Experiencing and overcoming financial stress in married couples: A study in COVID 19 pandemic era
Keywords:
financial stress; coping behavior; family relationships; joint coping; subjective economic well-being.
Abstract
The article analyzes interaction of spouses in overcoming financial stress. An online survey of 136 married couples was conducted during the lockdown caused by the spread of COVID-19 accompanied by family income losses. Frequency and severity of discussions on financial topics; level of subjective economic well-being, activity of coping strategies, family cohesion and adaptation were measured. Results showed that the discussion of financial topics is a stressor for married couples, accompanied by contradictions and conflicts, but ultimately helps to improve quality of relations between spouses, and also increases the adaptability of the family system in a situation of socio-economic crisis. Subjects of conflicts were defined. Influence of gender roles on financial consciousness and behavior was shown. Wives are more likely to initiate discussions on economic topics and more inclined to economic anxiety, while husbands showed economic optimism. The severity of financial stress correlates with assessments of family cohesion. Correlations between financial well-being and coping behavior of husbands and wives represent the family as an entire open system. Partners are interdependent in overcoming financial stress. Collective family coping is determined by individual reactions of spouses. The efforts of partners can be congruent and complementary.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Ackerman, N., & Paolucci, B. (1983). Objective and subjective income adequacy: Their relationship to perceived life quality measures. Social Indicators Research, 12, 25–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00428859
Alsemgeest, L. (2016). Talking about money is taboo: Perceptions of financial planning students and implications for the financial planning industry. Industry and Higher Education, 30(6), 394–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950422216670065
American Psychological Association (2012, January). Gender and Stress: Press Release (January 2012). Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2010/gender-stress
Arbeláez-Campillo, D.F., Andreyevna-Dudareva, M., & Rojas-Bahamón, M.J. (2019). Las pandemias como factor perturbador del orden geopolítico en el mundo globalizado. Cuestiones Políticas, 36(63).
Bienkunska, A. (2018, November 29-30). Subjective poverty - measuring and definitions. A paper presented at the UNECE expert session on measuring poverty and inequality, Vienna, Austria. Retrieved from https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/ge.15/2018/mtg1/Presentation_EmerigingII._Poland2_RUS.pdf
Blair, S. L. (Ed.) (2012). Economic stress and the family. Series “Contemporary perspectives in family research”, Volume 6. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Bodenmann, G. (2005). Dyadic coping and its significance for marital functioning. In T. A. Revenson, K. Kayser, & G. Bodenmann (Eds.), Decade of behavior. Couples coping with stress: Emerging perspectives on dyadic coping (p. 33–49). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Burn, S. M. (1996). The social psychology of gender. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Campbell, A. (1976). Subjective measures of well-being. American Psychologist, 31, 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.31.2.117
Center for Financial Social Work (2020). Financial reality coping guide: COVID-19 & beyond. Retrieved from https://financialsocialwork.com/downloads/financial-reality-coping-ebook
Chuykova, T. S. (1997). Self-regulation of activity when a person overcomes the crisis associated with job loss (PhD thesis). Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education, Moscow, Russia.
Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., & Martin M. J. (2010). Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 685–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x
Conger, R. D., Ge, X., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., & Simons. R. L. (1994). Economic stress, coercive family process, and developmental problems of adolescents. Child Development, 65(2), 541–561. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131401
Conger, R. D., Lorenz, F. O., Elder, G. H., Simons, R. L., & Ge, X. (1993). Husband and wife differences in response to undesirable life events. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 34, 71-88. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137305
Davis, C. G., & Mantler, J. (2004). The consequences of financial stress for individuals, families and society. Ottawa, Canada: Carleton University, Centre for Research on Stress, Coping and Well-Being.
Easterlin, R. A., & Sawangfa, O. (2007). Happiness and domain satisfaction: theory and evidence [IZA Discussion Papers 2584]. Bonn, Germany: Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
Eidemiller, E. G. (2006). Scale of family adaptation and cohesion (FACES III). In I. V. Dobryakov, I. M. Nikolskaya, & E.G. Eidemiller, Family diagnosis and family psychotherapy, 2nd edition, corrected and expanded (pp. 68-73). St. Petersburg, Russia: Rech. Retrieved from https://www.twirpx.com/file/183486/
Falconier, M. K., & Kuhn, R. (2019). Dyadic coping in couples: a conceptual integration and a review of the empirical literature. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 571. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00571
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R.S. (1988). Manual for the ways of coping questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Frankham, C. Richardson, T., & Maguire N. (2020). Psychological factors associated with financial hardship and mental health: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 77, 101832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101832
Hilpert, P., Xu, F., Milek, A., Atkins, D. C., Bodenmann, G., & Bradbury, T. N. (2018). Couples coping with stress: Between-person differences and within-person processes. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(3), 366–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000380
Iida, M., Seidman, G., & Shrout P. E. (2018). Models of interdependent individuals versus dyadic processes in relationship research. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(1), 59-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517725407
Jahoda, M. (1988). Economic recession and mental health: Some conceptual issues. Journal of Social Issues, 44(4), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02089.x
Karademas, E. C., & Roussi, P. (2016). Financial strain, dyadic coping, relationship satisfaction, and psychological distress: A dyadic mediation study in Greek couples. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 33(5), 508-517. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2735
Karney, B. R., & Bradbury, T. N. (1995). The longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: A review of theory, methods, and research. Psychological Bulletin, 118(1), 3–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.118.1.3
Kartashova, T. E. (2013). Psychological determinants and features of the prevention of destructive marital conflicts in the context of a crisis of marriage and family relations (PhD thesis). Russian Centre of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. Retrieved from http://www.dslib.net/med-psixologia/psihologicheskie-determinanty-i-osobennosti-profilaktiki-destruktivnyh-supruzheskih.html
Khashchenko, V. A. (2011). Subjective economic well-being and its measurement: construction of the questionnaire and
its validation. Experimental Psychology (Russia), 4(1), 106–127.
Khashchenko, V. A. (2012). Psychology of economic well-being. Moscow, Russia: Institute of Psychology of the Russian Science Academy.
Kornienko, I. O. (2018). Genesis of coping behaviour in the living space of the individual (Doctoral dissertation). G.S. Kostiuk Institute of Psychology of the National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. Retrieved from http://psychology-naes-ua.institute/read/1392/
Koroleva, E. M., & Kryukova, T. L. (2016). Dyadic coping as a factor of positive dynamics of marital relationships. In T. L. Kryukova, M. V. Saporovskaya & S. A. Hazova (Eds.), Psychology of stress and coping behaviour: resources, health, development: Proceedings of the IV International Scientific Conference in Kostroma, September 22-24, 2016 (Volume 2, pp, 61-64). Kostroma, Russia: N. A. Nekrasov Kostroma State University.
Kryukova, T. L. (2010). Coping behaviour learning methods: three coping scales. Kostroma, Russia: N. A. Nekrasov Kostroma State University: Avantitul. Retrieved from http://www.coping-kostroma.com/index.php/content/books/40-methods
Kuftyak, E. V. (2012). Family coping concept: main points. Medical psychology in Russia, 5(16). Retrieved from http://www.mprj.ru/archiv_global/2012_5_16/nomer/nomer10.php
Kuzmenkova, L. V., & Kuskov, D. V. (2019). Individual and personal characteristics of clients with different types of economic self-awareness in situations of subjective dissatisfaction with the level of economic well-being. Scientific Notes Journal of St. Petersburg State Institute of Psychology and Social Work, 32(2), 31-40.
Liker, J. K., & Elder, G. H. (1983). Economic hardship and marital relations in the 1930s. American Sociological Review, 48(3), 343–359. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095227
MacCrae, R., & Costa, P. (1986). Personality, coping and coping effectiveness in an adult sample. Journal of Personality, 54(2), 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00401.x
McCubbin, H. I., & Patterson, J. M. (1983). The family stress process: the double ABCX model of adjustment and adaptation. Marriage & Family Review, 6(1-2), 7–37. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v06n01_02
McWhinney, J. (2019, June 25). Top 6 marriage-killing money issues. Investopedia. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/articles/pf/09/marriage-killing-money-issues.asp
Muzdybaev, K. (2001). Experiencing poverty as social failure: attribution of responsibility, coping strategies and indicators of deprivation. Sociological Journal, 1, 5-32.
National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2020). Coping in hard times: Fact sheet for parents. Los Angeles, CA: National Center for Child Traumatic Stress.
Olson, D. H. (1991). Three-dimensional (3-D) Circumplex model and revised scoring of FACES III. Family Process, 30(1), 74-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1991.00074.x.
Pinsker, J. (2020, March 2). Why so many Americans don’t talk about money. The taboos vary by class, job, and circumstance. The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2020/03/americans-dont-talk-about-money-taboo/607273/
Plotnikov, S. G., & Sperlin, A. V. (2014). Assessment of differences in strategies of economic behaviour depending on the level of subjective economic well-being. Vestnik NGUÈU, 2, 202-212.
Rohr, M. K., Nestler, S., & Kunzmann, U. (2019). A trouble shared is a trouble halved: age differences in emotional experience and expression during couples’ conversations. Psychology and Aging, 34(6), 848-861. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000386
Rusu, P. P., Nussbeck, F. W., Leuchtmann, L., & Bodenmann. G. (2020). Stress, dyadic coping, and relationship satisfaction: A longitudinal study disentangling timely stable from yearly fluctuations. PLoS ONE, 15(4), e0231133. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231133
Shelleby, E. C. (2018). Economic stress in fragile families: pathways to parent and child maladjustment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 3877–3886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1232-z
Shypova, N. S. (2020). Coping behaviour in dyadic relationships of partner with normal and impaired development. Vestnik of Samara State Technical University, Series: Psychology and Pedagogics, 1(45), 180-196. https://doi.org/10.17673/vsgtu-pps.2020.1.13
Strumpel, B. (1974). Economic well-being as an object of social measurement. In: B. Strumpel (Ed.), Subjective elements of well-being (pp. 75-122). Paris, France: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Takeuchi, D. T., Williams, D. R., & Adair, R. K. (1991). Economic stress in the family and children's emotional and behavioral problems. Journal of Marriage and Family, 53(4), 1031-1041. https://doi.org/10.2307/353006
Trachtman, R. (1999). The money taboo: Its effects in everyday life and in the practice of psychotherapy. Clinical Social Work Journal, 27, 275-288. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022842303387
Tran, A. G., Lam, C. K., & Legg, E. (2018). Financial stress, social supports, gender and anxiety during college: a stress-buffering perspective. The Counseling Psychologist, 46(7), 846–869. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000018806687
Veenhoven, R. (2018). Subjective well-being in nations. In E. Diener, S. Oishi, & L. Tay (Eds.), Handbook of well-being. Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers.
Zmanovskaya, E. V. (2020). Psychology of the family: the basis of the marriage consulting and family psychotherapy. Moscow, Russia: INFRA-M. Retrieved from https://znanium.com/catalog/document?id=361094
Alsemgeest, L. (2016). Talking about money is taboo: Perceptions of financial planning students and implications for the financial planning industry. Industry and Higher Education, 30(6), 394–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950422216670065
American Psychological Association (2012, January). Gender and Stress: Press Release (January 2012). Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2010/gender-stress
Arbeláez-Campillo, D.F., Andreyevna-Dudareva, M., & Rojas-Bahamón, M.J. (2019). Las pandemias como factor perturbador del orden geopolítico en el mundo globalizado. Cuestiones Políticas, 36(63).
Bienkunska, A. (2018, November 29-30). Subjective poverty - measuring and definitions. A paper presented at the UNECE expert session on measuring poverty and inequality, Vienna, Austria. Retrieved from https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/ge.15/2018/mtg1/Presentation_EmerigingII._Poland2_RUS.pdf
Blair, S. L. (Ed.) (2012). Economic stress and the family. Series “Contemporary perspectives in family research”, Volume 6. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Bodenmann, G. (2005). Dyadic coping and its significance for marital functioning. In T. A. Revenson, K. Kayser, & G. Bodenmann (Eds.), Decade of behavior. Couples coping with stress: Emerging perspectives on dyadic coping (p. 33–49). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Burn, S. M. (1996). The social psychology of gender. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Campbell, A. (1976). Subjective measures of well-being. American Psychologist, 31, 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.31.2.117
Center for Financial Social Work (2020). Financial reality coping guide: COVID-19 & beyond. Retrieved from https://financialsocialwork.com/downloads/financial-reality-coping-ebook
Chuykova, T. S. (1997). Self-regulation of activity when a person overcomes the crisis associated with job loss (PhD thesis). Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education, Moscow, Russia.
Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., & Martin M. J. (2010). Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 685–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x
Conger, R. D., Ge, X., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., & Simons. R. L. (1994). Economic stress, coercive family process, and developmental problems of adolescents. Child Development, 65(2), 541–561. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131401
Conger, R. D., Lorenz, F. O., Elder, G. H., Simons, R. L., & Ge, X. (1993). Husband and wife differences in response to undesirable life events. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 34, 71-88. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137305
Davis, C. G., & Mantler, J. (2004). The consequences of financial stress for individuals, families and society. Ottawa, Canada: Carleton University, Centre for Research on Stress, Coping and Well-Being.
Easterlin, R. A., & Sawangfa, O. (2007). Happiness and domain satisfaction: theory and evidence [IZA Discussion Papers 2584]. Bonn, Germany: Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
Eidemiller, E. G. (2006). Scale of family adaptation and cohesion (FACES III). In I. V. Dobryakov, I. M. Nikolskaya, & E.G. Eidemiller, Family diagnosis and family psychotherapy, 2nd edition, corrected and expanded (pp. 68-73). St. Petersburg, Russia: Rech. Retrieved from https://www.twirpx.com/file/183486/
Falconier, M. K., & Kuhn, R. (2019). Dyadic coping in couples: a conceptual integration and a review of the empirical literature. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 571. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00571
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R.S. (1988). Manual for the ways of coping questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Frankham, C. Richardson, T., & Maguire N. (2020). Psychological factors associated with financial hardship and mental health: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 77, 101832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101832
Hilpert, P., Xu, F., Milek, A., Atkins, D. C., Bodenmann, G., & Bradbury, T. N. (2018). Couples coping with stress: Between-person differences and within-person processes. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(3), 366–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000380
Iida, M., Seidman, G., & Shrout P. E. (2018). Models of interdependent individuals versus dyadic processes in relationship research. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(1), 59-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517725407
Jahoda, M. (1988). Economic recession and mental health: Some conceptual issues. Journal of Social Issues, 44(4), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02089.x
Karademas, E. C., & Roussi, P. (2016). Financial strain, dyadic coping, relationship satisfaction, and psychological distress: A dyadic mediation study in Greek couples. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 33(5), 508-517. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2735
Karney, B. R., & Bradbury, T. N. (1995). The longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: A review of theory, methods, and research. Psychological Bulletin, 118(1), 3–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.118.1.3
Kartashova, T. E. (2013). Psychological determinants and features of the prevention of destructive marital conflicts in the context of a crisis of marriage and family relations (PhD thesis). Russian Centre of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. Retrieved from http://www.dslib.net/med-psixologia/psihologicheskie-determinanty-i-osobennosti-profilaktiki-destruktivnyh-supruzheskih.html
Khashchenko, V. A. (2011). Subjective economic well-being and its measurement: construction of the questionnaire and
its validation. Experimental Psychology (Russia), 4(1), 106–127.
Khashchenko, V. A. (2012). Psychology of economic well-being. Moscow, Russia: Institute of Psychology of the Russian Science Academy.
Kornienko, I. O. (2018). Genesis of coping behaviour in the living space of the individual (Doctoral dissertation). G.S. Kostiuk Institute of Psychology of the National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. Retrieved from http://psychology-naes-ua.institute/read/1392/
Koroleva, E. M., & Kryukova, T. L. (2016). Dyadic coping as a factor of positive dynamics of marital relationships. In T. L. Kryukova, M. V. Saporovskaya & S. A. Hazova (Eds.), Psychology of stress and coping behaviour: resources, health, development: Proceedings of the IV International Scientific Conference in Kostroma, September 22-24, 2016 (Volume 2, pp, 61-64). Kostroma, Russia: N. A. Nekrasov Kostroma State University.
Kryukova, T. L. (2010). Coping behaviour learning methods: three coping scales. Kostroma, Russia: N. A. Nekrasov Kostroma State University: Avantitul. Retrieved from http://www.coping-kostroma.com/index.php/content/books/40-methods
Kuftyak, E. V. (2012). Family coping concept: main points. Medical psychology in Russia, 5(16). Retrieved from http://www.mprj.ru/archiv_global/2012_5_16/nomer/nomer10.php
Kuzmenkova, L. V., & Kuskov, D. V. (2019). Individual and personal characteristics of clients with different types of economic self-awareness in situations of subjective dissatisfaction with the level of economic well-being. Scientific Notes Journal of St. Petersburg State Institute of Psychology and Social Work, 32(2), 31-40.
Liker, J. K., & Elder, G. H. (1983). Economic hardship and marital relations in the 1930s. American Sociological Review, 48(3), 343–359. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095227
MacCrae, R., & Costa, P. (1986). Personality, coping and coping effectiveness in an adult sample. Journal of Personality, 54(2), 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00401.x
McCubbin, H. I., & Patterson, J. M. (1983). The family stress process: the double ABCX model of adjustment and adaptation. Marriage & Family Review, 6(1-2), 7–37. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v06n01_02
McWhinney, J. (2019, June 25). Top 6 marriage-killing money issues. Investopedia. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/articles/pf/09/marriage-killing-money-issues.asp
Muzdybaev, K. (2001). Experiencing poverty as social failure: attribution of responsibility, coping strategies and indicators of deprivation. Sociological Journal, 1, 5-32.
National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2020). Coping in hard times: Fact sheet for parents. Los Angeles, CA: National Center for Child Traumatic Stress.
Olson, D. H. (1991). Three-dimensional (3-D) Circumplex model and revised scoring of FACES III. Family Process, 30(1), 74-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1991.00074.x.
Pinsker, J. (2020, March 2). Why so many Americans don’t talk about money. The taboos vary by class, job, and circumstance. The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2020/03/americans-dont-talk-about-money-taboo/607273/
Plotnikov, S. G., & Sperlin, A. V. (2014). Assessment of differences in strategies of economic behaviour depending on the level of subjective economic well-being. Vestnik NGUÈU, 2, 202-212.
Rohr, M. K., Nestler, S., & Kunzmann, U. (2019). A trouble shared is a trouble halved: age differences in emotional experience and expression during couples’ conversations. Psychology and Aging, 34(6), 848-861. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000386
Rusu, P. P., Nussbeck, F. W., Leuchtmann, L., & Bodenmann. G. (2020). Stress, dyadic coping, and relationship satisfaction: A longitudinal study disentangling timely stable from yearly fluctuations. PLoS ONE, 15(4), e0231133. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231133
Shelleby, E. C. (2018). Economic stress in fragile families: pathways to parent and child maladjustment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 3877–3886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1232-z
Shypova, N. S. (2020). Coping behaviour in dyadic relationships of partner with normal and impaired development. Vestnik of Samara State Technical University, Series: Psychology and Pedagogics, 1(45), 180-196. https://doi.org/10.17673/vsgtu-pps.2020.1.13
Strumpel, B. (1974). Economic well-being as an object of social measurement. In: B. Strumpel (Ed.), Subjective elements of well-being (pp. 75-122). Paris, France: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Takeuchi, D. T., Williams, D. R., & Adair, R. K. (1991). Economic stress in the family and children's emotional and behavioral problems. Journal of Marriage and Family, 53(4), 1031-1041. https://doi.org/10.2307/353006
Trachtman, R. (1999). The money taboo: Its effects in everyday life and in the practice of psychotherapy. Clinical Social Work Journal, 27, 275-288. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022842303387
Tran, A. G., Lam, C. K., & Legg, E. (2018). Financial stress, social supports, gender and anxiety during college: a stress-buffering perspective. The Counseling Psychologist, 46(7), 846–869. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000018806687
Veenhoven, R. (2018). Subjective well-being in nations. In E. Diener, S. Oishi, & L. Tay (Eds.), Handbook of well-being. Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers.
Zmanovskaya, E. V. (2020). Psychology of the family: the basis of the marriage consulting and family psychotherapy. Moscow, Russia: INFRA-M. Retrieved from https://znanium.com/catalog/document?id=361094
Published
2021-07-30
How to Cite
Yakymchuk, I. P., Olkhovetskyi, S. M., Rashkovska, I. V., Bevz, H. M., & Martseniuk, M. O. (2021). Experiencing and overcoming financial stress in married couples: A study in COVID 19 pandemic era. Amazonia Investiga, 10(42), 124-140. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.42.06.12
Issue
Section
Articles
.gif)
