Microfinance and women empowerment: an endogenous switching regression analysis
Keywords:
Microfinance; Women Empowerment; house hold; resource; Pakistan
Abstract
Women in Pakistan are suffering from a great social and economic deprivation due to gender discrimination and inequitable distribution of resources. This paper examines the determinants and extent of women empowerment by their participation in microfinance programs. Data for this study were collected from different areas of Faisalabad, Pakistan, where most of the households were poor and had borrowed money from different microfinance institutes. Keeping in view the disguised endogeneity, Endogenous Switching Regression Model was employed which accounts for selection bias because of observable and unobservable factors. The analysis revealed that education level, household size, family system, educational expenditures, income level and the ownership of different assets like sewing machines have the statistically significant impact on the women decision to work and hence promote women empowerment. It is concluded that the government in developing countries should introduce income-generating activities, especially for women by providing them access to financial resources.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Adebowale, S. A., Adepoju, O. T., & Fagbamigbe, F. A. (2011). Child spacing and parity progression: Implication for maternal nutritional status among women in Ekiti communities, Southwestern Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 10(5), 485-491.
Aubrey, L.A. (2002). African Americans in the United States and African studies. African issues, 30(2): p. 19-23.
Blundell, R., & Costa Dias, M. (2000). Evaluation methods for non‐experimental data. Fiscal studies, 21(4), 427-468.
Chowdhury, S.S. & Chowdhury S.A. (2011) Microfinance and women empowerment: A panel data analysis using evidence from rural Bangladesh. International journal of economics and finance, 3(5): p. 86-96.
Cull, R., Asli Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Morduch, J. (2009). Microfinance meets the market. Journal of Economic perspectives, 23(1), 167-92.
Duso, T. (2005). Lobbying and regulation in a political economy: evidence from the US cellular industry. Public Choice, 122(3-4), 251-276.
Felder-Kuzu, N. (2008). Kleiner Einsatz, grosse Wirkung: Mikrofinanzierung und Mikrofranchising-Modelle gegen die Armut. Rüffer & Rub. Available at https://www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/DP_23.2017.pdf
Hermes, N., & Lensink, R. (2007). The empirics of microfinance: what do we know?. The Economic Journal, 117(517), F1-F10.
Hermes, N., & Lensink, R. (2011). Microfinance: its impact, outreach, and sustainability. World development, 39(6), 875-881.
Hunt, J., & Kasynathan, N. (2001). Pathways to empowerment? Reflections on microfinance and transformation in gender relations in South Asia. Gender & Development, 9(1), 42-52.
Jamal, T. & Kaukab, I. (2007). Women's Role in Agriculture in Pakistan. Science International-Lahore, 19(1): 75.
Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender equality and women's empowerment: A critical analysis of the third millennium development goal 1. Gender & Development, 13(1), 13-24.
Kabeer, N. (2005). Is microfinance a'magic bullet'for women's empowerment? Analysis of findings from South Asia. Economic and Political weekly, 4709-4718.
Kayani, S. A. (2014). Women and Politics in Pakistan: Issues and Constrains. PUTAJ-Humanities and Social Sciences, 21(1), 169-178.
Khan, R. E. A., & Noreen, S. (2012). Microfinance and women empowerment: A case study of District Bahawalpur (Pakistan). African Journal of Business Management, 6(12), 4514-4521.
Lokshin, M., & Sajaia, Z. (2004). Maximum likelihood estimation of endogenous switching regression models. The Stata Journal, 4(3), 282-289.
Mayoux, L. (2001). Impact assessment of microfinance: Towards a sustainable learning process. EDIAIS Application guidance note. Available at: arabic.microfinancegateway.org
Panichkul, S. (2018). Research Ethics in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Thai Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 142-148.
Pitt, M., Khandker, S., & Cartwright, J. (2003). Does micro-credit empower women? Evidence from Bangladesh. The World Bank.
Sambhaji, K. D. (2013). Empowerment Of Women Through Self Help Groups (Doctoral dissertation, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri.). Available at: http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810006800
Shrawat, A. (2017). Personal Laws and Maintenance Claims. Available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2927942
Stelmach, W., Kaczmarczyk-Chałas, K., Mianowany, M., & Drygas, W. (2004). The impact of income and education on medicine consumption in a representative sample of Lodz inhabitants between the ages of 18-64 years. Przeglad lekarski, 61(5), 498-502.
Strasser, G. (2014). The Grameen Bank and Beyond the Millennium Development Goals: Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation. Available at http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A726173&dswid=-5076
Weiss, J., & Montgomery, H. (2005). Great expectations: microfinance and poverty reduction in Asia and Latin America. Oxford Development Studies, 33(3-4), 391-416.
Zyromski, B., Bryant Jr, A., & Gerler Jr, E. R. (2011). Succeeding in school: The online reflections of Native American and other minority students. The Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 50(1), 99-118.
Aubrey, L.A. (2002). African Americans in the United States and African studies. African issues, 30(2): p. 19-23.
Blundell, R., & Costa Dias, M. (2000). Evaluation methods for non‐experimental data. Fiscal studies, 21(4), 427-468.
Chowdhury, S.S. & Chowdhury S.A. (2011) Microfinance and women empowerment: A panel data analysis using evidence from rural Bangladesh. International journal of economics and finance, 3(5): p. 86-96.
Cull, R., Asli Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Morduch, J. (2009). Microfinance meets the market. Journal of Economic perspectives, 23(1), 167-92.
Duso, T. (2005). Lobbying and regulation in a political economy: evidence from the US cellular industry. Public Choice, 122(3-4), 251-276.
Felder-Kuzu, N. (2008). Kleiner Einsatz, grosse Wirkung: Mikrofinanzierung und Mikrofranchising-Modelle gegen die Armut. Rüffer & Rub. Available at https://www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/DP_23.2017.pdf
Hermes, N., & Lensink, R. (2007). The empirics of microfinance: what do we know?. The Economic Journal, 117(517), F1-F10.
Hermes, N., & Lensink, R. (2011). Microfinance: its impact, outreach, and sustainability. World development, 39(6), 875-881.
Hunt, J., & Kasynathan, N. (2001). Pathways to empowerment? Reflections on microfinance and transformation in gender relations in South Asia. Gender & Development, 9(1), 42-52.
Jamal, T. & Kaukab, I. (2007). Women's Role in Agriculture in Pakistan. Science International-Lahore, 19(1): 75.
Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender equality and women's empowerment: A critical analysis of the third millennium development goal 1. Gender & Development, 13(1), 13-24.
Kabeer, N. (2005). Is microfinance a'magic bullet'for women's empowerment? Analysis of findings from South Asia. Economic and Political weekly, 4709-4718.
Kayani, S. A. (2014). Women and Politics in Pakistan: Issues and Constrains. PUTAJ-Humanities and Social Sciences, 21(1), 169-178.
Khan, R. E. A., & Noreen, S. (2012). Microfinance and women empowerment: A case study of District Bahawalpur (Pakistan). African Journal of Business Management, 6(12), 4514-4521.
Lokshin, M., & Sajaia, Z. (2004). Maximum likelihood estimation of endogenous switching regression models. The Stata Journal, 4(3), 282-289.
Mayoux, L. (2001). Impact assessment of microfinance: Towards a sustainable learning process. EDIAIS Application guidance note. Available at: arabic.microfinancegateway.org
Panichkul, S. (2018). Research Ethics in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Thai Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 142-148.
Pitt, M., Khandker, S., & Cartwright, J. (2003). Does micro-credit empower women? Evidence from Bangladesh. The World Bank.
Sambhaji, K. D. (2013). Empowerment Of Women Through Self Help Groups (Doctoral dissertation, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri.). Available at: http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810006800
Shrawat, A. (2017). Personal Laws and Maintenance Claims. Available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2927942
Stelmach, W., Kaczmarczyk-Chałas, K., Mianowany, M., & Drygas, W. (2004). The impact of income and education on medicine consumption in a representative sample of Lodz inhabitants between the ages of 18-64 years. Przeglad lekarski, 61(5), 498-502.
Strasser, G. (2014). The Grameen Bank and Beyond the Millennium Development Goals: Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation. Available at http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A726173&dswid=-5076
Weiss, J., & Montgomery, H. (2005). Great expectations: microfinance and poverty reduction in Asia and Latin America. Oxford Development Studies, 33(3-4), 391-416.
Zyromski, B., Bryant Jr, A., & Gerler Jr, E. R. (2011). Succeeding in school: The online reflections of Native American and other minority students. The Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 50(1), 99-118.
Published
2019-06-25
How to Cite
Ansari, S., Naqvi, S., Kousar, R., Makhdum, M., & Shah, S. (2019). Microfinance and women empowerment: an endogenous switching regression analysis. Amazonia Investiga, 8(20), 719-728. Retrieved from https://amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/211
Issue
Section
Articles
.gif)
