Foreign Policy September, 26–32.
Fontana R. (2021). The fight against human trafficking in Italy. Borgenproject. Recovered from https://borgenproject.org/human-trafficking-in-italy/.
Holmes, P. (2009). Manual for Law Enforcement Officers on Detection and Investigation of Trafficking-related Crimes. International Organization for Migration (IOM), Kyiv, 4.
Holosnichenko, I.P. (1998). Administrative law of Ukraine (main categories and concepts). State Tax Administration of Ukraine; Ukrainian Financial and Economic Institute, 109. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com.ua/citations?user=XqrJWAYAAAAJ&hl=ru
Horbasenko, P.V. (2013). General provisions of the methodology of investigation of human trafficking, 22. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved from https://dspace.nlu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/14132.
Husev, L.Yu. (2008). Combating Trafficking in Women: History and Current Situation in Russia and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 278 p. (In Russian). Retrieved from http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?C21COM=S&I21DBN=EC&P21DBN=UJRN&S21FMT=JwU_B&S21ALL=%28%3C.%3EU%3D%D0%A5881.9%284%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0%29113.4%20%D1%8F431%280%29%3C.%3E%29&Z21ID=&S21SRW=AVHEAD&S21SRD=UP&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21CNR=20
International Labour Organisation for Migration (IOM). (2006). Global Estimates and Trends. Retrieved from https://publications.iom.int/books/managed-migration-and-labour-market-health-sector
Interpol (2009). Internet Posting. Retrieved from https://www.interpol.int/Crimes/Cybercrime/Cybercrime-operations
Jacobsen, & C. Skilbrei, M. (2010). Reproachable victims? Representations and self-representations of Russian women involved in transnational prostitution. Ethnos, 75, 190–212. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00141841003764013
Karpov, N.S. (2005). Forensic characteristics of human trafficking. University Scientific Notes, 3 (15), 268–273. (In Ukrainian).
Kraievska, O. (2015). International experience in combating the global problem of human trafficking. Bulletin of Lviv University. Series: International Relations. 37, 3, 82–89. (In Ukrainian).
Law 228/2003. Law 228 on Measures against Trafficking in Persons. 11 August 2003. Retrieved from https://www.legislationline.org/documents/id/4963.
Law 269/1998. Law on Measures against the prostitution of minors, pornography, sex tourism and other contemporary forms of slavery, 3 August 1998. Retrieved from https://www.legislationline.org/documents/id/5089.
Law N3739–VI. (2011). The Law of Ukraine on Trafficking in Human Beings. 20 September 2011. Retrieved from https://imzo.gov.ua/protidiya-torgivli-lyudmi/normativna-baza/zakonodavchi-akti-shhodo-protidiyi-torgivli-lyudmi-seksualniy-ekspluatatsiyi-ta-nasilstva/.
Legislation (2003) UK Sexual Offences Act. article 72. Recovered from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/section/72
Molland, S. (2012). The perfect business? Anti-trafficking and the sex trade along the Mekong. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved from https://hawaii.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.21313/hawaii/9780824836108.001.0001/upso-9780824836108.
Monastyrova, E. (2018). Activities of international non-governmental organizations to combat human trafficking. Bulletin of Lviv University. Series: Philosophical and Political Sciences, 16, 30–173. (In Ukrainian).
Nahorna, A.O., & Slavko, A.S. (2020). Trafficking in human beings: a history of counteraction at the universal and regional levels. Reforming the legal system in the context of European integration processes, 1, 159-163. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved from https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/78950.
Press releases 2002–2006. (2006). Ministry of Industry, Employment and Communications press releases. Retrieved from https://www.government.se/49b73d/contentassets/e2ec94e2b84e4fb8a2310ba2fd46c720/press-releases-2002-2006-from-the-ministry-of-industry-employment-and-communications
Protocol 1433-15 (2000). To Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. 15, November, 2000 Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/main/995_791.
Sachavo, A.G. (2004). Administrative and legal bases of activity of private security structures and their interaction with the police of Ukraine, K.: Nauk. World, 163 p. (In Ukrainian).
Sanakoiev, D.B. (2009). Investigation of trafficking in human beings by organized groups. Dnepropetrovsk: DDUVS. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com.ua/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ru&user=cJ67U0UAAAAJ&citation_for_view=cJ67U0UAAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C.
Sanakoiev, D.B. (2018). Regulatory and legal support of cross-border cooperation in combating human trafficking. Scientific Papers of the Legislation Institute of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, 1, 46-52. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com.ua/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ru&user=cJ67U0UAAAAJ&citation_for_view=cJ67U0UAAAAJ:kNdYIx-mwKoC.
Scarpa, S. (2010). Fighting Against Human Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation: The Actions in Western Europe. Revue internationale de droit pénal, 81, 563-587. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3917/ridp.813.0563
Serdiuk, L.V. (2002). Violence: criminological and criminal law research. Moscow: Yurlitinform, 384. (In Russian).
Servitsky, I., & Galona, I. (2021). Tactics for finding persons involved in human trafficking. Forensics, 2. https://doi.org/10.32849/2663-5313/2021.2.49.
Shevchenko, A. (2019). Trafficking in human beings in Ukraine: almost 300 crimes have been detected since the beginning of the year. (In Ukrainian). Ukrinform. Recovered from https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-society/2801788-torgivla-ludmi-v-ukraini-z-pocatku-roku-viavili-majze-300-zlociniv.html.
Skriabin, O.M (2020). Features of the investigation of crimes in the field of trafficking in human beings in criminal proceedings. Law and Public Administration, 4, 134-138. (In Ukrainian). https://doi.org/10.32840/pdu.2020.4.19.
Surtees, R. (2008). Traffickers and trafficking in Southern and Eastern Europe. European Journal of Criminology 5, 39–68. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1477370807084224.
Svensson, N. (2006). Extraterritorial Accountability: An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Child Sex Tourism Laws. Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, 28, 641-664. Retrieved from http://ilr.lls.edu/documents/Article6Svensson_000.pdf.
United Nations Security Council. (2017) S/RES/2388- Fight against human trafficking in Libya: EU sanctions six human traffickers and smugglers in line with UN decision. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/06/14/fight-against-human-trafficking-in-libya-eu-sanctions-six-human-traffickers-and-smugglers-in-line-with-un-decision/.
United States Department of State. (2019). Trafficking in Persons Report – Libya. Recovered from https://ly.usembassy.gov/2019-trafficking-in-persons-report-libya/.
UNODC (2016a). Research on Trafficking in Persons. Recovered from https://www.unodc.org/unodc/ru/data-and-analysis/tip.html.
UNODC. (2016b). Global Report on Trafficking in Persons, Vienna, UNODC; New York, United Nations. Recovered from https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2016_Global_Report_on_Trafficking_in_Persons.pdf.
Vasylova-Karvatska, O.V. (2019). Forensic aspect of the investigation of human trafficking. Problems of law enforcement, 4 (25). https://doi.org/10.32836/2521-6473-2019-4-140-144.
Vocks, J., & Nijboer, J. (2000). The promised land: A study of trafficking in women from Central and Eastern Europe to the Netherlands. European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research 8, 379–88. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008785214932.
Volkova, A.I. (2006). The structure of the forensic characteristics of human trafficking. Actual problems of the state and law, 27, 174–181. (In Ukrainian).
Yakymov, I.N. (2003). Forensic science. Guide to Criminal Technique and Tactics. New edition reprinted from the 1925 edition, 75. (In Russian).14. Retrieved from http://lawlibrary.ru/izdanie43378.html
Zhang, S. (2009). Beyond the “Natasha” story: A review and critique of current research on sex trafficking. Global Crime 10, 178–95. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17440570903079899.
Zimmerman, C. et al. (2003). The Health Risks and Consequences of Trafficking in Women and Adolescents: Findings from a European Study. London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, p. 23.
Buresh, I.V. (2013). State regulation in the field of combating human trafficking in Ukraine. Investments: Practice and Experience, 7, 115–118. (In Ukrainian).
Busza, J. (2004). Sex work and migration: The dangers of oversimplification. Health and Human Rights 7:231-49. Retrieved from https://www.bmj.com/content/328/7452/1369.
Cherechukina, L.V., & Yakovenko, M.O. (2013). Detection and Investigation of Crimes Related to Trafficking in Human Beings, 135. (In Ukrainian).
Chin, C. (2013). Cosmopolitan sex workers: Woman and migration in a global city. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199890910.001.0001/acprof-9780199890910.
Council of Europe (2010). Opinion No. 6/2010 of the Group of Experts on Trafficking in Human Beings of the European Commission: On the Decision of the European Court of Human Rights in the Case of Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia. Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA). Recovered from https://www.coe.int/t/democracy/migration/bodies/greta_en.asp.
David, P. et al. (2010). ASEAN Handbook on International Legal Cooperation in Trafficking in Persons Cases. Jakarta: ASEAN.
Didyk, N.M. (2016). Causes of human trafficking. Personality and society: methodology and practice of modern psychology, 102–105. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved from https://www.lvduvs.edu.ua/documents_pdf/biblioteka/nauk_konf/04_12_2020.pdf
Dombrovan, O.I. (2013). Interaction of Ukrainian law enforcement agencies with EU law enforcement agencies in detecting and investigating human trafficking and illegal migration, 53–56. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved from https://www.lvduvs.edu.ua/documents_pdf/biblioteka/nauk_konf/04_12_2020.pdf
Dubyna, V.I. (2010). Current trends in combating human trafficking. Current issues of preventing and combating trafficking in human beings, 19–21. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved from http://univd.edu.ua/uk/dir/401/materiali-naukovo-praktichnih-konferentsiy-seminariv-toshcho#2010
Dubyna, V.I. (2015). Operational development of traffickers for women for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Investigative prevention of corruption and corruption-related offenses: materials of the round table, 75-80. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved from http://elar.naiau.kiev.ua/bitstream/123456789/7936/1/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_p074-078.pdf
European Commission. (2018). Together Against Trafficking in Human Beings: Member States: Netherlands. Recovered from https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/member-states/netherlands_en.
FBI. (2021). Human Trafficking. Recovered from https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/violent-crime/human-trafficking
Feingold, D. (2005). Human trafficking. Foreign Policy September, 26–32.
Fontana R. (2021). The fight against human trafficking in Italy. Borgenproject. Recovered from https://borgenproject.org/human-trafficking-in-italy/.
Holmes, P. (2009). Manual for Law Enforcement Officers on Detection and Investigation of Trafficking-related Crimes. International Organization for Migration (IOM), Kyiv, 4.
Holosnichenko, I.P. (1998). Administrative law of Ukraine (main categories and concepts). State Tax Administration of Ukraine; Ukrainian Financial and Economic Institute, 109. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com.ua/citations?user=XqrJWAYAAAAJ&hl=ru
Horbasenko, P.V. (2013). General provisions of the methodology of investigation of human trafficking, 22. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved from https://dspace.nlu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/14132.
Husev, L.Yu. (2008). Combating Trafficking in Women: History and Current Situation in Russia and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 278 p. (In Russian). Retrieved from http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?C21COM=S&I21DBN=EC&P21DBN=UJRN&S21FMT=JwU_B&S21ALL=%28%3C.%3EU%3D%D0%A5881.9%284%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0%29113.4%20%D1%8F431%280%29%3C.%3E%29&Z21ID=&S21SRW=AVHEAD&S21SRD=UP&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21CNR=20
International Labour Organisation for Migration (IOM). (2006). Global Estimates and Trends. Retrieved from https://publications.iom.int/books/managed-migration-and-labour-market-health-sector
Interpol (2009). Internet Posting. Retrieved from https://www.interpol.int/Crimes/Cybercrime/Cybercrime-operations
Jacobsen, & C. Skilbrei, M. (2010). Reproachable victims? Representations and self-representations of Russian women involved in transnational prostitution. Ethnos, 75, 190–212. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00141841003764013
Karpov, N.S. (2005). Forensic characteristics of human trafficking. University Scientific Notes, 3 (15), 268–273. (In Ukrainian).
Kraievska, O. (2015). International experience in combating the global problem of human trafficking. Bulletin of Lviv University. Series: International Relations. 37, 3, 82–89. (In Ukrainian).
Law 228/2003. Law 228 on Measures against Trafficking in Persons. 11 August 2003. Retrieved from https://www.legislationline.org/documents/id/4963.
Law 269/1998. Law on Measures against the prostitution of minors, pornography, sex tourism and other contemporary forms of slavery, 3 August 1998. Retrieved from https://www.legislationline.org/documents/id/5089.
Law N3739–VI. (2011). The Law of Ukraine on Trafficking in Human Beings. 20 September 2011. Retrieved from https://imzo.gov.ua/protidiya-torgivli-lyudmi/normativna-baza/zakonodavchi-akti-shhodo-protidiyi-torgivli-lyudmi-seksualniy-ekspluatatsiyi-ta-nasilstva/.
Legislation (2003) UK Sexual Offences Act. article 72. Recovered from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/section/72
Molland, S. (2012). The perfect business? Anti-trafficking and the sex trade along the Mekong. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved from https://hawaii.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.21313/hawaii/9780824836108.001.0001/upso-9780824836108.
Monastyrova, E. (2018). Activities of international non-governmental organizations to combat human trafficking. Bulletin of Lviv University. Series: Philosophical and Political Sciences, 16, 30–173. (In Ukrainian).
Nahorna, A.O., & Slavko, A.S. (2020). Trafficking in human beings: a history of counteraction at the universal and regional levels. Reforming the legal system in the context of European integration processes, 1, 159-163. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved from https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/78950.
Press releases 2002–2006. (2006). Ministry of Industry, Employment and Communications press releases. Retrieved from https://www.government.se/49b73d/contentassets/e2ec94e2b84e4fb8a2310ba2fd46c720/press-releases-2002-2006-from-the-ministry-of-industry-employment-and-communications
Protocol 1433-15 (2000). To Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. 15, November, 2000 Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/main/995_791.
Sachavo, A.G. (2004). Administrative and legal bases of activity of private security structures and their interaction with the police of Ukraine, K.: Nauk. World, 163 p. (In Ukrainian).
Sanakoiev, D.B. (2009). Investigation of trafficking in human beings by organized groups. Dnepropetrovsk: DDUVS. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com.ua/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ru&user=cJ67U0UAAAAJ&citation_for_view=cJ67U0UAAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C.
Sanakoiev, D.B. (2018). Regulatory and legal support of cross-border cooperation in combating human trafficking. Scientific Papers of the Legislation Institute of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, 1, 46-52. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com.ua/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ru&user=cJ67U0UAAAAJ&citation_for_view=cJ67U0UAAAAJ:kNdYIx-mwKoC.
Scarpa, S. (2010). Fighting Against Human Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation: The Actions in Western Europe. Revue internationale de droit pénal, 81, 563-587. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3917/ridp.813.0563
Serdiuk, L.V. (2002). Violence: criminological and criminal law research. Moscow: Yurlitinform, 384. (In Russian).
Servitsky, I., & Galona, I. (2021). Tactics for finding persons involved in human trafficking. Forensics, 2. https://doi.org/10.32849/2663-5313/2021.2.49.
Shevchenko, A. (2019). Trafficking in human beings in Ukraine: almost 300 crimes have been detected since the beginning of the year. (In Ukrainian). Ukrinform. Recovered from https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-society/2801788-torgivla-ludmi-v-ukraini-z-pocatku-roku-viavili-majze-300-zlociniv.html.
Skriabin, O.M (2020). Features of the investigation of crimes in the field of trafficking in human beings in criminal proceedings. Law and Public Administration, 4, 134-138. (In Ukrainian). https://doi.org/10.32840/pdu.2020.4.19.
Surtees, R. (2008). Traffickers and trafficking in Southern and Eastern Europe. European Journal of Criminology 5, 39–68. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1477370807084224.
Svensson, N. (2006). Extraterritorial Accountability: An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Child Sex Tourism Laws. Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, 28, 641-664. Retrieved from http://ilr.lls.edu/documents/Article6Svensson_000.pdf.
United Nations Security Council. (2017) S/RES/2388- Fight against human trafficking in Libya: EU sanctions six human traffickers and smugglers in line with UN decision. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/06/14/fight-against-human-trafficking-in-libya-eu-sanctions-six-human-traffickers-and-smugglers-in-line-with-un-decision/.
United States Department of State. (2019). Trafficking in Persons Report – Libya. Recovered from https://ly.usembassy.gov/2019-trafficking-in-persons-report-libya/.
UNODC (2016a). Research on Trafficking in Persons. Recovered from https://www.unodc.org/unodc/ru/data-and-analysis/tip.html.
UNODC. (2016b). Global Report on Trafficking in Persons, Vienna, UNODC; New York, United Nations. Recovered from https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2016_Global_Report_on_Trafficking_in_Persons.pdf.
Vasylova-Karvatska, O.V. (2019). Forensic aspect of the investigation of human trafficking. Problems of law enforcement, 4 (25). https://doi.org/10.32836/2521-6473-2019-4-140-144.
Vocks, J., & Nijboer, J. (2000). The promised land: A study of trafficking in women from Central and Eastern Europe to the Netherlands. European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research 8, 379–88. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008785214932.
Volkova, A.I. (2006). The structure of the forensic characteristics of human trafficking. Actual problems of the state and law, 27, 174–181. (In Ukrainian).
Yakymov, I.N. (2003). Forensic science. Guide to Criminal Technique and Tactics. New edition reprinted from the 1925 edition, 75. (In Russian).14. Retrieved from http://lawlibrary.ru/izdanie43378.html
Zhang, S. (2009). Beyond the “Natasha” story: A review and critique of current research on sex trafficking. Global Crime 10, 178–95. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17440570903079899.
Zimmerman, C. et al. (2003). The Health Risks and Consequences of Trafficking in Women and Adolescents: Findings from a European Study. London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, p. 23.
Published
2021-12-17
How to Cite
Buhaiov, Y. Y., Koretskyi, O. P., Koretska, V. V., Penkov, S. V., & Shapar, A. O. (2021). International experience of crime investigation in the field of human trafficking. Amazonia Investiga, 10(47), 161-172. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.47.11.16
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