Foreign language education in the Interwar period and during the Second World War
Keywords:
Internal motivation, senior military commanders, foreign language communication, professional military education, military specialists, military and technical cooperation
Abstract
The issues of theory and practice of qualitative foreign language training of the Armed Forces' officers refer to the active military policy of Russia. The purpose of the study is to identify the trends in the development of special language education for strategic intelligence through the development of specialization and professionalization of foreign language communication, on the one hand, and the actualization of attention to the operational and instrumental equipment of foreign language communications, on the other. Methods. Authors compare the Soviet Army experience accumulated between the First and Second World Wars with the current theories of linguistics, general and professional pedagogy. The analysis of existing approaches permits to identify correct, justified and erroneous solutions. Research material include historical documents (acts, laws and regulations, orders, instructions, and reviews), the works of historians, articles, memoirs and recollections. Results. Two different models of language training within professional military education of the Land Forces' officers in the post-war years remain in present day methodic. Conclusions and application. Under similar historical and organizational conditions, the military leadership of the countries engaged in active military construction can use the described positive experience and avoid the mistakes in solving problems of foreign language communication of officers.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Asriev, A.Yu., Mavrina, I.A., & Mavrin, S.A. (2015). Problems and trends in Russian cadet education development. Armiya i Obshchestvo 1(44), 67-71. Retrieved from https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=24079045
Biyazi, N. N. (1941). A short Russian-German phrase book for a soldier and a junior commander of the WPR A. Moscow: Voenizdat NKO of the USSR.
Burmaoglu, S., & Saritas, O. (2017). Changing characteristics of warfare and the future of Military. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 116, 151-161. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.10.062.
Butenina, N.V. (2004). Lend-Lease. The deal of the century. Moscow: Publishing house of the Higher School of Economics.
Crouthamel, J. (2017). Shaping the new man: youth training regimes in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, by Alessio Ponzio. History of Education, 46(4), 556–557. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/0046760X.2016.1269956.
Davidovitch, N., & Khyzhniak, K. (2018). Language personality in the conditions of cross-cultural communication: case-study experience. International Education Studies, 11(2), 13-26. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v11n2p13.
Davis, G. B., & Olson, M. H. (1984). Management information systems: conceptual foundations, structure and development. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984.
Decree of the Communist Party Central Committee dated 25 August 1932. On the curricula and the regime in primary and secondary schools. (1932). Historical Materials. Retrieved from http://istmat.info/node/57330.
Decree on the organization of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. (1957). In: Dekrety Sovetskoi Vlasti (vol. 1). Moscow: State Publishing House of Political Literature.
Dusin, A.V. (2010). Translation activities of the "military experts" in the Red Army in the 1920s-1939s. Vestnik of Novosibirsk State University, 1, 269-272.
Frolov, A.V. (2010.) Alma mater of military persons and translators of the Military Institute of Foreign Languages – 70 years. Mezhdunarodnaya Zhizn, 4, 130-143.
Gavrilov, L.A., Kurapova, E.A., & Torsukov, E.G. (2014). Training of translators in Russia: (to the history of the issue). Vestnik of Moscow University, 2, 125-135. Retrieved from https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=21807578
Glowacki, L., Wilson, M.L., & Wrangham, R.W. (2017). The evolutionary anthropology of war. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 1(01). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.09.014.
Heyman, Neil M. (1977). Leon Trotsky: Propagandist to the Red Army. Studies in Comparative Communism, 10(1-2), 34-43. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-3592(77)80073-2.
Isakov, V.I. (2014). Military-technical and military-economic cooperation within the framework of the anti-Hitler coalition in ensuring victory in the Second World War. Moscow: Klub voenachalnikov Rossiiskoi Federatsii. Retrieved from https://histrf.ru/uploads/media/default/0001/12/18ff5f8b412032f6bdd018586eb44cb228deddb3.pdf
Jackson, F., & Hooper, B.N. (2017). Spoken rules panel. New Scientist, 234(3128), pp. 38-41. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(17)31074-6.
Jiménez-Alonso, B., & Loredo-Narciandi, C. (2016). To educate children from birth’: a genealogical analysis of some practices of subjectivation in Spanish and French scientific childcare. History of Education 45(6), 719-738. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/0046760X.2016.1170894.
Kamenev, A.I. (1991). History of the training of officers in the USSR. Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk Higher Military Command School.
Kavtaradze, A.G. (1988). Military specialists in the service of the Republic of Soviets of 1917-1920. Historical materials. Moscow: Nauka. Retrieved from http://istmat.info/node/21711.
Kocote, I., & Smirnova, T. (2016). Aspects of military-related text translation from English into Latvian. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 231, 107-113. Retrieved from 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.09.078.
Kolomiets, M., and Moshchanskii, I. (2000). Trophies in the Red Army of 1941-1945. Moscow: Strategiya "KM".
Korolevich, A.I. (1989). The book about Esperanto. Kiev: Naukova dumka.
Kuzmin, N.N. (1927). Certificate of the Office of Military Educational Institutions of the State Military Committee of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army No. 185 for the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR on teaching foreign languages in the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, the tsarist and foreign armies. Russian state military archive. Fund 4, inventory 2, file 400, sheet 4-1.
Love, N. (2017). On languaging and languages. Language Sciences, 61, 113-147. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2017.04.001.
Main Automobile Department of the Red Army. (1945). Studebaker Automobile. Quick Start Guide. Moscow: Voenizdat NKO.
Maiofis, M.L., & Kukulin, I.V. (2015). "Work with concepts" in the Soviet educational policy and pedagogy of the second half of the 1940s – the end of the 1950s. Moscow: Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Makulova, A.T., Alimzhanova, G.M., Bekturganova, Z.M., Umirzakova, Z.A., Makulova, L.T., & Karymbayeva, K.M. (2015). Theory and practice of competency-based approach in education. International Education Studies, 8(8), 183-192. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v8n8p18.
Mcmaster, H.R. (2017). Learning from contemporary conflicts to prepare for future war. Orbis, 61(3), 303-321. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2017.05.006.
Mincu, M. E. (2016). Communist education as modernisation strategy? The swings of the globalisation pendulum in Eastern Europe (1947–1989). History of Education, 45(3), 319-334. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/0046760X.2015.1127432.
Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. (2006). Qualification requirements for military-professional training of graduates (addition to the state educational standard of higher professional education), military specialty: "The use of military intelligence units." Moscow: Publishing house of the Ministry of Defense.
Mirolyubov, A. A. (2002). The history of the domestic method of teaching foreign languages. Moscow: Stupeni, INFRA-M.
Order on the admission of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR of Timoshenko S.K. from Rezyapkin, A. (2008). Military phrase books. Discoveries that shocked the world. In: Pernavsky, G. (Ed.), The false of Viktor Suvorov (pp. 398-445). Moscow: Eksmo.
Partizan's companion. (1942). Moscow: Central Committee of the All Union Leninist Young Communist League Molodaya Gvardiya.
Protocols of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party. (1936). Moscow: Partizdat of the Communist Party Central Committee.
Rosiers, A., & Eyckmans, J. (2017). Birds of a feather? A comparison of the personality profiles of aspiring interpreters and other language expert. Across Languages and Cultures, 18(1), 29-51. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1556/084.2017.18.1.2.
Russian archive: The Great Patriotic War. V. 12 (1-2). On the eve of the war. Materials of the meeting of the higher leadership of the Red Army on December 23-31, 1940. (1993). Moscow: Terra. Retrieved from http://militera.lib.ru/docs/da/sov-new-1940/index.html.
Rydell, M. (2015). Performance and ideology in speaking tests for adult migrants. Journal of Sociolinguistic, 19(4), 535-558. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12152.
Ryzhkov, N.I. (2012). The Great Patriotic War. Lend-Lease. Moscow: Ekonomicheskaya gazeta.
Shcherba, L.V. (1929). How to learn foreign languages. Moscow: State Publishing House.
Shebalin, D.V. (1944). A brief Russian-German military phrasebook. Moscow: Voenizdat NKO.
Shebalin, Dmitrii V (ed.).) (1944. A brief Russian-German military phrasebook. Moscow: 1st printing house of Voenizdat NKO.
Shelestyuk, E.V. (2013). Westernization in the USSR and Russia: an analysis of some of the reasons. Foreign language in the system of secondary and higher education: materials of the III International Scientific and Practical Conference on October 1-2, 2013 (pp. 71-79). Prague: Vedecko vydavatelske centrum "Sociosfera-CZ".
Sirazetdinova, M.F. (2015). Identification and opposition mechanisms as the targets of manipulative influence. Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy Bulletin, 2(76), 202-207. Retrieved from http://www.vestnik.vegu.ru/upload/iblock/33a/202-207_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%
B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.pdf
Stollznow, K. (2018). How many languages do you speak? Perceptions and misconceptions about linguistics and linguists. Lingua, 205, 15-28. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2017.12.012.
The Artillery Order of Lenin Academy of the Red Army named after Dzerzhinsky. (1942). How to use a trophy weapon in combat. Iteration 1. Light small arms of the German army. Moscow: Voenizdat.
The Main Automobile Department of the Red Army. (1945). Studebaker Automobile. Quick Start Guide. Moscow: Voenizdat NKO.
Vlasov, D.V. (2011). Esperanto: half a century of censorship development of the Esperanto movement and its journalism under conditions of censorship in the Russian Empire and the USSR (1887-1938). Moscow: Impeto.
Zagainov, S. (2016). The history of the development of military phrase books as a small literary genre. Vestnik of Tambov University, 11(163), 46-51. Retrieved from http://journals.tsutmb.ru/a8/upload/upload--2017-12-12/pdf.5de7e4d35607dd43dae34fd8b275a59c.pdf
Zamenhof, L.L. (1922). Fundamentals of the international language Esperanto. Petrograd: Russian State Academic Printing House.
Biyazi, N. N. (1941). A short Russian-German phrase book for a soldier and a junior commander of the WPR A. Moscow: Voenizdat NKO of the USSR.
Burmaoglu, S., & Saritas, O. (2017). Changing characteristics of warfare and the future of Military. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 116, 151-161. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.10.062.
Butenina, N.V. (2004). Lend-Lease. The deal of the century. Moscow: Publishing house of the Higher School of Economics.
Crouthamel, J. (2017). Shaping the new man: youth training regimes in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, by Alessio Ponzio. History of Education, 46(4), 556–557. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/0046760X.2016.1269956.
Davidovitch, N., & Khyzhniak, K. (2018). Language personality in the conditions of cross-cultural communication: case-study experience. International Education Studies, 11(2), 13-26. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v11n2p13.
Davis, G. B., & Olson, M. H. (1984). Management information systems: conceptual foundations, structure and development. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984.
Decree of the Communist Party Central Committee dated 25 August 1932. On the curricula and the regime in primary and secondary schools. (1932). Historical Materials. Retrieved from http://istmat.info/node/57330.
Decree on the organization of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. (1957). In: Dekrety Sovetskoi Vlasti (vol. 1). Moscow: State Publishing House of Political Literature.
Dusin, A.V. (2010). Translation activities of the "military experts" in the Red Army in the 1920s-1939s. Vestnik of Novosibirsk State University, 1, 269-272.
Frolov, A.V. (2010.) Alma mater of military persons and translators of the Military Institute of Foreign Languages – 70 years. Mezhdunarodnaya Zhizn, 4, 130-143.
Gavrilov, L.A., Kurapova, E.A., & Torsukov, E.G. (2014). Training of translators in Russia: (to the history of the issue). Vestnik of Moscow University, 2, 125-135. Retrieved from https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=21807578
Glowacki, L., Wilson, M.L., & Wrangham, R.W. (2017). The evolutionary anthropology of war. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 1(01). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.09.014.
Heyman, Neil M. (1977). Leon Trotsky: Propagandist to the Red Army. Studies in Comparative Communism, 10(1-2), 34-43. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-3592(77)80073-2.
Isakov, V.I. (2014). Military-technical and military-economic cooperation within the framework of the anti-Hitler coalition in ensuring victory in the Second World War. Moscow: Klub voenachalnikov Rossiiskoi Federatsii. Retrieved from https://histrf.ru/uploads/media/default/0001/12/18ff5f8b412032f6bdd018586eb44cb228deddb3.pdf
Jackson, F., & Hooper, B.N. (2017). Spoken rules panel. New Scientist, 234(3128), pp. 38-41. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(17)31074-6.
Jiménez-Alonso, B., & Loredo-Narciandi, C. (2016). To educate children from birth’: a genealogical analysis of some practices of subjectivation in Spanish and French scientific childcare. History of Education 45(6), 719-738. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/0046760X.2016.1170894.
Kamenev, A.I. (1991). History of the training of officers in the USSR. Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk Higher Military Command School.
Kavtaradze, A.G. (1988). Military specialists in the service of the Republic of Soviets of 1917-1920. Historical materials. Moscow: Nauka. Retrieved from http://istmat.info/node/21711.
Kocote, I., & Smirnova, T. (2016). Aspects of military-related text translation from English into Latvian. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 231, 107-113. Retrieved from 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.09.078.
Kolomiets, M., and Moshchanskii, I. (2000). Trophies in the Red Army of 1941-1945. Moscow: Strategiya "KM".
Korolevich, A.I. (1989). The book about Esperanto. Kiev: Naukova dumka.
Kuzmin, N.N. (1927). Certificate of the Office of Military Educational Institutions of the State Military Committee of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army No. 185 for the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR on teaching foreign languages in the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, the tsarist and foreign armies. Russian state military archive. Fund 4, inventory 2, file 400, sheet 4-1.
Love, N. (2017). On languaging and languages. Language Sciences, 61, 113-147. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2017.04.001.
Main Automobile Department of the Red Army. (1945). Studebaker Automobile. Quick Start Guide. Moscow: Voenizdat NKO.
Maiofis, M.L., & Kukulin, I.V. (2015). "Work with concepts" in the Soviet educational policy and pedagogy of the second half of the 1940s – the end of the 1950s. Moscow: Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Makulova, A.T., Alimzhanova, G.M., Bekturganova, Z.M., Umirzakova, Z.A., Makulova, L.T., & Karymbayeva, K.M. (2015). Theory and practice of competency-based approach in education. International Education Studies, 8(8), 183-192. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v8n8p18.
Mcmaster, H.R. (2017). Learning from contemporary conflicts to prepare for future war. Orbis, 61(3), 303-321. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2017.05.006.
Mincu, M. E. (2016). Communist education as modernisation strategy? The swings of the globalisation pendulum in Eastern Europe (1947–1989). History of Education, 45(3), 319-334. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/0046760X.2015.1127432.
Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. (2006). Qualification requirements for military-professional training of graduates (addition to the state educational standard of higher professional education), military specialty: "The use of military intelligence units." Moscow: Publishing house of the Ministry of Defense.
Mirolyubov, A. A. (2002). The history of the domestic method of teaching foreign languages. Moscow: Stupeni, INFRA-M.
Order on the admission of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR of Timoshenko S.K. from Rezyapkin, A. (2008). Military phrase books. Discoveries that shocked the world. In: Pernavsky, G. (Ed.), The false of Viktor Suvorov (pp. 398-445). Moscow: Eksmo.
Partizan's companion. (1942). Moscow: Central Committee of the All Union Leninist Young Communist League Molodaya Gvardiya.
Protocols of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party. (1936). Moscow: Partizdat of the Communist Party Central Committee.
Rosiers, A., & Eyckmans, J. (2017). Birds of a feather? A comparison of the personality profiles of aspiring interpreters and other language expert. Across Languages and Cultures, 18(1), 29-51. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1556/084.2017.18.1.2.
Russian archive: The Great Patriotic War. V. 12 (1-2). On the eve of the war. Materials of the meeting of the higher leadership of the Red Army on December 23-31, 1940. (1993). Moscow: Terra. Retrieved from http://militera.lib.ru/docs/da/sov-new-1940/index.html.
Rydell, M. (2015). Performance and ideology in speaking tests for adult migrants. Journal of Sociolinguistic, 19(4), 535-558. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12152.
Ryzhkov, N.I. (2012). The Great Patriotic War. Lend-Lease. Moscow: Ekonomicheskaya gazeta.
Shcherba, L.V. (1929). How to learn foreign languages. Moscow: State Publishing House.
Shebalin, D.V. (1944). A brief Russian-German military phrasebook. Moscow: Voenizdat NKO.
Shebalin, Dmitrii V (ed.).) (1944. A brief Russian-German military phrasebook. Moscow: 1st printing house of Voenizdat NKO.
Shelestyuk, E.V. (2013). Westernization in the USSR and Russia: an analysis of some of the reasons. Foreign language in the system of secondary and higher education: materials of the III International Scientific and Practical Conference on October 1-2, 2013 (pp. 71-79). Prague: Vedecko vydavatelske centrum "Sociosfera-CZ".
Sirazetdinova, M.F. (2015). Identification and opposition mechanisms as the targets of manipulative influence. Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy Bulletin, 2(76), 202-207. Retrieved from http://www.vestnik.vegu.ru/upload/iblock/33a/202-207_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%
B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.pdf
Stollznow, K. (2018). How many languages do you speak? Perceptions and misconceptions about linguistics and linguists. Lingua, 205, 15-28. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2017.12.012.
The Artillery Order of Lenin Academy of the Red Army named after Dzerzhinsky. (1942). How to use a trophy weapon in combat. Iteration 1. Light small arms of the German army. Moscow: Voenizdat.
The Main Automobile Department of the Red Army. (1945). Studebaker Automobile. Quick Start Guide. Moscow: Voenizdat NKO.
Vlasov, D.V. (2011). Esperanto: half a century of censorship development of the Esperanto movement and its journalism under conditions of censorship in the Russian Empire and the USSR (1887-1938). Moscow: Impeto.
Zagainov, S. (2016). The history of the development of military phrase books as a small literary genre. Vestnik of Tambov University, 11(163), 46-51. Retrieved from http://journals.tsutmb.ru/a8/upload/upload--2017-12-12/pdf.5de7e4d35607dd43dae34fd8b275a59c.pdf
Zamenhof, L.L. (1922). Fundamentals of the international language Esperanto. Petrograd: Russian State Academic Printing House.
Published
2019-09-26
How to Cite
Bikbaev, V., Asriev, A., Mavrin, S., Sedova, T., & Prokhorova, A. (2019). Foreign language education in the Interwar period and during the Second World War. Amazonia Investiga, 8(22), 311-323. Retrieved from https://amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/465
Issue
Section
Articles
.gif)
