Turkey’s syrian policy under justice and development party rule after 2009
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.56.08.26Palabras clave:
Turkey’s Syria Policy, Justice and Development Party, Neo-Ottomanism, Islamism, Security.Resumen
The Justice and Development Party's Syria policy has followed a volatile and pragmatic line. Prior to 2011, when the Arab Spring began in Syria, strategic cooperation was established within the framework of liberal and zero-problem policies with neighbors. When Turkey's democratic reform proposals against the opposition movements that emerged in 2011 did not realize, Turkey changed its position against the Assad regime and started to support the opposition. During this period, weapons aid was also given to the dissidents. Later, with the involvement of Russia and the USA, the balances in Syria changed and Turkey turned to defensive policies that would protect its internal and border security. In this context, military operations were carried out against Syria. However, these operations were carried out with the consensus of Russia and the USA. Although the JDP declared the Assad regime to be an enemy after 2011, it has come to the point where it is possible to negotiate with the Assad regime in the later period. This study makes a process analysis of Turkey's changing Syria policy.
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A??r, O., & At?lgan, A. (2017). Evaluation of Turkey's Syria Policy with a Constructivist Approach [Türkiye'nin Suriye Politikas?n?n Konstrüktivist Bir Yakla??mla De?erlendirilmesi]. ?nönü University International Journal of Social Sciences [?nönü Üniversitesi Uluslararas? Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi], 6(1), 71-86.
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Axiarlis, E. (2014). Political Islam and the secular state in Turkey: Democracy, reform and the Justice and Development Party. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Bal, I., & Laciner, S. (2001). The challenge of revolutionary terrorism to Turkish democracy 1960-80. Terrorism and Political Violence, 13(4), 90-115.
Ba?kan, B., & Ta?p?nar, Ö. (2021). The Nation or the Ummah: Islamism and Turkish Foreign Policy. SUNY Press.
Cavlan, T. (2010). Neo-Ottomanism: A Break with the West? [Yeni Osmanl?c?l?k: Bat?dan Kopu? mu?] Journal of Social Sciences [Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi], 3(2). 126-156.
Cesari, J. (2017). The Nationalist Origins of Political Islam. Current History, 116(786), 31-34.
Collinsworth, D. (2013). Hatay: The Syrian crisis and a case of Turkish economic resilience. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 12(1), 119-124.
Cumhuriyet Newspaper (2015, 31 May). The guns are real, the rest is a lie [Silahlar gerçek gerisi yalan]. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/silahlar-gercek-gerisi-yalan-288881
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Demir, E. (2021). In the context of Turkey's Syria policy, the causes and consequences of the TAF's cross-border operations in Syria [Türkiye’nin Suriye politikas? ba?lam?nda TSK’n?n Suriye’deki s?n?r ötesi harekâtlar?n?n nedenleri ve sonuçlar?]. Journal of Regional Studies [Bölgesel Ara?t?rmalar Dergisi], 5(2), 541-580.
Demirta?, B. (2013). Turkish-Syrian Relations: From Friend ‘Esad’to Enemy ‘Esed’. Middle East Policy, 20(1), 111-120.
Dodd, C. H. (1992). The development of Turkish democracy. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 19(1), 16-30.
Dündar, C. (2015, 31 May). Here are the weapons that Erdogan said she didn't have [??te Erdo?an'?n yok dedi?i silahlar]. Cumhuriyet Newspaper [Cumhuriyet Gazetesi].
Eligür, B. (2010). The mobilization of political Islam in Turkey. Cambridge University Press.
Euronews. (2022, 6 October). Erdogan's meeting with Assad [Erdo?an'dan Esad ile görü?me]. https://tr.euronews.com/2022/10/06/erdogandan-esad-ile-gorusme-sinyali-suriyenin-baskani-ile-gorusme-yoluna-gidebiliriz
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Esen, B. (2021). Praetorian army in action: a critical assessment of civil–military relations in Turkey. Armed Forces & Society, 47(1), 201-222.
Esposito, J. L., Rahim, L. Z., & Ghobadzadeh, N. (Eds.). (2017). The politics of Islamism: Diverging visions and trajectories. Springer.
Gulalp, H. (1999). Political Islam in Turkey: the rise and fall of the Refah Party. The Muslim World, 89(1), 22.
Hurriyet Newspaper. (2012, September 5). Prime Minister Erdogan's speech [Ba?bakan Erdo?an'?n konu?mas?]. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/basbakan-erdoganin-konusmasinin-tam-metni-21388292
Imai, K. (2016). Rethinking the insulator state: Turkey’s border security and the Syrian civil war. Eurasia Border Review, 7(1), 19-29.
I?ik, C. (2012). Republican rallies in Turkey in the light of nationalism and national left debates [Milliyetçilik ve ulusal sol tart??malar? ?????nda Türkiye'de Cumhuriyet mitingleri] (Doctoral dissertation), DEU Institute of Social Sciences [DEÜ Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü]. https://acikerisim.deu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12397/10465?show=full
Isiksel, T. (2013). Between text and context: Turkey’s tradition of authoritarian constitutionalism. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 11(3), 702-726.
Kahraman, M. (2007). Presidency and presidential election debates in Turkey in terms of their functions [Fonksiyonlar? itibariyle Türkiye’de cumhurba?kanl??? ve cumhurba?kanl??? seçimi tart??malar?]. Dumlup?nar University Journal of Social Sciences [Dumlup?nar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi], 19, 149-166.
Karnazov, V. (2015). The Russian air campaign over Syria. Asia-Pacific Defence Reporter (2002), 41(10), 23-27.
Kazamias, A. (2015). From popular revolution to semi-democracy: Egypt’s first experiment with praetorian parliamentarism. In Revolutionary Egypt (pp. 134-156). Routledge.
Kesgin, B. (2020). Turkey’s Erdo?an: leadership style and foreign policy audiences. Turkish Studies, 21(1), 56-82.
Kibaro?lu, A. (2016). Turkey-Syria water relations: institutional development and political confrontations in the Euphrates and Tigris region. Turkey-Syria Relations: Between Enmity and Amity, 145-158.
Kökçam, S. (2018). Turkey-Syria Relations in the Ak Party Era [Ak Parti Dönemi Türkiye-Suriye ?li?kileri]. Section Academy Journal [Kesit Akademi Dergisi], (15), 291-309.
Köylü, M. (2018). Syria, PYD/YPG Structure and Operation Olive Branch [Suriye, PYD/YPG Yap?lanmas? ve Zeytin Dal? Harekât?]. ASSAM International Refereed Journal [ASSAM Uluslararas? Hakemli Dergi], 5(11), 70-86.
Kurun, ?. (2015). Democratisation in Egypt from A Historical Perspective: Problems, Pitfalls and Prospects. Journal of Management and Economics [Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi], 22(1), 183-199.
Mohammadi, M. (2015). Political Islam in Post-revolutionary Iran: Shi'i Ideologies in Islamist Discourse. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Mohammed, I. (2011). Turkey and Iran Rivalry on Syria. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 10(2&3), 65-77.
Narli, N. (2000). Civil?military relations in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 1(1), 107-127.
Onis, Z. (1997). The political economy of Islamic resurgence in Turkey: The rise of the Welfare Party in perspective. Third World Quarterly, 18(4), 743-766.
Oran, B., & Ünsal, Ü. (2013). Turkish Foreign Policy, Volume 3 (2001-2012) [Türk D?? Politikas?, Cilt 3 (2001-2012)]. Istanbul: Communication [Ileti?im].
Özbudun, E. (2006). From political Islam to conservative democracy: the case of the Justice and Development Party in Turkey. South european society & politics, 11(3-4), 543-557.
Saleh, M. (2015). Constitution-making in transition: a comparative study of the 2012 Egyptian and 2014 Tunisian constitutions (Master's Thesis), the American University in Cairo. AUC KnowledgeFountain.
https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/948
Sambur, B. (2009). The great transformation of political Islam in Turkey: The case of justice and development party and Erdogan. European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 2(2).
Scheller, B. (2014). The wisdom of Syria's waiting game: Foreign policy under the Assads. London: Hurst & Company.
Scheumann, W., Sagsen, I., & Tereci, E. (2011). Orontes River Basin: Downstream challenges and prospects for cooperation. Turkey's Water Policy, 301-312.
Sever, A. (2001). Turkey and the Syrian-Israeli peace talks in the 1990s. Middle East Review of International Affairs, 5(3), 87-99.
Sinkaya, B. (2012). Rationalization of Turkey-Iran Relations: Prospects and Limits. Insight Turkey, 14(2), 137.
Stanley-Adamson, C. (2016). The impact of global media perceptions of Turkey’s intelligence and security approach towards the Syrian conflict. Journal of Intelligence and Terrorism Studies, 1.
Turhan, M. (2007). Right-based interpretation and constitutional jurisdiction of the constitution [Anayasanin hak temelli yorumu ve anayasa yargisi]. Ankara University Journal of SBF [Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi], 62(03), 379-404.
Türke?, M. (2016). Decomposing neo-Ottoman hegemony. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 18(3), 191-216.
Tüysüzo?lu, G. (2013). Turkish foreign policy after the millennium: A pragmatism built around Neo-Ottomanism and Turkish Eurasianism [Milenyum sonras? Türk d?? politikas?: Yeni Osmanl?c?l?k ve Türk Avrasyac?l??? ekseninde in?a edilen bir pragmatism]. Alternative Policy [Alternatif Politika], 5.
White, J. B. (2013). 4 The end of Islamism? Turkey’s Muslimhood model. In Political Islam (pp. 462-481). Routledge.
Wing, A. K., & Varol, O. O. (2006). Is Secularism Possible in a Majority-Muslim Country: The Turkish Example. Tex. Int'l LJ, 42, 1.
Yeltin, H. (2018). An Example of Turkey's Search for Security Against the Syria Crisis: Operation Euphrates Shield [Türkiye’nin Suriye Krizine Kar?? Güvenlik Aray??lar?na Bir Örnek: F?rat Kalkan? Harekât?]. Econder International Academic Journal, 2(2), 200-214.
Y?lmaz, D. D. (2021). 11. Developments in President Abdullah Gül's Election Process [Cumhurba?kan? Abdullah Gül'ün Seçim Sürecinde Ya?anan Geli?meler]. Journal of Economics, Business, Politics and International Relations [Ekonomi ??letme Siyaset ve Uluslararas? ?li?kiler Dergisi], 7(2), 244-259.
Yilmaz, I. (2013). Beyond Post-Islamism: The Transformation of Turkish Islamism to Non-Islamism. The Muslim World and Politics in Transition: Creative Contributions of the Gülen Movement. London and New York: Bloomsbury, 67-81.
Y?lmaz, S. (2016). National Vision Movement: The Effect of Frame Change in Social Movements. Itobiad [Milli Görü? Hareketi: Toplumsal Hareketlerde Çerçeve De?i?imi Etkisi. Itobiad]: Journal of the Human & Social Science Research, 5(4).
Akca, A. (2019). Neo-Ottomanism: Turkey’s foreign policy approach to Africa. New Perspectives in Foreign Policy, 17, 03-08.
Altun???k, M. B. (2016). The inflexibility of Turkey’s policy in Syria. IEMed Mediterranean Yearbook, 57, 62.
Armstrong, W. (2014). Hard times for good news. Turkish Review, 4(2), 202. https://www.proquest.com/openview/1b2fae11b058b036ca70ef53fa3566cf/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2031885
Askerov, A. (2017). Turkey’s “Zero Problems with the Neighbors” Policy: Was It Realistic? Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 4(2), 149-167.
Axiarlis, E. (2014). Political Islam and the secular state in Turkey: Democracy, reform and the Justice and Development Party. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Bal, I., & Laciner, S. (2001). The challenge of revolutionary terrorism to Turkish democracy 1960-80. Terrorism and Political Violence, 13(4), 90-115.
Ba?kan, B., & Ta?p?nar, Ö. (2021). The Nation or the Ummah: Islamism and Turkish Foreign Policy. SUNY Press.
Cavlan, T. (2010). Neo-Ottomanism: A Break with the West? [Yeni Osmanl?c?l?k: Bat?dan Kopu? mu?] Journal of Social Sciences [Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi], 3(2). 126-156.
Cesari, J. (2017). The Nationalist Origins of Political Islam. Current History, 116(786), 31-34.
Collinsworth, D. (2013). Hatay: The Syrian crisis and a case of Turkish economic resilience. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 12(1), 119-124.
Cumhuriyet Newspaper (2015, 31 May). The guns are real, the rest is a lie [Silahlar gerçek gerisi yalan]. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/silahlar-gercek-gerisi-yalan-288881
Cumhuriyet Newspaper. (2017, 12 September). Assad is Assad again [Esed yine Esad oldu]. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/esed-yine-esad-oldu-821743
Davuto?lu, A. (2001). Strategic depth [Stratejik derinlik]. Istanbul: Globe Publications. [Küre Yay?nlar?].
Demir, E. (2021). In the context of Turkey's Syria policy, the causes and consequences of the TAF's cross-border operations in Syria [Türkiye’nin Suriye politikas? ba?lam?nda TSK’n?n Suriye’deki s?n?r ötesi harekâtlar?n?n nedenleri ve sonuçlar?]. Journal of Regional Studies [Bölgesel Ara?t?rmalar Dergisi], 5(2), 541-580.
Demirta?, B. (2013). Turkish-Syrian Relations: From Friend ‘Esad’to Enemy ‘Esed’. Middle East Policy, 20(1), 111-120.
Dodd, C. H. (1992). The development of Turkish democracy. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 19(1), 16-30.
Dündar, C. (2015, 31 May). Here are the weapons that Erdogan said she didn't have [??te Erdo?an'?n yok dedi?i silahlar]. Cumhuriyet Newspaper [Cumhuriyet Gazetesi].
Eligür, B. (2010). The mobilization of political Islam in Turkey. Cambridge University Press.
Euronews. (2022, 6 October). Erdogan's meeting with Assad [Erdo?an'dan Esad ile görü?me]. https://tr.euronews.com/2022/10/06/erdogandan-esad-ile-gorusme-sinyali-suriyenin-baskani-ile-gorusme-yoluna-gidebiliriz
Erhan, Ç., Ocak, P., & Ku?o?lu, B. (2015). Turkey: Succeeded or Failed as a Role Model and Pillar of Stability in the Middle East? The Southern Mediterranean: Challenges to the European Foreign and Security Policy, 85, 199.
Euronews. (2022, 12 August). 'Assad' became 'Assad' again: Syrian opposition protested by burning Turkish flag ['Esed' tekrar 'Esad' oldu: Suriyeli muhalifler Türk bayra?? yakarak protesto etti]. https://tr.euronews.com/2022/08/12/esed-tekrar-esad-oldu-suriyeli-muhalifler-turk-bayragi-yakarak-protesto-etti
Esen, B. (2021). Praetorian army in action: a critical assessment of civil–military relations in Turkey. Armed Forces & Society, 47(1), 201-222.
Esposito, J. L., Rahim, L. Z., & Ghobadzadeh, N. (Eds.). (2017). The politics of Islamism: Diverging visions and trajectories. Springer.
Gulalp, H. (1999). Political Islam in Turkey: the rise and fall of the Refah Party. The Muslim World, 89(1), 22.
Hurriyet Newspaper. (2012, September 5). Prime Minister Erdogan's speech [Ba?bakan Erdo?an'?n konu?mas?]. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/basbakan-erdoganin-konusmasinin-tam-metni-21388292
Imai, K. (2016). Rethinking the insulator state: Turkey’s border security and the Syrian civil war. Eurasia Border Review, 7(1), 19-29.
I?ik, C. (2012). Republican rallies in Turkey in the light of nationalism and national left debates [Milliyetçilik ve ulusal sol tart??malar? ?????nda Türkiye'de Cumhuriyet mitingleri] (Doctoral dissertation), DEU Institute of Social Sciences [DEÜ Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü]. https://acikerisim.deu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12397/10465?show=full
Isiksel, T. (2013). Between text and context: Turkey’s tradition of authoritarian constitutionalism. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 11(3), 702-726.
Kahraman, M. (2007). Presidency and presidential election debates in Turkey in terms of their functions [Fonksiyonlar? itibariyle Türkiye’de cumhurba?kanl??? ve cumhurba?kanl??? seçimi tart??malar?]. Dumlup?nar University Journal of Social Sciences [Dumlup?nar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi], 19, 149-166.
Karnazov, V. (2015). The Russian air campaign over Syria. Asia-Pacific Defence Reporter (2002), 41(10), 23-27.
Kazamias, A. (2015). From popular revolution to semi-democracy: Egypt’s first experiment with praetorian parliamentarism. In Revolutionary Egypt (pp. 134-156). Routledge.
Kesgin, B. (2020). Turkey’s Erdo?an: leadership style and foreign policy audiences. Turkish Studies, 21(1), 56-82.
Kibaro?lu, A. (2016). Turkey-Syria water relations: institutional development and political confrontations in the Euphrates and Tigris region. Turkey-Syria Relations: Between Enmity and Amity, 145-158.
Kökçam, S. (2018). Turkey-Syria Relations in the Ak Party Era [Ak Parti Dönemi Türkiye-Suriye ?li?kileri]. Section Academy Journal [Kesit Akademi Dergisi], (15), 291-309.
Köylü, M. (2018). Syria, PYD/YPG Structure and Operation Olive Branch [Suriye, PYD/YPG Yap?lanmas? ve Zeytin Dal? Harekât?]. ASSAM International Refereed Journal [ASSAM Uluslararas? Hakemli Dergi], 5(11), 70-86.
Kurun, ?. (2015). Democratisation in Egypt from A Historical Perspective: Problems, Pitfalls and Prospects. Journal of Management and Economics [Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi], 22(1), 183-199.
Mohammadi, M. (2015). Political Islam in Post-revolutionary Iran: Shi'i Ideologies in Islamist Discourse. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Mohammed, I. (2011). Turkey and Iran Rivalry on Syria. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 10(2&3), 65-77.
Narli, N. (2000). Civil?military relations in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 1(1), 107-127.
Onis, Z. (1997). The political economy of Islamic resurgence in Turkey: The rise of the Welfare Party in perspective. Third World Quarterly, 18(4), 743-766.
Oran, B., & Ünsal, Ü. (2013). Turkish Foreign Policy, Volume 3 (2001-2012) [Türk D?? Politikas?, Cilt 3 (2001-2012)]. Istanbul: Communication [Ileti?im].
Özbudun, E. (2006). From political Islam to conservative democracy: the case of the Justice and Development Party in Turkey. South european society & politics, 11(3-4), 543-557.
Saleh, M. (2015). Constitution-making in transition: a comparative study of the 2012 Egyptian and 2014 Tunisian constitutions (Master's Thesis), the American University in Cairo. AUC KnowledgeFountain.
https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/948
Sambur, B. (2009). The great transformation of political Islam in Turkey: The case of justice and development party and Erdogan. European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 2(2).
Scheller, B. (2014). The wisdom of Syria's waiting game: Foreign policy under the Assads. London: Hurst & Company.
Scheumann, W., Sagsen, I., & Tereci, E. (2011). Orontes River Basin: Downstream challenges and prospects for cooperation. Turkey's Water Policy, 301-312.
Sever, A. (2001). Turkey and the Syrian-Israeli peace talks in the 1990s. Middle East Review of International Affairs, 5(3), 87-99.
Sinkaya, B. (2012). Rationalization of Turkey-Iran Relations: Prospects and Limits. Insight Turkey, 14(2), 137.
Stanley-Adamson, C. (2016). The impact of global media perceptions of Turkey’s intelligence and security approach towards the Syrian conflict. Journal of Intelligence and Terrorism Studies, 1.
Turhan, M. (2007). Right-based interpretation and constitutional jurisdiction of the constitution [Anayasanin hak temelli yorumu ve anayasa yargisi]. Ankara University Journal of SBF [Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi], 62(03), 379-404.
Türke?, M. (2016). Decomposing neo-Ottoman hegemony. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 18(3), 191-216.
Tüysüzo?lu, G. (2013). Turkish foreign policy after the millennium: A pragmatism built around Neo-Ottomanism and Turkish Eurasianism [Milenyum sonras? Türk d?? politikas?: Yeni Osmanl?c?l?k ve Türk Avrasyac?l??? ekseninde in?a edilen bir pragmatism]. Alternative Policy [Alternatif Politika], 5.
White, J. B. (2013). 4 The end of Islamism? Turkey’s Muslimhood model. In Political Islam (pp. 462-481). Routledge.
Wing, A. K., & Varol, O. O. (2006). Is Secularism Possible in a Majority-Muslim Country: The Turkish Example. Tex. Int'l LJ, 42, 1.
Yeltin, H. (2018). An Example of Turkey's Search for Security Against the Syria Crisis: Operation Euphrates Shield [Türkiye’nin Suriye Krizine Kar?? Güvenlik Aray??lar?na Bir Örnek: F?rat Kalkan? Harekât?]. Econder International Academic Journal, 2(2), 200-214.
Y?lmaz, D. D. (2021). 11. Developments in President Abdullah Gül's Election Process [Cumhurba?kan? Abdullah Gül'ün Seçim Sürecinde Ya?anan Geli?meler]. Journal of Economics, Business, Politics and International Relations [Ekonomi ??letme Siyaset ve Uluslararas? ?li?kiler Dergisi], 7(2), 244-259.
Yilmaz, I. (2013). Beyond Post-Islamism: The Transformation of Turkish Islamism to Non-Islamism. The Muslim World and Politics in Transition: Creative Contributions of the Gülen Movement. London and New York: Bloomsbury, 67-81.
Y?lmaz, S. (2016). National Vision Movement: The Effect of Frame Change in Social Movements. Itobiad [Milli Görü? Hareketi: Toplumsal Hareketlerde Çerçeve De?i?imi Etkisi. Itobiad]: Journal of the Human & Social Science Research, 5(4).
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2022-10-18
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Bilgin, R., Ekici, S., & Sezgin, F. (2022). Turkey’s syrian policy under justice and development party rule after 2009. Amazonia Investiga, 11(56), 264–277. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.56.08.26
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