Criminal law counteraction to land pollution in the EU countries: searching for the optimal model
Keywords:
environment, pollution, land resources, crime, criminal liability.
Abstract
The main goal of the article is to study both advantages and disadvantages of the approaches of the European Union (EU) states to criminal law prevention of land pollution. As a result of this an optimal legislative model should be developed to protect this element of the environment from criminal encroachment, which can be further used by the EU states in improving existing or creating new rules aimed at criminal law protection of land resources from pollution or the creation of new rules aimed at criminal law protection of land resources from pollution. The following research methods have been used to study criminal law provisions of the selected countries, to prove the stated hypotheses and to formulate conclusions: comparative law, system analysis, formal-logical, dialectical and modeling method. As a result of the study of various models of criminal law protection of land resources embodied in the legislation of nineteen European Union states, it has been proved that: 1) such protection should be carried out by a single universal rule on criminal liability for pollution not only of land but also of other components of the environment (water, air, forest); 2) only such land pollution shall be considered criminal, which has led to real (non-potential) damage to the environment, human health or property damage; 3) liability for land pollution should be differentiated depending on: a) weather guilty person’s act was intentional or negligent; b) what the consequences of land pollution have been.
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References
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Rodrigues, S. M., Pereira, M. E., da Silva, E. F., Hursthouse, A. S., & Duarte, A. C. (2009). A review of regulatory decisions for environmental protection: Part I – Challenges in the implementation of national soil policies. Environment International, 35 (1), 202–213.
Savchenko, А., Babikov, O. & Oliinyk, O. (2017). Comparative and Legal Analysis of Criminal and Legal Protection of Individual Components of Natural Environment: European Experience. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 8 (7), 2209–2216.
Swartjes, F. A., Carlon, C. & de Wit, N. H. (2008). The possibilities for the EU-wide use of similar ecological risk-based soil contamination assessment tools. Science of the Total Environment, 406 (3), 523–529.
Turlova, Yu. A. (2016). The system of environmental crimes. Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series “Law”, 2(36), 103–109. Retrieved from https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/lib/28139/1/%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%A1%
D0%A2%D0%95%D0%9C%D0%90%20%D0%95%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%
93%D0%86%D0%A7%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%A5%20%D0%97%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%A7%
D0%98%D0%9D%D0%86%D0%92.pdf
Valentín, L., Nousiainen, A., Mikkonen, A. (2013) Introduction to Organic Contaminants in Soil: Concepts and Risks. In: Vicent, T., Caminal, G., Eljarrat, E., Barceló, D. (eds) Emerging Organic Contaminants in Sludges. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
Vozniuk, A., Dudorov, O., Tytko, A., & Movchan, R. (2020). Implementation of UN and EU recommendations on criminalization of organized crimes. Amazonia Investiga, 9 (28), 234–240. Retrieved from https://amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/1307
Waling, С. (1994). Crimes against the Environment. International Review of Penal Law, 1065, 1080–1082.
Yara, O., Uliutina, O., Golovko, L. & Andrushchenko, L. (2018). The EU Water Framework Directive: Challenges and Prospects for Implementation in Ukraine. European Journal of Sustainable development, 7(2), 175-182. Retrieved from http://www.ecsdev.org/ojs/index.php/ejsd/article/view/649/645
Comte, F. (2003). Criminal Environmental Law and Community Competence. European Environmental Law Review, 5, 147–156. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2701677
Comte, F., Kramer, L. & Dubovik, O. (2010) Environmental Crime in Europe. Moscow: Gorodets Publishing House, http://lawlibrary.ru/izdanie2126219.html
Council Framework Decision No. 2003/80/JHA, On the protection of the environment through criminal law. Official Journal of the European Union. Brussels, Belgium, January 27, 2003. Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32003F0080:EN:HTML
Criminal Law of the Republic of Latvia. Zinotajs. Riga, Latvia, June 17, 1998. Retrieved from https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/9122/file/Latvia_Criminal%20Code%20as%20of%202020.pdf
Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council No. 2008/99/EC, On the protection of the environment through criminal law. Strasbourg, France, November 19, 2008. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32008L0099
Dudorov, O., & Movchan, R. (2020). About directions of improvement of the mechanism of criminal and legal protection of environment (on a note to developers of the new Criminal code of Ukraine). Bulletin of the Association of Criminal Law of Ukraine, 1, 92–125. Retrieved from http://vakp.nlu.edu.ua/article/view/204733.
Eshmurodov, E. (2020). Issues Of Criminal Liability For Violation Of The Requirements Of The Law On Ecology And The Environment. The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology, 2(11), 93–98. Retrieved from https://usajournalshub.com/index.php/tajpslc/article/view/1462/1394
Faure, M. (2017). The Development of Environmental Criminal Law in the EU and its Member States. Review of European Community & International Environmental Law, RECIEL 26 (2), 139–146.
Federal Law of Austria No. 60/1974, Criminal Code of the Republic of Austria. Federal Laws Bulletin. Vienna, Austria, January 23, 1974. Retrieved from https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/8548/file/Austria_CC_1974_am122019_de.pdf
Federal Law of Germany, German Criminal Code. Federal Law Gazette, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany, November 13, 1998. Retrieved from https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/englisch_stgb.pdf
Gilmore, E. (2001). A Critique of Soil Contamination and Remediation: The Dimensions of the Problem and the Implications for Sustainable Development. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 21 (5), 394–400.
Glæsner, N., Helming, K., & De Vries, W. (2014). Do current European policies prevent soil threats and support soil functions? Sustainability, 6 (12), 9538–9563.
Hollins, M., & Percy, S. (1998). Environmental Liability for Contaminated Land: Towards a European Consensus. Land Use Policy, 15 (2), 119–133.
Ladychenko, V., Yara, O., Golovko, L., & Serediuk, V. (2019). Groundwater management in Ukraine and the EU. European Journal of Sustainable development, 8(1), 31–39. Retrieved from http://www.ecsdev.org/ojs/index.php/ejsd/article/view/763/758
Ladychenko, V., Yara, O., Uliutina, O., & Golovko, L. (2019). Environmental Liability in Ukraine and the EU. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(2), 261–267. Retrieved from http://ojs.ecsdev.org/index.php/ejsd/article/view/810/805
Lisova, T., & Sharapova, S. (2020). Legal issues of protection of agricultural land in Ukraine at the present stage. Amazonia Investiga, 9(27), 209–216. Retrieved from https://amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/1229
Meiyappan, P., Dalton, M., O’Neill, B.C., & Jain, A.K. (2014). Spatial modeling of agricultural land use change at global scale. Ecological Modelling, 291, 152–174. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380014003640
Minchenko, R., Lutsyuk, P., Kamensky, D., Kolodin, A., & Shamota, O. (2021). Civil and criminal liability in the field of transport relations: the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. Amazonia Investiga, 10(40), 212-221. Retrieved from https://amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/1613
Overkovskaya, T. (2021). Legal regulation of management in the field of use and land protection. Colloquium-journal, 16(103), 47–53. Retrieved from http://repository.vsau.org/repository/getfile.php/28678.pdf
Popov, I. (2012). Responsibility for crimes against the natural environment under the legislation of the Federal Republic of Germany. International research journal, 10, 103–106. Retrieved from http://research-journal.org/law/otvetstvennost-za-prestupleniya-protiv-prirodnoj-sredy-po-zakonodatelstvu-frg/
Proposal No. 52006PC0232, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the protection of soil and amending Directive 2004/35/EC /* COM/2006/0232 final – COD 2006/0086 */. Bulletin of the European Union, Brussels, Belgium, September 22, 2006. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52006PC0232
Rodrigues, S. M., Pereira, M. E., da Silva, E. F., Hursthouse, A. S., & Duarte, A. C. (2009). A review of regulatory decisions for environmental protection: Part I – Challenges in the implementation of national soil policies. Environment International, 35 (1), 202–213.
Savchenko, А., Babikov, O. & Oliinyk, O. (2017). Comparative and Legal Analysis of Criminal and Legal Protection of Individual Components of Natural Environment: European Experience. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 8 (7), 2209–2216.
Swartjes, F. A., Carlon, C. & de Wit, N. H. (2008). The possibilities for the EU-wide use of similar ecological risk-based soil contamination assessment tools. Science of the Total Environment, 406 (3), 523–529.
Turlova, Yu. A. (2016). The system of environmental crimes. Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series “Law”, 2(36), 103–109. Retrieved from https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/lib/28139/1/%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%A1%
D0%A2%D0%95%D0%9C%D0%90%20%D0%95%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%
93%D0%86%D0%A7%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%A5%20%D0%97%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%A7%
D0%98%D0%9D%D0%86%D0%92.pdf
Valentín, L., Nousiainen, A., Mikkonen, A. (2013) Introduction to Organic Contaminants in Soil: Concepts and Risks. In: Vicent, T., Caminal, G., Eljarrat, E., Barceló, D. (eds) Emerging Organic Contaminants in Sludges. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
Vozniuk, A., Dudorov, O., Tytko, A., & Movchan, R. (2020). Implementation of UN and EU recommendations on criminalization of organized crimes. Amazonia Investiga, 9 (28), 234–240. Retrieved from https://amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/1307
Waling, С. (1994). Crimes against the Environment. International Review of Penal Law, 1065, 1080–1082.
Yara, O., Uliutina, O., Golovko, L. & Andrushchenko, L. (2018). The EU Water Framework Directive: Challenges and Prospects for Implementation in Ukraine. European Journal of Sustainable development, 7(2), 175-182. Retrieved from http://www.ecsdev.org/ojs/index.php/ejsd/article/view/649/645
Published
2021-07-30
How to Cite
Movchan, R., Vozniuk, A., Burak, M., Areshonkov, V., & Kamensky, D. (2021). Criminal law counteraction to land pollution in the EU countries: searching for the optimal model. Amazonia Investiga, 10(42), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.42.06.2
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