Educational problems of Syrian refugee students
Keywords:
classmates, primary school, problem, refugee, student, solutions.
Abstract
This qualitative study tries to explore the problems faced by the Syrian Refugee primary school students who immigrated to the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) with their friends in the educational settings and the solutions to those problems from the perspectives of those students. The qualitative data were collected through semi-structural interviews from the 15 Syrian Students in different grades. The data were analyzed by the content analysis and descriptive analysis technique in NVivo 12. It was found out that the students were exposed the mostly ‘’ violence/ hit’’, ‘’ be disturbed’’ and ‘’ignorance’’ by their classmates. The refugee students think that those problems can be solved by their teachers, principles, and families. Some of the students said that they could solve the problems they faced by ‘’ staying away’’ or by ‘’fighting with those who behave badly.’’ Based on the interview decoding, all the Syrian refugee students expect ‘’ not to exclude them’’, ‘’respect’’ and ‘’love’’. According to these results, providing social-psychological support, language teaching programs, and teaching tolerance to local students would help to solve the immigrant students’ problems having with their friends at school.
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References
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Bačáková, M. and Closs, A. (2013). “Continuing Professional Development (CPD) as a Means to Reducing Barriers to Inclusive Education: Research Study of the Education of Refugee Children in the Czech Republic.” European Journal of Special Needs Education, 28(2), pp 203–16. doi: 10.1080/08856257.2013.778108.
Bakali, N. and Wasty, S. (2020). “Identity, Social Mobility, and Trauma: Post-Conflict Educational Realities for Survivors of the Rohingya Genocide.” Religions, 11(5). doi: 10.3390/rel11050241.
Block, K., Cross, S., Riggs, E. and Gibbs, L. (2014). “Supporting Schools to Create an Inclusive Environment for Refugee Students.” International Journal of Inclusive Education, 18(12), pp 1337–55. doi: 10.1080/13603116.2014.899636.
Bretherton, L. (2004). “Tolerance, Education and Hospitality: A Theological Proposal.” Studies in Christian Ethics 17(1), pp 80–103. doi: 10.1177/095394680401700106.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2017). ‘’Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research.’’ Sage publications.
Crisis, Joint, and Coordination Centre. (2019). “Situational Report : The Education for Syrian Refugee Students in Kurdistan Region of Iraq.”, Report No. (24), 27 March 2019.
De Wit, H., and Altbach, P. (2017). “The Syrian Refugee Crisis and Higher Education.” International Higher Education, (84), p 9. doi: 10.6017/ihe.2016.84.9109.
Dryden-Peterson, S. (2016). “Refugee Education in Countries of First Asylum: Breaking Open the Black Box of Pre-Resettlement Experiences.” Theory and Research in Education, 14(2), pp 131–48. Doi: 10.1177/1477878515622703.
Dryden-Peterson, S. (2017a). “Refugee Education: Education for an Unknowable Future.” Curriculum Inquiry, 47(1). Doi: 10.1080/03626784.2016.1255935.
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Dryden-Peterson, S, Adelman, E., Bellino, M.J. and Chopra, V. (2019). “The Purposes of Refugee Education: Policy and Practice of Including Refugees in National Education Systems.” Sociology of Education, 92(4). Doi: 10.1177/0038040719863054.
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Goings, R.B., Bristol, T.J., and Walker, L.J. (2018). “Exploring the Transition Experiences of One Black Male Refugee Pre-Service Teacher at a HBCU.” Journal for Multicultural Education, 12(2), pp 126-43. Doi: 10.1108/JME-01-2017-0004.
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Maadad, N., and Matthews, Julie (2018). “Schooling Syrian Refugees in Lebanon: Building Hopeful Futures.” Educational Review, 72(4), pp 459-474. doi: 10.1080/00131911.2018.1508126.
Mansour, E. (2018). “Profiling Information Needs and Behaviour of Syrian Refugees Displaced to Egypt: An Exploratory Study.” Information and Learning Science, 119(3-4), pp 161–82. doi: 10.1108/ILS-08-2017-0088.
Matthews, J. (2008). “Schooling and Settlement: Refugee Education in Australia.” International Studies in Sociology of Education, 18(1), pp 31-45. doi: 10.1080/09620210802195947.
McCarthy, A.T. (2018). “Politics of Refugee Education: Educational Administration of the Syrian Refugee Crisis in Turkey.” Journal of Educational Administration and History, 50(3), pp 223–38. doi: 10.1080/00220620.2018.1440541.
McIntyre, J., and Hall, C. (2020). “Barriers to the Inclusion of Refugee and Asylum-Seeking Children in Schools in England.” Educational Review, 72(5). doi: 10.1080/00131911.2018.1544115.
McPherson, M. (2010). ‘I Integrate, Therefore I Am’: Contesting the Normalizing Discourse of Integrationism through Conversations with Refugee Women.” Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4), pp 546–70. doi: 10.1093/jrs/feq040.
Morrice, L., Tip, L.K., Brown, R. and Collyer. M. (2019). “Resettled Refugee Youth and Education: Aspiration and Reality.” Journal of Youth Studies, 23(3), pp 1–18. doi: 10.1080/13676261.2019.1612047.
Naidoo, L. (2012). “Refugee Action Support: Crossing Borders in Preparing Pre-Service Teachers for Literacy Teaching in Secondary Schools in Greater Western Sydney.” International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning, 7(3), pp. 266–74. doi: 10.5172/ijpl.2012.7.3.266.
Oh, S. A., and Stouwe, M.V.D. (2008). “Education, Diversity, and Inclusion in Burmese Refugee Camps in Thailand.” Comparative Education Review, 52(4), pp 589–617. Doi: 10.1086/591299.
Pastoor, L.D.W., and Review, A. (2014). “Annual Review of Comparative and International Education 2014.” iii. doi: 10.1108/s1479-3679_2014_0000025034.
Pastoor, L.D.W. (2017) Reconceptualising refugee education: exploring the diverse learning contexts of unaccompanied young refugees upon resettlement, Intercultural Education, 28(2), pp. 143-164, DOI: 10.1080/14675986.2017.1295572
Pastoor, L.D.W. (2016). “Rethinking Refugee Education: Principles, Policies and Practice from a European Perspective.” International Perspectives on Education and Society 30.
Shamieh, J.M., Sawalha, I.H., and Madanat, H.M. (2020). “Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment for Refugee Education Crises.” International Journal of Emerging Markets. doi: 10.1108/IJOEM-04-2019-0321.
Sheikh, M., and Anderson, J.R. (2018). “Acculturation Patterns and Education of Refugees and Asylum Seekers: A Systematic Literature Review.” Learning and Individual Differences, 67, pp 22–32. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2018.07.003.
Şimşir, Z., and Dilmaç. B. (2018). “Problems Teachers’ Face and Solution Proposals in the Schools Where the Foreign Students Are Educated.” Elementary Education Online, 17(3), pp. 1719–37. doi: 10.17051/ilkonline.2018.466425.
Sunata, U., and Abdulla, A. (2020). “Lessons from Experiences of Syrian Civil Society in Refugee Education of Turkey.” Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies, 18(4). doi: 10.1080/15562948.2019.1692984.
Sunata, U., and Özdemir, A.C. (2020). “CSR Implementations in Refugee Education: The Case of Syrians in Turkey.” Social Responsibility Journal. doi: 10.1108/SRJ-04-2020-0145.
Tangen, D., and Beutel, D. (2017). “Pre-Service Teachers’ Perceptions of Self as Inclusive Educators.” International Journal of Inclusive Education, 21(1), pp 63–72. doi: 10.1080/13603116.2016.1184327.
Taylor, S., and Sidhu, R.K. (2012). “Supporting Refugee Students in Schools: What Constitutes Inclusive Education?” International Journal of Inclusive Education, 16(1), pp 39–56. doi: 10.1080/13603110903560085.
Tosun, A., Yorulmaz, A., and Yildiz, K. (2018). "Education Problems of Refugee Students, Their Expectations from Education and Religious Education: The Case of Eskişehir." Eskişehir Osmangazi University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(1), pp 107–33. doi: 10.17494/ogusbd.457087.
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Vergou, P. (2019). “Living with Difference: Refugee Education and School Segregation Processes in Greece.” Urban Studies, 56(15). doi: 10.1177/0042098019846448.
Villalba, J.A. (2009). “Addressing Immigrant and Refugee Issues in Multicultural Counselor Education.” Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory & Research, 37(1), pp 1-12. doi: 10.1080/15566382.2009.12033851.
Wachob, Phyllis, Robert S. Williams, Source Tesol Quarterly, and Adult Language Learning. (2014). “Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc . (TESOL) Teaching English to Refugees in Transition : Meeting the Challenges in Cairo , Egypt in Cairo.” 44(3), pp 596–605. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967.
Warda, W. K., & Almaffraji, H. S. (2020). Refugee Protection : Iraq Country Report (Global Migration: Consequences and Responses - RESPOND Working Paper Series). Uppsala. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3629142
Watkins, K., and Zyck, S.A. (2014). “Living on Hope, Hoping for Education: The Failed Response to the Syrian Refugee Crisis.” Overseas Development Institute (September).
Wilkinson, J., and Kaukko, M. (2020). “Educational Leading as Pedagogical Love: The Case for Refugee Education.” International Journal of Leadership in Education, 23(1) doi: 10.1080/13603124.2019.1629492.
Yassen, A. (2017). Durable Solutions for Syrian Refugees in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Middle East Research Institute.
Yohani, S. (2013). “Educational Cultural Brokers and the School Adaptation of Refugee Children and Families: Challenges and Opportunities.” Journal of International Migration and Integration, 14(1), pp 61–79. doi: 10.1007/s12134-011-0229-x.
Arsal, Z. (2019). “Critical Multicultural Education and Preservice Teachers’ Multicultural Attitudes.” Journal for Multicultural Education, 13(1), pp 106–18. doi: 10.1108/JME-10-2017-0059.
Aydin, H. and Yeliz K. (2017). “The Educational Needs of and Barriers Faced by Syrian Refugee Students in Turkey: A Qualitative Case Study.” Intercultural Education, 28(5), pp 456–73. doi: 10.1080/14675986.2017.1336373.
Bačáková, M. and Closs, A. (2013). “Continuing Professional Development (CPD) as a Means to Reducing Barriers to Inclusive Education: Research Study of the Education of Refugee Children in the Czech Republic.” European Journal of Special Needs Education, 28(2), pp 203–16. doi: 10.1080/08856257.2013.778108.
Bakali, N. and Wasty, S. (2020). “Identity, Social Mobility, and Trauma: Post-Conflict Educational Realities for Survivors of the Rohingya Genocide.” Religions, 11(5). doi: 10.3390/rel11050241.
Block, K., Cross, S., Riggs, E. and Gibbs, L. (2014). “Supporting Schools to Create an Inclusive Environment for Refugee Students.” International Journal of Inclusive Education, 18(12), pp 1337–55. doi: 10.1080/13603116.2014.899636.
Bretherton, L. (2004). “Tolerance, Education and Hospitality: A Theological Proposal.” Studies in Christian Ethics 17(1), pp 80–103. doi: 10.1177/095394680401700106.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2017). ‘’Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research.’’ Sage publications.
Crisis, Joint, and Coordination Centre. (2019). “Situational Report : The Education for Syrian Refugee Students in Kurdistan Region of Iraq.”, Report No. (24), 27 March 2019.
De Wit, H., and Altbach, P. (2017). “The Syrian Refugee Crisis and Higher Education.” International Higher Education, (84), p 9. doi: 10.6017/ihe.2016.84.9109.
Dryden-Peterson, S. (2016). “Refugee Education in Countries of First Asylum: Breaking Open the Black Box of Pre-Resettlement Experiences.” Theory and Research in Education, 14(2), pp 131–48. Doi: 10.1177/1477878515622703.
Dryden-Peterson, S. (2017a). “Refugee Education: Education for an Unknowable Future.” Curriculum Inquiry, 47(1). Doi: 10.1080/03626784.2016.1255935.
Dryden-Peterson, S. (2017b). “Refugee Education.” Educational Researcher, 45(9), pp 473–82. Doi: 10.3102/0013189x16683398.
Dryden-Peterson, S, Adelman, E., Bellino, M.J. and Chopra, V. (2019). “The Purposes of Refugee Education: Policy and Practice of Including Refugees in National Education Systems.” Sociology of Education, 92(4). Doi: 10.1177/0038040719863054.
Foster, L. (1987). “Issues in Multicultural Education: Pre-Service Teacher Education.” South Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 15(1), pp 11-28. Doi: 10.1080/0311213870150103.
Goings, R.B., Bristol, T.J., and Walker, L.J. (2018). “Exploring the Transition Experiences of One Black Male Refugee Pre-Service Teacher at a HBCU.” Journal for Multicultural Education, 12(2), pp 126-43. Doi: 10.1108/JME-01-2017-0004.
Karam, F.J., Monaghan, C. and Yoder, P.J. (2017). ‘The Students Do Not Know Why They Are Here’: Education Decision-Making for Syrian Refugees.” Globalisation, Societies and Education, 15(4), pp 448-63. doi: 10.1080/14767724.2016.1222895.
Kostoulas-Makrakis, N. and Makrakis, V. (2020). “Developing Student-Driven Learning Activities to Promote Refugee Quality Education through the CARE Methodology.” International Journal of Early Years Education, 28(2). doi: 10.1080/09669760.2020.1765091.
Lems, A. (2020). “Being inside out: The Slippery Slope between Inclusion and Exclusion in a Swiss Educational Project for Unaccompanied Refugee Youth.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(2). doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2019.1584702.
Maadad, N., and Matthews, Julie (2018). “Schooling Syrian Refugees in Lebanon: Building Hopeful Futures.” Educational Review, 72(4), pp 459-474. doi: 10.1080/00131911.2018.1508126.
Mansour, E. (2018). “Profiling Information Needs and Behaviour of Syrian Refugees Displaced to Egypt: An Exploratory Study.” Information and Learning Science, 119(3-4), pp 161–82. doi: 10.1108/ILS-08-2017-0088.
Matthews, J. (2008). “Schooling and Settlement: Refugee Education in Australia.” International Studies in Sociology of Education, 18(1), pp 31-45. doi: 10.1080/09620210802195947.
McCarthy, A.T. (2018). “Politics of Refugee Education: Educational Administration of the Syrian Refugee Crisis in Turkey.” Journal of Educational Administration and History, 50(3), pp 223–38. doi: 10.1080/00220620.2018.1440541.
McIntyre, J., and Hall, C. (2020). “Barriers to the Inclusion of Refugee and Asylum-Seeking Children in Schools in England.” Educational Review, 72(5). doi: 10.1080/00131911.2018.1544115.
McPherson, M. (2010). ‘I Integrate, Therefore I Am’: Contesting the Normalizing Discourse of Integrationism through Conversations with Refugee Women.” Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4), pp 546–70. doi: 10.1093/jrs/feq040.
Morrice, L., Tip, L.K., Brown, R. and Collyer. M. (2019). “Resettled Refugee Youth and Education: Aspiration and Reality.” Journal of Youth Studies, 23(3), pp 1–18. doi: 10.1080/13676261.2019.1612047.
Naidoo, L. (2012). “Refugee Action Support: Crossing Borders in Preparing Pre-Service Teachers for Literacy Teaching in Secondary Schools in Greater Western Sydney.” International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning, 7(3), pp. 266–74. doi: 10.5172/ijpl.2012.7.3.266.
Oh, S. A., and Stouwe, M.V.D. (2008). “Education, Diversity, and Inclusion in Burmese Refugee Camps in Thailand.” Comparative Education Review, 52(4), pp 589–617. Doi: 10.1086/591299.
Pastoor, L.D.W., and Review, A. (2014). “Annual Review of Comparative and International Education 2014.” iii. doi: 10.1108/s1479-3679_2014_0000025034.
Pastoor, L.D.W. (2017) Reconceptualising refugee education: exploring the diverse learning contexts of unaccompanied young refugees upon resettlement, Intercultural Education, 28(2), pp. 143-164, DOI: 10.1080/14675986.2017.1295572
Pastoor, L.D.W. (2016). “Rethinking Refugee Education: Principles, Policies and Practice from a European Perspective.” International Perspectives on Education and Society 30.
Shamieh, J.M., Sawalha, I.H., and Madanat, H.M. (2020). “Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment for Refugee Education Crises.” International Journal of Emerging Markets. doi: 10.1108/IJOEM-04-2019-0321.
Sheikh, M., and Anderson, J.R. (2018). “Acculturation Patterns and Education of Refugees and Asylum Seekers: A Systematic Literature Review.” Learning and Individual Differences, 67, pp 22–32. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2018.07.003.
Şimşir, Z., and Dilmaç. B. (2018). “Problems Teachers’ Face and Solution Proposals in the Schools Where the Foreign Students Are Educated.” Elementary Education Online, 17(3), pp. 1719–37. doi: 10.17051/ilkonline.2018.466425.
Sunata, U., and Abdulla, A. (2020). “Lessons from Experiences of Syrian Civil Society in Refugee Education of Turkey.” Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies, 18(4). doi: 10.1080/15562948.2019.1692984.
Sunata, U., and Özdemir, A.C. (2020). “CSR Implementations in Refugee Education: The Case of Syrians in Turkey.” Social Responsibility Journal. doi: 10.1108/SRJ-04-2020-0145.
Tangen, D., and Beutel, D. (2017). “Pre-Service Teachers’ Perceptions of Self as Inclusive Educators.” International Journal of Inclusive Education, 21(1), pp 63–72. doi: 10.1080/13603116.2016.1184327.
Taylor, S., and Sidhu, R.K. (2012). “Supporting Refugee Students in Schools: What Constitutes Inclusive Education?” International Journal of Inclusive Education, 16(1), pp 39–56. doi: 10.1080/13603110903560085.
Tosun, A., Yorulmaz, A., and Yildiz, K. (2018). "Education Problems of Refugee Students, Their Expectations from Education and Religious Education: The Case of Eskişehir." Eskişehir Osmangazi University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(1), pp 107–33. doi: 10.17494/ogusbd.457087.
UNHCR. (2019). Cisac Global Report 2019.Recovered from https://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/gr2019/pdf/GR2019_English_Full_
lowres.pdf#_ga=2.161585788.1593824046.1612027274-1587122799.1608981607
UNHCR. 2020. “Mid-Year Trends 2020.” Recovered from https://www.unhcr.org/5fc504d44.pdf
Vergou, P. (2019). “Living with Difference: Refugee Education and School Segregation Processes in Greece.” Urban Studies, 56(15). doi: 10.1177/0042098019846448.
Villalba, J.A. (2009). “Addressing Immigrant and Refugee Issues in Multicultural Counselor Education.” Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory & Research, 37(1), pp 1-12. doi: 10.1080/15566382.2009.12033851.
Wachob, Phyllis, Robert S. Williams, Source Tesol Quarterly, and Adult Language Learning. (2014). “Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc . (TESOL) Teaching English to Refugees in Transition : Meeting the Challenges in Cairo , Egypt in Cairo.” 44(3), pp 596–605. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967.
Warda, W. K., & Almaffraji, H. S. (2020). Refugee Protection : Iraq Country Report (Global Migration: Consequences and Responses - RESPOND Working Paper Series). Uppsala. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3629142
Watkins, K., and Zyck, S.A. (2014). “Living on Hope, Hoping for Education: The Failed Response to the Syrian Refugee Crisis.” Overseas Development Institute (September).
Wilkinson, J., and Kaukko, M. (2020). “Educational Leading as Pedagogical Love: The Case for Refugee Education.” International Journal of Leadership in Education, 23(1) doi: 10.1080/13603124.2019.1629492.
Yassen, A. (2017). Durable Solutions for Syrian Refugees in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Middle East Research Institute.
Yohani, S. (2013). “Educational Cultural Brokers and the School Adaptation of Refugee Children and Families: Challenges and Opportunities.” Journal of International Migration and Integration, 14(1), pp 61–79. doi: 10.1007/s12134-011-0229-x.
Published
2021-01-29
How to Cite
Celik, S. (2021). Educational problems of Syrian refugee students. Amazonia Investiga, 9(36), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2020.36.12.7
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