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doi: https://doi.org/10.34069/ai/2024.77.05.7
how to cite:
Samoilenko, O., Veits, A., Albul, S., Yankova, L., & Shchurat, T. (2024). Combating exsise Smuggling: A comparative analysis of
Ukraine and Poland. amazonia investiga, 13(77), 90-107. https://doi.org/10.34069/ai/2024.77.05.7
Combating exsise Smuggling: A comparative analysis of Ukraine and
Poland
Протидія протиправній діяльності у сфері обігу підакцизних товарів: досвід України та
Польщі
Received: April 4, 2024 Accepted: May 30, 2024
Written by:
Olena Samoilenko1
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8925-4116
Arkadii Veits2
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7454-1534
Serhii Albul3
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3253-9225
Liudmyla Yankova4
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0650-1087
Taras Shchurat5
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8105-8324
Abstract
The excised goods, such as alcoholic beverages
and tobacco products, are the object of widespread
smuggling and illegal circulation. This illegal
activity leads to significant budget losses, affects
the health of the population, and disrupts the level
of competition in the market. In 2020
approximately 50% of all alcoholic beverages sold
in Ukraine were illicit, resulting in significant tax
revenue losses for the government. A 2021 report
indicated that around 18.1% of the tobacco market
in Ukraine was composed of smuggled or
counterfeit products. This illicit market caused an
estimated annual tax revenue loss of $250 million.
The experience of Ukraine and Poland in the field
of combating excise smuggling can be essential
for the development of effective strategies and
policies to combat this phenomenon. The aim of
the article is to study the ways of countering illegal
activities in the sphere of circulation of excise
1
Ph.D., in Law, Professor of the Department of Criminalistics, National University "Odesa Law Academy", Odesa, Ukraine.
2
Ph.D., Assistant to the Head of the Department for Quality Assurance of Educational Activities and Higher Education, Military
Academy, Odesa, Ukraine.
3
Ph.D., Professor, Professor of the department of operatively-search activities of the Faculty of training specialists for criminal police
units of Odessa State University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine.
4
Ph.D., Lecturer of the department of operatively-search activities of the Faculty of training specialists for criminal police units of
Odessa State University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine.
5
Ph.D., Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the department of operatively-search activities of the Faculty of training
specialists for criminal police units of Odessa State University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine.
Samoilenko, O., Veits, A., Albul, S., Yankova, L., Shchurat, T. / Volume 13 - Issue 77: 90-107 / May, 2024
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goods using the example of Ukraine and Poland.
The research methodology includes: empirical
method, document analysis method, comparison,
and case study method. As a result of the study, an
analysis of the effectiveness of Ukrainian and
Polish legislation on taxation and control over the
circulation of excise goods was carried out. The
obtained findings can inform policymakers in
Ukraine, Poland, and other European countries on
how to refine and strengthen their legislation
regarding the taxation and control of excised
goods. Law enforcement agencies can utilize the
research to improve their strategies for detecting
and preventing smuggling activities, incorporating
best practices identified in the study.
Keywords: excise smuggling, investigation and
detection of crimes, tactical approaches, illicit
market, tax evasion, custom control.
Introduction
In the conditions of the development of modern society, states face a significant number of challenges,
among which the fight against economic organized crime remains one of the critical tasks of all state
institutions of each individual state. In the structure of modern economic crime, a special place is occupied
by illegal activity in the sphere of circulation of excise goods, because the introduction of such goods into
further circulation actively contributes to the shadowing of certain sectors of the economy of Ukraine, and
also creates conditions for the development of cross-border organized crime. Due to the formation of
criminal markets for the specified goods, individual subjects of economic relations receive excess profits
and actually exert controlled influence on individual economic segments of several states at once.
Studying the smuggling of excise goods is crucial in the current context due to its profound economic and
social impact:
Economic Impact
1. Loss of Tax Revenue: A) Significant Financial Losses: Smuggling of excisable goods like alcohol and
tobacco results in substantial tax revenue losses for governments. For example, in Ukraine and Poland,
these losses run into hundreds of millions of dollars annually. This revenue is crucial for funding public
services such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure. B) Budget Deficits: Persistent smuggling can
lead to budget deficits, forcing governments to either cut public spending or increase other taxes, which
can have broader economic repercussions.
2. Market Distortion: A) Unfair Competition: Smuggled goods often evade taxes, allowing them to be
sold at lower prices compared to legally traded goods. This creates an uneven playing field,
disadvantaging legitimate businesses that comply with tax laws. B) Business Closure and
Unemployment: Legitimate businesses may suffer losses or be forced to close due to the unfair
competition from illegal goods, leading to job losses and increased unemployment rates.
3. Investment Deterrence: Risk for Investors: High levels of smuggling and associated corruption can
deter foreign and domestic investment. Investors seek stable and predictable markets, and widespread
illegal trade can signal instability and regulatory failure.
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Social Impact
1. Public Health Risks: A) Health Hazards: Smuggled alcohol and tobacco products are often of lower
quality and may contain harmful substances, posing significant health risks to consumers. Illicit alcohol
can lead to poisoning and long-term health issues, while counterfeit tobacco can contain higher levels
of toxic chemicals. B) Increased Healthcare Costs: The consumption of low-quality and harmful
products can lead to increased healthcare costs, as more people suffer from related health problems.
2. Crime and Corruption: A) Organized Crime: Smuggling operations are frequently controlled by
organized crime groups. This not only funds further criminal activities but also fosters a culture of
lawlessness and violence. B) Corruption: Smuggling often involves bribery and corruption,
undermining the integrity of law enforcement and customs officials, and eroding public trust in
government institutions.
3. Social Inequality: Economic Disparities: The profits from smuggling enrich a small group of criminals
while depriving the general population of public resources that could be used for social welfare
programs. This can exacerbate social inequality and fuel social unrest.
Importance in the Current Context
1. Economic Recovery Post-Pandemic: Revenue Recovery: As countries recover from the economic
impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, recovering lost tax revenues from smuggling is more critical than
ever. This revenue is needed to support economic recovery and fund essential services.
2. Strengthening Rule of Law: Legal Reforms and Enforcement: Studying smuggling can lead to stronger
legal frameworks and better enforcement mechanisms, which are essential for maintaining the rule of
law and public order.
3. Globalization and Trade: Cross-Border Cooperation: Smuggling is a transnational issue that requires
international cooperation. The experiences of Ukraine and Poland can provide valuable insights for
broader regional strategies in combating smuggling, fostering better cooperation among European
nations.
4. Technological Advancements: Modern Detection and Prevention: Advances in technology can be
leveraged to improve detection and prevention of smuggling. Understanding current smuggling trends
can guide the implementation of these technologies effectively.
The study of excise goods smuggling is vital due to its extensive economic and social repercussions.
Addressing this issue can lead to increased government revenues, healthier populations, more stable
economies, and stronger legal institutions. This research is essential for developing effective policies and
strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of smuggling on society and the economy.
Thus the object of the study is a system of legal, organizational, economic, and social aspects related to the
circulation of excise goods and the fight against smuggling in Ukraine and Poland.
The main tasks of the research are:
1. Study and comparison of the legislation of Ukraine and Poland regarding control over the circulation
of excise goods, including taxes, excise duties, customs, and other regulatory mechanisms.
2. Examination of the work of customs, tax services, law enforcement agencies, and other agencies to
detect and stop excise smuggling and illegal circulation of goods.
3. Analysis of successful practices and strategies used in Ukraine and Poland to combat smuggling and
illegal circulation of excise goods.
4. Study of the impact of excise smuggling and illegal trafficking on the economy and society in both
countries, including the loss of budget revenues, public health, and other aspects.
5. Formulation of recommendations for further improvement of legislation, organization of control, and
anti-smuggling strategies in Ukraine and Poland.
Specific terms are:
Operational investigative activity: A set of measures and operations aimed at detecting, investigating, and
stopping criminal activity by involving specialized units of law enforcement agencies.
Tactical features: Characteristic aspects or methods used in the process of planning and execution of
operative-search actions to achieve specific goals or tasks.
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Control over the commission of a crime is a system of supervision and measures aimed at preventing,
detecting, and stopping criminal activity and its consequences.
Excise goods - goods subject to special taxation (excise duties), usually of high risk for illegal circulation
and smuggling, such as alcohol, tobacco products, petroleum products, etc.
Investigation is a process of systematic collection, analysis, and evaluation of evidence and information
regarding criminal activity in order to establish the circumstances of the crime and the perpetrators.
Countermeasures are a set of measures and strategies aimed at preventing, stopping, and resisting crime or
illegal activity.
Crime is a characteristic of the level or volume of criminal activity in a certain territorial or social group.
Search for information - the activity of collecting and analyzing various data and sources of information to
identify signs of crime or illegal activity.
Detection of illegal activity is the process of detection and identification of facts or actions that contradict
the law or violate rules and regulations.
The structure of the article is following:
Introduction. The introduction will provide an overview of the issue of smuggling excisable goods, such as
alcohol and tobacco, in the European region, particularly focusing on Ukraine and Poland. It will outline
the significance of the problem, its economic and social impacts, and the goals of the study.
Theoretical Framework or Literature Review. This section will review existing literature and theoretical
perspectives on the smuggling of excisable goods. It will cover key concepts, previous studies, and
theoretical models that explain the causes and consequences of smuggling. The review will also highlight
gaps in the current literature that the study aims to address.
Methodology. The methodology section will detail the research methods used in the study. It will describe
the empirical methods, document analysis, comparison, and case study approaches employed to analyze
the legislation, enforcement practices, and statistical data related to excise smuggling in Ukraine and
Poland. The section will also explain the rationale behind the choice of these methods.
Results and Discussion. In this section, the findings of the study will be presented and discussed. It will
include an analysis of the effectiveness of Ukrainian and Polish legislation on excise goods, the
performance of customs, tax services, and law enforcement agencies, and the statistical data on the volume
of excise smuggling and its impact. The discussion will compare the two countries, identify successful
practices and gaps, and explore opportunities for international cooperation.
Conclusion. The conclusion will summarize the key findings and their practical implications. It will offer
recommendations for improving legislation, enforcement, and international collaboration to combat excise
smuggling. The conclusion will also reflect on the study's contributions to the field of law and economics
and suggest areas for future research.
Theoretical Framework or Literature Review
Firstly, Taracha (2003) examines whether, in the process of lawmaking that governs the operations of Polish
special services, the constitutional rights of citizens are upheld. They delve into the operational powers of
these services as outlined in relevant legislation, which allows state intervention into the freedoms and
rights of citizens in the interest of societal and state well-being. Constitutional provisions, particularly
Article 31.3 of the Constitution of April 2, 1997, delineate the scope within which public authorities and
other entities may intervene, solely based on legal authorization, to ensure citizen security, public order,
environmental protection, health, public morality, and the freedoms and rights of others. The author also
discusses the nature of operational powers granted to special services under current law, highlighting their
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significance in effectively carrying out their duties, as well as the constitutional and non-statutory
frameworks governing potential interference with citizens' rights.
Moreover, Arkusha (2001) considered in his dissertation research the basics of the method of detection and
investigation of organized criminal activity in the presence of corrupt connections. The need to reduce the
volume of the shadow economy, in particular, in the context of stopping illegal activities in the sphere of
alcohol and tobacco circulation, as an important factor of national security, is considered in the article of
Kolomoiets, Tsybulnyk, Moroz, Prymachenko, & Khashev (2021). In the article, Miłkowski (2020)
examines the extent to which the actions of special services in Poland correspond to the constitutional rights
and freedoms of citizens. In addition, the extent to which modern legislation ensures the protection of the
rights and freedoms of individuals in the context of the activities of special services is investigated. Specific
actions and powers of special services are examined in the context of their impact on the rights and freedoms
of individuals. Compliance of actions of special services with constitutional norms and standards is
investigated. The conclusions contain recommendations for politicians and legislators to improve the
protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens in the context of the activities of special services.
In the study, Łabuz, Kudła, and Safjański (2020) drew attention to the fact that operations of an operational-
intelligence nature are currently a very little-known area of secret activity of authorized state services in
ensuring the fulfillment of tasks in the field of preventive, intelligence and counter-intelligence measures.
In addition, it is remarked that this topic often causes "controversial" discussions regarding the operational
activities of special and police services, which undoubtedly have a legal basis for violating the rights and
freedoms of citizens.
Additionally, Czyżowicz (2012) assessed the level of illegal trafficking of tobacco products, alcohol, and
beer in Poland and its impact on the economy and society, and identified factors that contribute to the spread
of illegal trafficking of these goods, such as high taxes, deficiencies in legislation or insufficient control
mechanisms.
What is more, Pływaczewski W., & Duda M. (2014) examined illicit tobacco and alcohol trafficking in
retrospect, as well as ways to overcome the problem. Currently, Poland occupies a leading position in the
production of finished tobacco products in Europe, as the largest global corporations have moved their
factories here. 6 out of 31 tobacco factories in Europe are located in Poland. The export of tobacco products
is an essential component of the agricultural and food trade balance of Poland. The tobacco industry
annually contributes almost 20 billion zlotys to the budget, which is 8% of total state revenues. This is an
extraordinary share compared to other EU countries. The work of Duży (2013) describes the types of crime
arising as a result of organized crime in the field of taxes and its impact on the economy and society. The
causes and factors contributing to the development of organized crime in the field of taxes in Poland have
been determined. Moreover, Piątkowska (2018) paid attention to the same topic.
Bilan et al., (2019) also considered the issue of combating offenses in the field of production and circulation
of excise goods. Also, Albul (2010) analyzed the organization and tactics of operational procurement and
controlled supply. It is concluded that the use of the Internet by criminals in illegal activities, in particular
in the illegal distribution of narcotic drugs, today has significant negative consequences. The technical
possibilities of using the Internet in the criminal sphere received a positive assessment from drug dealers,
as it enables them to contact accomplices in any part of the country while maintaining the anonymity of
users. Unlike cellular communications, computers and laptops cannot always be tracked or located, making
it difficult to identify users and locate their devices. This greatly facilitates the implementation of criminal
actions and the use of such means of communication in the criminal sphere. Identifying and stopping the
mass distribution of drugs via the Internet and electronic payment systems, which are increasingly used by
criminals, is one of the priority tasks of the National Police of Ukraine in the fight against illegal drug
trafficking. Lepskyi (2014) reviewed the foreign experience of using financial investigations in law
enforcement activities. Kolomoiets, Kolpakov, Kushnir, Makarenkov, & Halitsyna (2020) investigated the
problems of corrupt activities of public officials in Ukraine, in particular, in the context of combating illegal
activities in the sphere of circulation of excise goods. Further, Bernadin (2019) analyzed the foreign
experience of combating offenses in the sphere of circulation of excise goods. In the opinion of the author,
it is significant to note that only the useful work of authorized entities in combating offenses in the sphere
of circulation of excise goods, in the absence of an independent, objective, and fair judicial process, will
not allow to ensure the economic security of the state and attract foreign investments to the country. The
development of the domestic industrial and agricultural sectors is possible only on the condition of
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attracting large foreign investments that have the opportunity to protect their rights and freedoms, including
invested capital in the sphere of circulation of excise goods. Therefore, it is advisable to combine security
sector reform with corresponding changes in the judicial system, so that law enforcement activities and
justice are carried out following and within the limits of the law.
The study of ways to combat illegal activity in the sphere of circulation of excise goods, in particular, based
on the experience of Ukraine and Poland, reflects current trends in the scientific research of the following
aspects:
Expansion of international cooperation in the field of combating smuggling and illegal circulation of excise
goods, which is reflected in studies of the Polish and Ukrainian experience.
Application of a multidisciplinary approach to the analysis of the problem, which includes legal, economic,
sociological, and criminological aspects.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of measures and strategies to combat smuggling and illegal circulation of
excise goods in practice with the aim of improving legislation and policy.
Using modern research methods, such as big data analysis, artificial intelligence, geospatial analysis, and
others, to gain a deeper understanding of the problem.
Consideration of adapting strategies and countermeasures to new challenges such as cross-border
cybercrime and other modern threats.
These trends reflect the growing complexity and urgency of the problem of smuggling and illegal
circulation of excise goods and show the need for constant updating and improvement of counteraction
strategies.
The existing literature on the smuggling of excisable goods in Poland and Ukraine presents a rich, albeit
complex, picture of the legal, economic, and social dimensions of this issue. The following critical analysis
identifies key debates, controversies, and areas for improvement.
Debates and Controversies
1. Constitutional Rights vs. State Intervention:
Debate: A significant debate in the literature concerns the balance between the operational powers of state
services and the protection of constitutional rights. Taracha (2003) and Miłkowski (2020) explore the extent
to which these services can intervene in citizens' freedoms for state security and public order, raising
questions about the potential overreach of state power and the erosion of civil liberties.
Controversy: The controversy centers on whether the current legal frameworks sufficiently safeguard
citizens' rights while enabling effective state intervention. Critics argue that there is a thin line between
necessary security measures and the infringement of personal freedoms, which can lead to abuse of power
by state agencies.
2. Effectiveness of Legislation and Enforcement:
Debate: The effectiveness of current legislation and enforcement mechanisms is another contentious area.
Authors like Arkusha (2001) and Łabuz, Kudła, and Safjański (2020) discuss the complexities and often
the inadequacies of existing legal and operational frameworks in tackling organized crime and smuggling.
Controversy: Discrepancies in enforcement and the challenges of modernizing legal frameworks to address
new forms of smuggling, such as through cyberspace, highlight the ongoing struggle between evolving
criminal tactics and static legal systems.
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3. Economic Impact of Smuggling:
Debate: The economic ramifications of smuggling are thoroughly examined, with Czyżowicz (2012) and
Pływaczewski and Duda (2014) detailing the substantial financial losses due to illicit trade in tobacco and
alcohol. They highlight the paradox of Poland being a major tobacco producer yet struggling with high
levels of illegal trade.
Controversy: There is a debate over the root causes of smuggling, such as high taxes and insufficient
control mechanisms, and whether policy adjustments, like tax reductions or improved regulatory oversight,
would more effectively curb illegal trade.
Areas for Improvement
4. Integrating Constitutional Safeguards with Operational Needs:
Improvement Needed: There is a need to develop frameworks that balance the operational requirements
of state services with robust constitutional safeguards. Studies by Taracha (2003) and Miłkowski (2020)
suggest that while state intervention is necessary, it must be tightly regulated to prevent rights abuses.
5. Enhanced Legal and Enforcement Mechanisms:
Improvement Needed: Arkusha (2001) and Łabuz et al. (2020) highlight the necessity for enhanced legal
mechanisms and enforcement strategies that can adapt to modern criminal tactics. This includes better
coordination among law enforcement agencies and the adoption of advanced technologies for surveillance
and data analysis.
6. Economic Policy Reforms:
Improvement Needed: Addressing the economic incentives for smuggling, as discussed by Czyżowicz
(2012) and Pływaczewski and Duda (2014), requires comprehensive policy reforms. These could include
adjusting excise taxes to reduce the profitability of smuggling and strengthening regulatory frameworks to
close legislative loopholes.
7. Technological Adaptation and Innovation:
Improvement Needed: The rapid advancement of technology necessitates corresponding innovations in
smuggling countermeasures. Bilan et al., (2019) and Albul (2010) emphasize the importance of leveraging
big data, artificial intelligence, and geospatial analysis to better understand and combat smuggling
operations.
8. International Cooperation:
Improvement Needed: As smuggling often transcends national borders, expanding international
cooperation is crucial. Studies reflect a growing recognition of the need for collaborative efforts between
countries, as noted in the Polish and Ukrainian experiences, to effectively address the transnational nature
of smuggling.
9. Multidisciplinary Approach:
Improvement Needed: Adopting a multidisciplinary approach that encompasses legal, economic,
sociological, and criminological perspectives can provide a more holistic understanding of smuggling and
inform more effective policies and interventions.
In summary, the literature reveals significant debates and controversies surrounding the balance between
state intervention and constitutional rights, the effectiveness of existing legal frameworks, and the economic
impact of smuggling. There is a clear need for improved legal mechanisms, policy reforms, technological
innovations, and international cooperation to address the complexities of smuggling in the modern context.
This critical analysis underscores the urgency of continuously updating strategies to effectively combat the
illegal circulation of excise goods.
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Methodology
Methodology: Data Collection and Analysis
Empirical Method
Data Collection: The empirical method involved gathering data on specific instances and facts related to
illegal activities in the sphere of circulation of excise goods in Ukraine and Poland. This included detailed
examination of operational and investigative activities carried out by law enforcement agencies.
Data Analysis: Analysis focused on identifying patterns and peculiarities in the activities of smuggling
groups. This included examining the methods used for smuggling, the routes commonly taken, and the
types of excise goods most frequently trafficked. The time period considered was from 2015 to 2023,
capturing recent trends and developments in smuggling activities.
Document Analysis Method
Data Collection: Legislative acts, reports from customs and tax services, and other relevant documents
were collected from government databases, official publications, and regulatory bodies in both Ukraine and
Poland. Key sources included:
• National legislation on excise duties and anti-smuggling measures.
• Annual reports from customs and tax authorities.
• Government resolutions and regulatory acts.
• International agreements and cooperation frameworks.
Data Analysis: The analysis involved a detailed review of these documents to understand the legal and
organizational foundations of the fight against excise smuggling. By examining laws, regulations, and
enforcement policies, the research aimed to identify strengths and weaknesses in the existing legal
frameworks. The documents provided objective information about the scope of excise duty smuggling and
the effectiveness of current countermeasures.
Comparison
Data Collection: Comparative data were collected on the legislation, organization of control, and
effectiveness of anti-smuggling efforts in Ukraine and Poland. This involved:
• Legislative texts and amendments in both countries.
• Organizational charts and functional descriptions of customs and tax authorities.
• Statistical data on smuggling cases, confiscated goods, and arrested individuals.
Data Analysis: The comparative analysis involved side-by-side evaluation of the collected data to identify
similarities and differences in legal approaches, enforcement strategies, and organizational structures. The
comparison highlighted best practices and areas where one country might benefit from adopting strategies
used by the other. This included comparing:
• The scope and stringency of legal provisions.
• Effectiveness and efficiency of enforcement mechanisms.
• International cooperation and information-sharing practices.
• Public awareness and prevention campaigns.
Case Study Method
Data Collection: Specific cases of combating excise duty smuggling were studied in various regions of
Ukraine and Poland. These case studies were selected based on their representativeness and the availability
of detailed information. Sources included:
• Case reports from law enforcement agencies.
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• Court records and legal proceedings.
• Interviews with key stakeholders involved in anti-smuggling operations.
Data Analysis: Each case study was analyzed to understand the specific challenges faced and the strategies
employed to combat smuggling. The analysis focused on:
• The operational tactics used in successful anti-smuggling operations.
• The legal and logistical hurdles encountered.
• The outcomes of these operations, including the prosecution and sentencing of offenders.
• Lessons learned and recommendations for future efforts.
Time Period Considered
The study focused on data and developments from 2015 to 2023. This period was chosen to ensure the
inclusion of recent trends, legislative changes, and technological advancements in smuggling and anti-
smuggling efforts.
Information Sources
Key sources of information included:
• National legislation and regulatory frameworks from government databases.
• Annual and special reports from customs, tax authorities, and law enforcement agencies.
• Publications and research reports from academic and policy institutions.
• Interviews with officials and experts in the field.
• Statistical databases providing data on smuggling incidents and enforcement outcomes.
By utilizing these methods, the study aimed to provide a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the
problem of excise smuggling in Ukraine and Poland, leading to informed recommendations for improving
control measures and combating this illegal activity effectively.
Limitations of the Study
Incomplete Data:
Data Gaps: The study relies on available reports and official documents, which may not capture all
instances of excise smuggling. Unreported cases and discrepancies in record-keeping could lead to an
incomplete picture of the extent and nature of smuggling activities.
Reliability and Accuracy: The accuracy of data from different sources can vary, and there may be
inconsistencies or biases in the reporting of smuggling incidents and enforcement outcomes.
Comparative Challenges:
Different Legal Systems: Ukraine and Poland have distinct legal systems and regulatory frameworks,
making direct comparisons challenging. Differences in legal definitions, enforcement practices, and judicial
processes can complicate the analysis.
Contextual Variations: Economic, social, and political contexts differ between the two countries, which
may influence the effectiveness of anti-smuggling measures and the applicability of certain strategies.
Scope of Analysis:
Focus on Selected Years: The study focuses on data from 2015 to 2023, which might not fully reflect long-
term trends or historical developments in excise smuggling.
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Case Study Limitations: While case studies provide detailed insights, they may not be representative of
the broader situation. The selected cases might highlight specific issues or successful strategies that are not
universally applicable.
Operational Secrecy:
Limited Access to Sensitive Information: Some aspects of law enforcement operations and investigative
tactics are classified, limiting the depth of analysis on operational methods and strategies used in combating
smuggling.
Technological and Methodological Constraints:
Evolving Smuggling Techniques: As smuggling methods evolve with technological advancements, the
study may not fully capture the latest tactics and trends. Rapid changes in smuggling techniques can outpace
the ability to analyze and respond effectively.
Methodological Limitations: The use of empirical, document analysis, comparison, and case study
methods, while comprehensive, may still miss certain nuances and dynamic aspects of smuggling activities
and enforcement measures.
Recognizing these limitations helps to frame the findings and recommendations of the study within a
realistic context, acknowledging the complexity and ongoing challenges in effectively combating excise
smuggling.
Results and Discussion
Alternative dispute resolution (hereinafter ADR) is a group of processes by which disputes and conflicts
are resolved without recourse to the formal judicial system.
According to the statistics of the General Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine in 2015, 523 criminal offenses
were registered and opened on the grounds of Art. 204 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine ("Illegal
manufacture, storage, sale or transportation for the purpose of sale of excise goods"), for 2016 - 674; for
2017 – 500; for 2018 – 574; for 2019 – 562; for 2020 – 615; for 2021 – 721, for 2022 – 546, for 2023 – 369
offenses, respectively (Office of the General Prosecutor of Ukraine, 2023). Such information confirms the
consistently high level of crime in this area, but does not allow us to draw conclusions about the real level
and structure of illegal activity in the field of circulation of excise goods, the state of accounting for such
criminal offenses. In this sense, the official information of the State Customs Service of Ukraine regarding
the number of excise goods that were detained while moving across the state border of Ukraine looks useful.
As a reference point, we choose information on the control of the movement of goods on the Ukrainian-
Polish section of the border, because long-term bilateral cooperation at the level of a strategic partnership
between Ukraine and the Republic of Poland, as well as a sufficiently large length of the Ukraine-Poland
land border (542.39 km) ensures a large flow of goods precisely through the Ukrainian-Polish section of
the border. Thus, the analysis of the indicated data makes it possible to assert the following:
1) Four groups of excise goods are currently registered in the State Border Service of Ukraine, in
particular: cigarettes, alcohol, amber, and motor vehicles;
2) In 2021, compared to 2020, a slight trend was observed in Ukraine regarding a decrease in the number
of cigarettes and alcohol detained together at the entry and exit (by 12% of cigarettes and 18% of
alcohol, respectively) and an increase in the number of ambers detained at the border (by 80 % together
at the entrance and exit);
3) In 2022, all indicators of the effectiveness of the State Border Service of Ukraine in relation to the
investigated type of crime decreased significantly: the number of excise goods that were detained on
the Ukrainian-Polish border decreased by more than 90%, in particular, compared to 2021, they were
detained by 88% less alcohol, 98% of cigarettes, 78% of vehicles. A parallel analysis of the
performance indicators of the General Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine also indicates a decrease in the
number of criminal proceedings recorded in the reporting period (by 18% compared to 2021).
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This state of modern reporting can be explained by a change in the focus of law enforcement agencies in
Ukraine. After all, starting from February 24, 2022, due to the war in Ukraine, the activities of law
enforcement officers are essentially focused on detecting crimes related to subversive groups of terrorists
and/or facilitators and collaborators. Even the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine, which used to
deal only with corrupt officials, now cooperates with the Security Service of Ukraine. The maximum
concentration of the efforts of Ukrainian law enforcement officers on the process of minimizing the negative
consequences of the war naturally reduced the actualization of countering illegal activities in the sphere of
circulation of excise goods both in general and on the Ukrainian-Polish border section.
However, several problematic issues regarding countering the specified criminal manifestations still need
to be resolved. In the official statistical data of the Border Service (Border Guard) of the Republic of Poland,
it is remarked that the total value of goods sent criminally through the Ukrainian-Polish section of state
control in the first half of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 decreased by only 18%, while five
categories of excise goods are accounted for, in particular: transport, cigarettes, alcohol, tobacco and the
category "other excise goods". Also, compared to the first half of 2021, in 2022, the number of vehicles
involved in the transportation of so-called "criminal goods detected by the Border Service" increased by
65%.
Etymologically, the category "counteraction" is understood as an action that prevents another action. In
Ukraine, combating the criminal environment begins at the stage of preparation and commission of crimes,
is carried out during the investigation, court proceedings continue in the conditions of criminal enforcement
institutions: the employee of the operative unit has as his immediate task the search and recording of factual
data about criminal offenses, as well as in their interests criminal justice; the investigator – carrying out a
pre-trial investigation during which he seeks to establish hidden facts and circumstances about criminal
offenses and to overcome resistance from persons disinterested in the successful investigation of the case.
Representatives of the Polish criminological community in the context of combating criminal activity write
about search (operational) and counter-search activities, understanding the latter concept as additional
activities of criminals accompanying the crime, the meaning of which is reduced to the creation of various
obstacles to a possible investigation, about an organized criminal group as measures carried out by it, to
ensure the safety of its participants and conduct effectual criminal activities (Łabuz, Chlebowicz &
Safjański, 2021). Operational activity is carried out using methods that, according to A. Taracha constitutes
a set of measures of state bodies, which are carried out secretly or confidentially, based on the law and
perform an informational, investigative, preventive, and evidential function (Taracha, 2003). Therefore, the
meaning of the term "counteraction to illegal activity" used by Ukrainian scientists is close to the meaning
of "operational (investigative) activity" used by criminologists in Poland.
States, in general, with the aim of combating crime, carry out a number of measures in various areas of
activity, in particular: detection, termination (documentation), investigation of criminal offenses; in general,
the prevention of crimes by criminal prosecution of the persons who committed them and the application
of criminal-legal measures to them, and in particular, the improvement of departmental and
interdepartmental cooperation regarding specific types of criminal activity.
Therefore, we set a goal: to determine the ways of countering illegal activity in the sphere of circulation of
excise goods through the study of structural and functional aspects of the organization of such
countermeasures in Ukraine and Poland, as well as tactical issues of detection (documentation) of the
specified criminal activity in the practice of law enforcement agencies of the specified countries.
In Poland, criminal liability for crimes committed in the sphere of circulation of excise goods is provided
for in Art. Art. 63 – 73 of the Fiscal Criminal Code (Law No. 2427, 2021). Excise duty is an indirect tax
levied on consumer goods characterized by low production cost and high market value, primarily on goods
with a high degree of profit accumulation or luxury goods. Compared to Ukraine, where criminal liability
for all illegal actions in the sphere of circulation of excise goods is provided only by Art. 204 of the Criminal
Code of Ukraine, the list of such crimes in Poland is very wide, in particular, there are the following types
of criminal offenses: turnover without excise stamps; violation of conditions for export of excise goods;
acquisition, storage, transportation, forwarding or transfer in another way of excise goods, which are the
subject of a prohibited act, or facilitates their sale, or accepts or helps to hide excise goods; imperfect
labeling of products, falsification of excise stamps; non-compliance with the obligation to mark excise
goods with legalized excise stamps; illegal activities directly related to the production, import or trade of
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excisable goods, as well as their marking with excise stamps, movement of excisable goods in any way
without documents and conditions established by law, and other warehouses. According to Chapter 14 of
the Fiscal Criminal Code, preparatory proceedings for such crimes are conducted by a wide range of law
enforcement agencies, in particular customs and financial authorities, the Border Guard (if according to
Article 1 of the Law on the Border Guard Service (Law No. 1855D, 2022), the Service was the first
competent body that initiated proceedings).
Based on the content of the relevant laws, the specified subjects carry out police activities. The leading
forms of its implementation for the prevention, detection, and identification of persons who have committed
crimes, as well as obtaining and recording evidence are intelligence activities and operational control.
Operative intelligence activity is regulated by Art. 19a of the Law of Poland on the Police, in which it is
determined in particular that such activity may consist of the clandestine acquisition, sale, or removal of
objects obtained by crime, removed from civilian circulation, or in the manufacture, storage, transportation
or transportation of objects, the trade of which is prohibited, and also when receiving or providing a
financial benefit (Law No. 1855D, 2022). Operational control is an exceptional measure, on the one hand,
it is initiated through the prosecutor in conditions when other measures have proven ineffective or useless
(Article 9e of the Law of Poland on the Border Guard Service (Law No. 1855D, 2022), on the other - if in
as a result of its conduct, evidence was obtained of the commission of a crime by a person subject to
operational control, other than an offense for which an order of operational control is prescribed, or a crime
prosecuted by the office, or a financial offense committed by a person other than the one covered by the
resolution on operational control, the prosecutor decides on the use of this evidence in criminal proceedings
(Article 168 b of the Polish Criminal Procedure Code (Law No. 4651-VI, 2013).
1) Receiving and recording the content of conversations conducted using technical means, including
telecommunications networks;
2) Receiving and recording the image or sound of people from premises, vehicles, or other places, except
for public ones;
3) Receiving and recording the content of correspondence, including correspondence conducted using
electronic communication;
4) Receiving and recording data contained on IT data carriers, telecommunication terminal devices, IT
and teleinformation systems, and;
5) Obtaining access and control of the contents of shipments.
In Ukraine, the processing of practical materials by law enforcement agencies shows that an essential tool
in the process of countering the illegal activities of organized criminal groups (including those with
corruption connections), in the field of circulation of excise goods, is such an undisclosed investigative
(research) action as control over the commission of a crime. Following the provisions of Art. 271 of the
Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, control over the commission of a crime may be carried out in cases
where there are sufficient grounds to believe that a serious or particularly serious crime is being prepared
or committed, and is carried out in the following forms:
1) Controlled delivery;
2) Controlled and operational procurement;
3) A special investigative experiment, and;
4) Simulating the circumstances of the crime (Law No. 4651-VI, 2013).
Control over the commission of a crime is understood as a deliberate complex of various confidential
measures of law enforcement agencies, coordinated in terms of time and content, in the form of verification
of information about the preparation or commission of a socially dangerous act by a specific person (group
of persons), to detect, uncover, preventing a crime, prevention of its harmful consequences, identification
of accomplices and recording of illegal activities of specific persons. The analysis of the legal framework
in force in Ukraine shows that controlled procurement as a form of control over the commission of crimes
makes it possible to identify individuals and criminal groups engaged in illegal activities in the field of
excise goods. So, in essence, controlled procurement in Ukraine is analogous to operational intelligence
activities of law enforcement officers in Poland, but does not coincide in content with the concept of
"operational control".
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In the writings of modern scientists - specialists in Poland and Ukraine in the field of criminal procedure,
criminology, and operational-investigative activities, the topics of controlled procurement or operational-
intelligence activities have a certain elaboration, but from the point of view of concepts, general
foundations, general organizational and tactical aspects (Arkusha, 2001; Miłkowski, 2020; Łabuz, Kudła,
& Safjański, 2020). Direct attention is not paid to the issue of controlled procurement as a form of control
over the commission of a crime in the sphere of circulation of excise goods. In Ukraine, the issue of using
the results of operational investigative activities in the process of proof was raised fragmentarily, but they
used the normative acts in force at that time, without taking into account the specifics of such an undercover
investigative action as control over the commission of a crime.
To tactically compare controlled procurement with operational intelligence activities implemented in
Poland, it is necessary to raise the issue of structural and functional restructuring of operational units in
general and the National Police of Ukraine in particular. As a result of the adoption of the Criminal
Procedure Code of Ukraine in 2012, the offensive function of operative units in combating economic crime
is limited, while the subjects of investigative activity have received a significant number of new functions
that were not inherent to them before, in particular, in the part of conducting covert investigative (search)
actions. The tactical features of undercover investigative (search) actions remain unknown to many of the
investigators because undercover investigative (search) actions continue to be entrusted to operative units.
But at the same time, the investigators lose the opportunity to directly perceive the entire set of factual data
obtained during the investigation, and the employees of the operative units essentially act as executors, not
acting directly to counter the crimes provided for in Art. 204 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (Law No.
2135-XII, 1992).
In our opinion, for such operational activity in Poland or controlled procurement in Ukraine to have an
effective impact on combating the investigated type of crime, they cannot be considered a single measure
or a separate action. Etymologically, the concept of "action" implies any single action (Savchenko, 1999).
In turn, they represent a complex of tactical content actions, coordinated in terms of time and content, using
the capabilities of various subjects. That is why the wording "activity" used in Poland is considered by us
to be a good one for indicating the essence of the analyzed countermeasure.
As a result of the analysis of the practice of combating such crimes, we will determine the general
theoretical provisions regarding the constituent elements of controlled procurement (which is essentially
one of the forms of operational intelligence activity in Poland) regarding the crime related to the field of
excise goods:
1. The object of control is social relations, the protection of which is carried out using control over the
commission of crimes related to the sale of excise goods. The subject of controlled procurement is
ethyl alcohol and other alcohol distillates, alcoholic beverages, beer; tobacco products, tobacco, and
industrial tobacco substitutes; petroleum products, liquefied gas; passenger cars, their bodies, trailers
and semi-trailers, motorcycles; other instruments of crime or equipment for their production. Let's
emphasize that in Poland today, various types of liquid fuel are the most common subject (Duży, 2013);
in Ukraine - amber, and alcohol. The entire list of subjects of controlled procurement as a form of
control over the commission of crimes related to the illegal sale of excise goods can be expanded,
taking into account the legislation of the states.
2. The objective side is actions to control illegal sales, transportation, and other actions about excise
goods. The methods and forms of its implementation, the specifics of the use of operational and
technical means, and the place, time, and duration are determined by the nature of the excise goods.
So, for example, illegal activity with liquid fuel manifests itself in several offenses: non-payment of
excise duty, fictitious entrepreneurship (involvement in a pole company agreement), falsification of
documents to reduce income or increase expenses, legalization (laundering) of income (Piątkowska,
2018). In Ukraine, the term "technology of criminal activity" is used in this sense. Therefore, control
over illegal activity in the sphere of circulation of excise goods in the sense of operational activity can
counteract other criminal manifestations at the same time.
3. Subjects are a prosecutor, an investigator, or a unit authorized for operational intelligence activities,
persons who cooperate with law enforcement agencies on a confidential basis or contribute to
procedural or operational activities. Let's detail some points.
In Ukraine, all operational units can be classified into the following groups: the first are units that carry out
operational and investigative activities in full, have the right to carry out covert work, organize and conduct
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various operational and investigative activities; the second - subdivisions that carry out certain types of
operational-search and operational-technical measures at the request of other subdivisions. According to
the Law of Ukraine "On operational and investigative activity", operational units of the Security Service of
Ukraine can carry out controlled procurement; the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine; The State
Border Service of Ukraine (in particular, the intelligence body of the specially authorized central body of
the executive power in matters of state border protection, operative, and search units, respectively, of the
specially authorized central body of executive power in matters of state border protection and its territorial
bodies, state border protection units of state border protection bodies and Maritime Guard, ensuring internal
security, ensuring own security, operational documentation and operational-technical units); Department
of State Security; bodies of the state tax service; bodies and institutions of the State Penitentiary Service of
Ukraine (Law No. 2135-XII, 1992). The investigator will entrust the implementation of controlled
procurement to specified services.
In Poland, as already mentioned above, there is also a wide range of law enforcement agencies that have a
police function, but not all of them have the right to carry out operational intelligence activities, in
particular, this applies to the Customs Service. Based on the content of Art. 2 of the Law on the Customs
Service, the latter has no right to exercise it (Law No. 168, 2009). The police's direction of its activities
forms control over compliance with customs legislation and other normative legal acts related to the import
and export of goods, as well as the use of analytical work methods by employees of this service. Thus,
according to Petr Hlebovych, strategic criminal analysis solves the long-term goals of combating tobacco
crime, its essence comes down to predicting the development of such crime and developing new directions
in the fight against it (Pływaczewski, & Duda, 2014).
4. The subjective side of controlled procurement is the motives, grounds for implementation, and tasks.
As a result of familiarization with special literature, it is possible to determine the following tactical
tasks of controlled procurement, which is precisely what is implemented in the plan of countering
illegal activities in the sphere of circulation of excise goods:
− Establishment of channels for the illegal sale of excise goods;
− Identification of points of manufacture, storage, sale, or transportation of excise goods;
− Identification of the person who purchases the goods and the person who sells them;
− The possibility of using the received information in the interests of prevention, detection, and
investigation of criminal offenses;
− Establishment of corrupt connections of criminals who facilitate the illegal sale of excise goods;
− Exposing persons who prepare or have committed criminal offenses related to the illegal manufacture,
storage, sale, or transportation for sale of excise goods, and;
− Establishment of reasons and conditions contributing to the commission of criminal offenses related to
the illegal manufacture, storage, sale, or transportation for sale of excise goods.
Particular attention should be paid to the establishment of corrupt connections of criminals, which
contribute to the illegal sale of excise goods. After all, this affects the difficulty of detecting illegal transport
and distribution networks of alcohol and tobacco products, the latter are well organized and protected, with
information provided (Czyżowicz, 2012).
Implications of Findings for Policy and Practice
Policy Enhancements:
• Strengthening Legislative Frameworks: The study reveals differences in legal approaches to
combating excise smuggling in Ukraine and Poland. Ukraine could benefit from expanding its legal
provisions to cover a wider range of offenses related to excise goods, similar to Poland's comprehensive
Fiscal Criminal Code.
• Harmonizing Laws: Given the cross-border nature of excise smuggling, harmonizing legal definitions
and penalties for smuggling-related crimes between Ukraine and Poland could enhance bilateral
enforcement efforts.
• Enhancing Operational Collaboration: The findings suggest a need for deeper operational
cooperation between Ukraine and Poland. This includes joint operations, shared intelligence, and
synchronized enforcement strategies to better combat smuggling across their common border.
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Improvement Strategies:
• Integrated Border Management: Implementing advanced technological solutions for border control
(e.g., automated scanning, real-time data sharing) can improve the detection and interdiction of
smuggled excise goods.
• Training and Capacity Building: Continuous training programs for law enforcement and customs
officers on new smuggling techniques, investigative methods, and use of technology can enhance the
overall effectiveness of anti-smuggling operations.
• Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating the public about the consequences of purchasing smuggled
goods and encouraging reporting of suspicious activities can reduce demand for illicit products and
support enforcement efforts.
Practical Solutions:
• Use of ADR in Customs Disputes: Implementing Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms
can streamline the resolution of disputes related to excise goods. This can reduce the burden on formal
judicial systems and expedite the handling of smuggling cases.
• Enhanced Intelligence Operations: Strengthening undercover operations and surveillance (e.g.,
controlled deliveries, operational purchases) can disrupt smuggling networks. Both Ukraine and Poland
should consider investing in covert investigation techniques and technologies.
• Data Analytics and Risk Management: Utilizing data analytics to identify smuggling patterns and
high-risk shipments can focus resources on critical areas. Risk management frameworks can help
prioritize enforcement efforts based on the likelihood of smuggling activities.
Addressing Limitations and Improving Data Collection
Complete and Reliable Data:
• Unified Reporting Systems: Developing a unified reporting system for recording and sharing data on
smuggling incidents and enforcement actions between Ukraine and Poland can improve data accuracy
and completeness.
• Regular Audits and Reviews: Conducting regular audits of data collection practices and
implementing standardized reporting protocols can enhance the reliability of smuggling-related
statistics.
Comparative Legal and Control Systems:
• Legal Harmonization Workshops: Organizing workshops and conferences where legal and
enforcement experts from both countries can discuss harmonization of laws and best practices in
combating excise smuggling.
• Joint Training Programs: Developing joint training programs focusing on the differences and
similarities in legal frameworks and enforcement practices can facilitate better cooperation and
understanding between Ukrainian and Polish law enforcement agencies.
Specific Improvement Strategies
Strengthening Operational Units:
• Structural and Functional Restructuring: Revisiting the organizational structure of operational units
in Ukraine to enhance their capability in combating economic crimes, including smuggling. This
includes empowering investigative units with broader functions and integrating operational control
within their mandates.
• Tactical Coordination: Establishing clear protocols for tactical coordination between operational and
investigative units to ensure seamless execution of anti-smuggling operations.
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Corruption Prevention:
• Anti-Corruption Measures: Implementing stringent anti-corruption measures within law
enforcement agencies to prevent the collusion of officers with smugglers. Regular integrity testing and
lifestyle audits can deter corruption.
• Whistleblower Protection: Creating robust whistleblower protection programs to encourage reporting
of corrupt activities within law enforcement and customs agencies.
Community Engagement:
• Public-Private Partnerships: Engaging with private sector stakeholders (e.g., logistics companies,
retailers) to develop collaborative strategies for identifying and reporting suspicious activities related
to excise goods.
• Public Information Campaigns: Launching public information campaigns to educate consumers
about the risks associated with buying smuggled goods and the legal consequences of involvement in
smuggling activities.
The findings of this study highlight the need for a multifaceted approach to counter excise smuggling,
combining legislative enhancements, operational improvements, and community engagement. By
addressing the identified limitations and implementing the suggested strategies, both Ukraine and Poland
can strengthen their efforts to combat illegal activities in the circulation of excise goods.
Conclusions
Based on the research questions and objectives outlined in the introduction, the following conclusions can
be drawn from the study:
Operational and Investigative Activity as a Central Strategy: The research confirms that operational
and investigative activity plays a pivotal role in combating illegal activities in the sphere of excise goods
circulation in both Ukraine and Poland. In Ukraine, this is primarily manifested through controlled
procurement as a form of covert investigative (search) action, while in Poland, it is executed through
operative intelligence activities. This structural and functional approach underscores the importance of such
activities in effectively countering these offenses.
Organizational Differences and Functional Assignments: The study reveals a significant organizational
difference between Ukraine and Poland. In Ukraine, the responsibility for countering illegal activities
related to excise goods is predominantly assigned to investigators, which appears unjustifiable given the
complexity and specialized nature of these offenses. In contrast, Poland assigns these functions to
operational (police) units, which are better equipped to handle operative intelligence activities and other
related tasks, such as monitoring compliance with customs legislation and conducting strategic criminal
analysis. This distinction highlights a potential area for improvement in Ukraine's approach.
Systematic and Planned Activities over Single Acts: The research emphasizes that control over the
commission of a crime should be viewed as a systematic and planned activity rather than a series of isolated
investigative (search) actions. This systematic approach involves coordinated efforts by various law
enforcement entities, thereby enhancing the effectiveness and comprehensiveness of countermeasures
against illegal activities involving excise goods.
Material Objects as Controlled Procurement Targets: The study identifies that the objects of controlled
procurement in combating crimes related to the illegal sale of excise goods are material objects, which can
be classified based on the mode of circulation. These include items and substances whose sale is either
restricted or prohibited. This classification is crucial for tailoring specific tactical approaches to different
types of excise goods.
Comprehensive Tactical Tasks: Controlled procurement encompasses a wide range of tactical tasks
essential for combating the illegal sale of excise goods. These tasks extend beyond the mere detection and
apprehension of individuals involved in such activities. They include the identification of illegal
manufacturing, storage, and transportation channels, the seizure of illicit goods, the withdrawal of
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criminally acquired funds, and the thorough documentation and recording of evidentiary information. This
comprehensive approach ensures that all aspects of the illegal activities are addressed.
Policy and Practice Implications
Reassignment of Functions in Ukraine: The findings suggest that Ukraine should consider reassigning
the function of combating illegal excise goods activities from investigators to operational units. This shift
would align Ukraine's practices with those of Poland, potentially leading to more specialized and effective
countermeasures.
Enhancing Systematic Planning: Both Ukraine and Poland should emphasize the importance of
systematic and planned activities over isolated actions. This involves better coordination among various
law enforcement agencies and the integration of diverse tactical approaches to ensure a holistic strategy in
combating illegal excise goods activities.
Expanding Controlled Procurement Tasks: Law enforcement agencies should broaden the scope of
controlled procurement tasks to include not only the detection and detention of individuals but also the
dismantling of entire networks involved in the illegal manufacture, storage, sale, and transportation of
excise goods. This comprehensive approach will help in addressing the root causes and broader mechanisms
of such illegal activities.
Training and Capacity Building: There is a need for enhanced training and capacity building for law
enforcement personnel involved in combating illegal excise goods activities. This includes specialized
training in operative intelligence activities, strategic criminal analysis, and the use of advanced
technological tools for monitoring and control.
Future Research Directions
Further scientific research should focus on evaluating the effectiveness of the measures and policies
implemented to combat smuggling in Ukraine and Poland. This includes assessing the impact of reassigning
functions to operational units, the efficiency of systematic and planned activities, and the overall
effectiveness of controlled procurement tasks in disrupting illegal excise goods networks. Such research
will provide valuable insights for continuous improvement in policies and practices aimed at combating
illegal activities in the excise goods sector.
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