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DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2024.76.04.25

How to Cite:

Nikolenko, K., Romaniuk, L., Luno, P., Barbash, M., & Kornisheva, T. (2024). The role of art in the social integration of refugees

in multicultural societies. Amazonia Investiga, 13(76), 308-322. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2024.76.04.25

The role of art in the social integration of refugees in multicultural

societies

O papel da arte na integração social dos refugiados em sociedades multiculturais

Received: March 20, 2024 Accepted: April 26, 2024

Written by:

Kseniia Nikolenko1

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2091-7823

Lesia Romaniuk2

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0206-7420

Petro Luno3

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8182-4014

Marina Barbash4

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2784-5030

Tetiana Kornisheva5

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1170-077X

Abstract

This study aim was to focuses on the interaction

of cultural and social factors in a multicultural

society, with a particular emphasis on the role of

art in promoting social integration. Through the

analysis of social reality and the study of the

socio-structural function of art, this research

explores the challenges faced by different

cultural groups in adapting to a diverse society.

This study focuses on the interaction of cultural

and social factors in multicultural societies, with

a particular emphasis on the role of art in

promoting social integration. By analyzing social

reality and the socio-structural function of art,

this research explores the challenges faced by

different cultural groups, especially refugees, in

adapting to a diverse society. The methodology

employed in this work involved studying the

problems of ethnic mosaic and

multicommunitarianism, developing projects for

multinational classes, and enhancing

interpersonal skills for teachers working with

refugees, with the help of a deep literature review

from SCOPUS, Google scholar and Research

Resumo

O objetivo deste estudo foi focar na interação de

fatores culturais e sociais em uma sociedade

multicultural, com ênfase no papel da arte na

promoção da integração social. Através da análise

da realidade social e do estudo da função sócio-

estrutural da arte, esta pesquisa explora os desafios

enfrentados por diferentes grupos culturais na

adaptação a uma sociedade diversificada. Este

estudo centra-se na interação de factores culturais

e sociais em sociedades multiculturais, com uma

ênfase particular no papel da arte na promoção da

integração social. Ao analisar a realidade social e a

função socio-estrutural da arte, esta investigação

explora os desafios enfrentados por diferentes

grupos culturais, especialmente os refugiados, na

adaptação a uma sociedade diversificada. A

metodologia empregada neste trabalho envolveu

estudar os problemas do mosaico étnico e do

multicommunitarismo, desenvolvendo projetos

para aulas multinacionais e aprimorando

habilidades interpessoais para professores que

trabalham com refugiados, com a ajuda de uma

revisão bibliográfica profunda das bases de dados

Donetsk State University of Internal Affairs, Kryvyy Rih, Ukraine. WoS Researcher ID: ABA-6407-2021

Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine. WoS Researcher ID: ITT-5419-2023

Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine. WoS Researcher ID: KEH-0536-2024

Chernihiv Polytechnic National University, Chernihiv, Ukraine. WoS Researcher ID: F-4729-2016

Kherson State University, Kherson, Ukraine. WoS Researcher ID: AAH-2678-2019

Nikolenko, K., Romaniuk, L., Luno, P., Barbash, M., Kornisheva, T. / Volume 13 - Issue 76: 308-322 / April, 2024

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Gate data bases. The results indicate that the

formation of different identities within

multicultural communities poses challenges to

successful integration. The scientific novelty of

this study lies in emphasizing the importance of

art as a tool for assimilation and integration in a

multicultural environment. By providing a

platform for self-expression and resilience-

building for young refugees, artistic practices

play a crucial role in fostering mutual

understanding and tolerance among diverse

cultural groups. In conclusion, this research

underscores the significance of promoting

positive changes in multicultural societies

through art and highlights the need for continued

exploration of strategies that support the

integration and coexistence of diverse cultures.

Keywords: Intercultural interaction, Social

integration, Cultural diversification, Art

globalization, Identity.

SCOPUS, Google Scholar e Research Gate. Os

resultados indicam que a formação de identidades

diferentes dentro de comunidades multiculturais

representa desafios para a integração bem-

sucedida. A novidade científica deste estudo reside

em enfatizar a importância da arte como uma

ferramenta de assimilação e integração em um

ambiente multicultural. Ao fornecer uma

plataforma para a autoexpressão e construção de

resiliência para jovens refugiados, práticas

artísticas desempenham um papel crucial na

promoção da compreensão mútua e tolerância

entre diversos grupos culturais. Em conclusão, esta

pesquisa destaca a importância de promover

mudanças positivas em sociedades multiculturais

através da arte e destaca a necessidade de explorar

continuamente estratégias que apoiem a integração

e coexistência de culturas diversas.

Palavras-chave: Interação intercultural.

Integração social. Diversificação cultural.

Globalização da arte. Identidade.

Introduction

It is imperative to outline the primary focus of the

study and the authors' scientific viewpoint. The

study aimed to shed light on the impact of

multiculturalism on children and adolescents

forced to flee war, particularly in terms of their

adaptation and integration into new societies

through the use of art. This group represents a

diverse range of ethnic backgrounds and needs,

presenting a complex challenge for society to

address. The research aims to address gaps in

support currently available to these young

individuals, including resources for adaptation,

knowledge on the potential of art in integration,

and the consideration of ethno-cultural diversity

in educational settings. This analysis aims to

deepen our understanding of multiculturalism

and the role of culture in the integration of

refugee children.

One of the most important characteristics of our

time is the crisis of culture, which manifests itself

in the hypertrophic production of content, which

prevents individuals from forming a subjective

culture. Today, however, the issue of culture is

different. In the context of the war in Ukraine and

the phenomena of migration, modern societies

are moving towards creating a world where a set

of reference cultures is being formed. In this

paper, this issue is considered in the context of a

broader discussion of “multiculturalism”.

Children and adolescents who have been forced

to flee war are undergoing significant

transformations, living in extremely unstable

conditions, unable to read and write, and unable

to learn the language of the host country. They

are completely defenceless and find themselves

in a difficult situation. They have not yet lost

their own self-identity, but they are confronted

with a new culture.

The paper examines the social dynamics of

multiculturalism through the use of art to aid in

the integration of refugee children from Ukraine

into host societies. These children come from

diverse ethnic backgrounds and have unique

needs, making their integration a complex

process that requires coordinated efforts across

all sectors of society. By exploring the concept of

multiculturalism and defining culture

scientifically, the paper aims to address gaps in

current support for immigrant youth in Ukraine.

These include a lack of resources for adaptation,

a lack of understanding of the potential of art in

integration, and the challenge of accommodating

ethno-cultural diversity in educational settings

for refugee children.

The primary focus of this study is to investigate

the impact of multiculturalism on children and

adolescents who have been forced to flee war,

with a particular emphasis on their adaptation

and integration into new societies through the use

of art. This group represents a diverse range of

ethnic backgrounds and needs, presenting a

complex challenge for society to address. The

research aims to shed light on gaps in support

currently available to these young individuals,

including resources for adaptation, knowledge on

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the potential of art in integration, and the

consideration of ethno-cultural diversity in

educational settings.

The literature review examined previous research

on the role of art in social integration.

The methodology section described the

qualitative approach and data collection methods

used in this study. To assess social integration,

the study used the following indicators:

engagement levels and frequency of participation

in local art-related events and communal

activities, the number and strength of

interpersonal connections formed through art

activities, how participants express and maintain

their cultural identities through art.

The results section presented the key findings of

the study and their discussion. In the discussion,

the findings were interpreted in the context of the

broader literature. This section analysed related

the study's findings to existing research on art

and social integration. The conclusion

summarised the main points of the study and

underscored the significance of promoting

positive changes in multicultural societies

through art.

Theoretical framework and literature review

The transformation of modern societies is testing

the meaning of concepts that attempt to

understand their complexity. This poses new

challenges to sociology and triggers public

debate. The stability of political institutions in

modern societies in the fight against the risks

arising from the uncontrolled evolution of

cultural pluralism is the subject of numerous

scientific works. Thus, the problem of the

normative foundations of societies, in particular

the issue of “reference cultures”, is becoming

increasingly relevant.

According to the findings of Lengel, Mechehoud,

& Newsom (2022), there is a rise in modes of

association in various spheres of society that

question the possibility of a common normative

orientation. This has led to discussions about

“transnormative” processes of association in the

social sciences (Dodu-Savca & Ernu, 2022). The

creation of a common normative framework

often encounters limitations, especially when it is

based on ethical, political or religious values, i.e.

on a common cultural heritage. However, the

institutional structure of society is better

preserved than social theory suggests, which

points to problematic aspects of legitimation

procedures. These procedures are based on

“intercultural modalities” of consensus (Fuchs &

Von Scheve, 2023), and contexts of legal validity

are established despite the absence of shared

cultural value.

Sociology's theoretical orientation towards

biological metaphors can be based on the

observation that living systems are composed of

dynamic rather than static structures. Living

organisms ensure their autonomy, autonomy,

regulation, and repair through the rhythmic

implementation of their structural characteristics

necessary for survival (Go, 2023). Instead of the

mechanical idea that social structures are

immutable after the process of

institutionalisation and socialisation, we need to

consider their constant renewal in the context of

everyday action. Thus, transnormative forms of

association that emerge in routine, legal norms

and power relations become the main object of

sociological analysis (Ritzer & Stepnisky, 2021).

With the development of complex societies, the

fragmentation of culture has become a more

relevant topic for discussion. We try to use

political semantics to reduce the impact of new

social phenomena on this process. The topic of

migration is pivotal in these discussions and

bears significant consequences. It's noteworthy

that immigration emerged as a defining feature of

developed societies during the latter half of the

19th century (Favell, 2022).

The conditions of war in Ukraine today are

leading to an increase in the size of the migration

problem, which is becoming more urgent than

ever before (Senchylo-Tatlilioglu et al., 2023).

This situation raises the concern that the most

developed countries are forced to adapt to a new

global order where their leadership position may

be in question. It also raises concerns about

foreigners staying on their territory (Carling &

Collins, 2018). On the other hand, modern

societies are undergoing an evolution where

minorities, whether ethnic or not, are actively

maintaining their identity and cultural diversity.

This process represents one of the main

challenges in the development of

multiculturalism. According to Ramos, Pereira &

Vala (2020), analyses of the implementation of

multiculturalism, as sometimes happens in public

debates, are complex. There are different models

of “cultural diversity” that are worth considering

understanding this concept. For example, a

distinction is made between “multinational” and

“polyethnic” states. In the case of Europe, it still

faces a limited migration flow, as indigenous

groups remain in the countries in large numbers.

Despite some resentment, the former colonial

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powers maintained policies that provided

migrants with comprehensive assistance, beyond

language courses. Recent developments,

however, have been characterised by the

phenomenon of forced migration, which is

usually accompanied by a lack of proven

language skills. In this respect, the cases of

Germany and Italy are striking in the exemplary

value of their opposition (Dancygier & Margalit,

2019).

According to Botvyn., Aleksandrova., Krymets.,

Dobrovolska., & Rudenko (2022), ethnic groups

have a structurally weaker status than national

minorities because they are not linked to a

specific territory that they have occupied for a

long time. They participate in the political

institutions of the dominant culture and speak its

language. Therefore, they should not be

considered as “nations” because, while opposing

assimilation, they do not demand the creation of

a parallel society, as national ethnic minorities

do. They are, according to Mosendz, Filimonova-

Zlatohurska, Pankiv, Bannikova, & Vlasiuk

(2022), loosely united subcultures that speak an

indigenous language while being characterised

by different ethnicities. Finally, there are groups

that straddle the line between ethnic minority and

nationality, such as the “Latino community” in

the United States (Lin, 2024). However, this

denomination is more of a statistical category

than a structured ethnic reality, given its

fragmentation into different groups.

Following the observation of Dobrolyubska,

Semko, Tytar, Yuhan, & Byedakova (2024),

scholars are gradually abandoning the one-

dimensional concept of multiculturalism, which

is ambiguous, and introducing the difference

between “multinationality” and “polyethnicity”.

The idea of multiculturalism is actually

associated with the image of the complete

disintegration of the entire indigenous culture,

which does not correspond to the current reality,

where “multicultural societies” are in maximum

contact with the conditions of polyethnicity.

framework of the dominant national institutions

of the indigenous population.

Therefore, analytically, the paper can consider

the internal differentiation of culture or use this

word to refer to the sum of cultural aspects

common to a society. Clarifying the meaning of

the concept of culture and the role it plays in the

integration of modern societies is one of the main

objectives of the present work. It is in this

perspective that such a sociological theory of

culture can make a significant contribution.

The changing landscape of modern societies is

challenging traditional concepts and sparking

important debates within sociology. The

exploration of how political institutions navigate

the complexities of cultural pluralism in today's

multicultural society is gaining increasing

interest in academic research. Understanding the

concept of "reference cultures" and normative

foundations within societies is a pivotal area of

investigation.

Recent studies suggest that various modes of

association in society are challenging the idea of

a common normative orientation (Chifor, 2023).

This has led to discussions about

"transnormative" processes of association in

social sciences (Corey, 2023). Despite the

limitations faced in creating a common

normative framework based on shared cultural

heritage, societal institutions continue to uphold

their structures through intercultural consensus.

As state Di Sabatino & Mastrantoni (2022)

sociology's approach to society as dynamic living

systems, rather than static entities, sheds light on

the constant renewal of social structures through

everyday actions. The emergence of

transnormative forms of association, legal norms,

and power dynamics are central to sociological

analysis in modern society.

The fragmentation of culture and the impact of

migration according to Dorren (2024) are

pressing issues in contemporary discussions. The

current conditions in Ukraine highlight the

urgent nature of migration challenges faced by

developed countries, raising concerns about their

leadership roles. The evolution of modern

societies towards embracing cultural diversity,

while grappling with the complexities of

multiculturalism, presents a significant

challenge.

Ethnic groups and national minorities play

distinct roles in society, with varying levels of

integration and political participation. The

concept of "multicultural societies" and the

distinctions between "multinational" and

"polyethnic" states are crucial for understanding

cultural diversity in different contexts. The

nuances of ethnic identities, national minorities,

and forced migration underscore the

complexities of multiculturalism and integration

policies.

It is important to move beyond one-dimensional

notions of multiculturalism and explore the

concepts of "multinationality" and

"polyethnicity" to better understand the

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integration of diverse cultures within dominant

national institutions. Clarifying the role of

culture in modern societies and its implications

for social integration is a key focus of ongoing

sociological research.

Previous studies have focused on the challenges

posed by cultural pluralism and the need for a

common normative framework in modern

societies. These studies have highlighted the

limitations of relying on shared cultural values

for normative foundations and have explored

alternative forms of consensus building based on

intercultural modalities. The focus has shifted

towards understanding the dynamic nature of

social structures and the constant renewal of

norms and power relations in everyday actions.

The present study built upon these findings by

delving deeper into the concept of

transnormative processes of association and their

impact on the stability of political institutions. By

examining how these transnormative forms of

association manifest in routine interactions, legal

norms, and power relations, the study aimed to

provide a more nuanced understanding of the

normative foundations of societies in the face of

cultural pluralism.

The literature review has informed the design and

implementation of the study by highlighting the

need to move beyond static conceptions of social

structures and focus on their dynamic nature. By

drawing on biological metaphors and

emphasizing the rhythmic implementation of

structural characteristics necessary for survival,

the study seeks to capture the fluidity and

adaptability of social norms and power relations

in modern societies.

In summary, the present study addressed the gaps

in previous research by focusing on

transnormative forms of association and their

implications for the stability of political

institutions. By building upon existing literature

and theory, the study aims to provide a deeper

understanding of the normative foundations of

societies in the context of cultural pluralism and

ongoing societal transformation.

Research design and methods

General Background

This research aimed to analyse the

sociostructural functions of art in the era of

multiculturalism, focusing on the impact of arts

projects on the adaptation and integration of

young people from different cultures and

societies. The research drew upon an

examination of relevant scientific literature

encompassing cultural and social theories, aimed

at comprehending the intricacies inherent in the

discourse surrounding multiculturalism.

Study Design

The study design involved a qualitative

approach, utilising tools from cultural theory to

analyse the social reality underlying the

multiculturalism debate. The research also

examined the problems associated with different

typologies of multiethnic societies and the

challenges of social integration faced by

individuals in contemporary global societies. In

the data analysis process, thematic analysis was

used to code and categorize the data collected

from interviews and literature review. Themes

such as the role of arts in social integration,

challenges faced in multicultural classrooms, and

the impact of educators' support on young

people's adaptation were identified and analysed.

Data Collection

The data collection methods encompassed a

comprehensive review of scholarly literature on

cultural theory, primary texts, and secondary

studies sourced from SCOPUS, Google Scholar,

and ResearchGate. Furthermore, the research

incorporated interviews with educators engaged

with Ukrainian refugees, aiming to grasp the

hurdles and achievements of arts initiatives in

fostering adaptation and integration. To ensure

the validity and reliability of the results, data

triangulation was employed by combining

findings from different sources such as literature

review and interviews. Member checking was

also conducted by presenting the findings to

educators for feedback and validation.

Additionally, peer debriefing was used to discuss

and validate the interpretations of the data with

other researchers.

Validated instruments or tools

The study utilised validated instruments in

cultural theory to analyze the impact of arts

projects on social integration and adaptation.

Interviews with educators are conducted using

structured interview guides to gather specific

information on the effectiveness of arts projects

in multicultural classrooms. The study

participants consisted of educators working with

young people from different cultural

backgrounds in multicultural classrooms. A total

of 10 educators were selected based on their

experience and involvement in arts projects

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aimed at facilitating social integration and

adaptation. Participants were primarily aged

between 15-45 years, with a fairly equal

distribution of gender. The educators represented

various ethnicities and cultural backgrounds to

provide diverse perspectives on the impact of arts

projects on social integration.

Data Analysis

The data analysis relied on the insights garnered

from the literature review, interviews with

educators, and examination of cultural and social

theories. The study highlights the importance of

arts in facilitating the adaptation and integration

of young people from different cultures and

societies. The analysis also emphasizes the

significance of educators' interpersonal skills in

working with young people from diverse

backgrounds.

In essence, the research methodology integrated

social theory and cultural theory to furnish a

holistic comprehension of the role of arts within

multicultural societies. The study emphasizes the

importance of developing meaningful

relationships with young people from different

cultures and promoting creative spaces for self-

expression. The research design combined

qualitative methods with a focus on cultural and

social theories to provide an in-depth analysis of

the sociostructural functions of art in the era of

multiculturalism. The study highlighted the

importance of arts in promoting social

integration and adaptation among young people

from diverse cultures and societies, emphasizing

the role of educators in facilitating this process.

Results

Culture and art as drivers of socio-structural

integration

Culture is an important function for social

inclusion through its influence on daily activities.

In complex societies with functional

differentiation, according to Chi & Belliveau

(2022) the economy is recognized as a sphere of

value or a social system, rather than the

“foundation” of society. Given the processes of

cultural fragmentation due to massive processes

of refugee and emigration, the task of social

integration becomes the responsibility of

individuals who interact with each other. The

crisis of culture and the rise of multiculturalism

in modern societies pose challenges for

individuals forming subjective cultures in a

content-saturated world. The impact of migration

on culture is shaping our modern societies. Such

an interpretation can delve into the role of culture

as a social institution, providing a reservoir of

tools for achieving social integration. This

perspective emphasizes the dynamic nature of

culture, shaped by historical processes and

societal changes.

As a social institution, “culture” creates a

reservoir of tools for achieving social integration.

Therefore, it can be seen as an anthropological

constant that is formed in the connected lives of

different historical periods due to the “natural

artificiality” of the species. However, the

evolution of modern societies has a significant

impact on cultural dynamics. Hypotheses from

cultural theory are rooted in a critical

examination of this evolution towards social

complexity as consequenses of wars and

migrations (fig. 1):

Figure 1. The world's refugee’s crisis.

Source: “Statista - the statistics portal” (2023)

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In his work, Sydorenko (2024) considers culture

in the context of acculturation of the individual

personality. The objects of experience are

selected from the natural environment and are

subject to the will of the individual. Through

interaction with cultural objects, in particular art,

the individual develops. However, the evolution

of culture also means reification, when its

products become objective “spheres of values”

according to their own logic, which influences

the formation of individuality (table 1):

Table 1.

Stages if the evolution of culture seen through reification

The evolution itself

The evolution of culture begins with the development

of societal norms, beliefs, and practices that are passed

down through generations.

Culture involvement

As culture evolves, these norms and beliefs become

solidified and ingrained in society, leading to the

creation of tangible products such as art, literature,

music, and architecture.

Spheres of values

These products of culture become reified, meaning they

take on a life of their own and become objective

“spheres of values” that influence the way individuals

think, behave, and interact with the world around them.

The impact

This reification of cultural products has a profound

impact on the formation of individuality, as individuals

are shaped and influenced by the values and norms

inherent in their cultural environment.

The reification itself

The progression of culture and the solidification of

cultural artifacts are pivotal in shaping the identities

and behaviors of individuals within a society.

Source: authors own design.

Therefore, culture can only be constituted by

bypassing reified culture. To explain the conflict

between the two lines of modern cultural

progress, science uses opposing concepts:

objective and subjective culture. The social

differentiation of modernity goes beyond the

classical process of acculturation. The

exponential development of objective culture is

not consistent with the evolution of the subjective

culture of individuals. The growth of objective

culture leads to qualitative changes, as the gap in

the depth of its heritage becomes insurmountable

for the formation of subjective culture. This is the

essence of the “conflict of modern culture”.

Thus, the socio-structural task of subjective

culture is to integrate subjects into complex

social systems, providing them with a common

life experience. The conflict between objective

and subjective culture highlights a key tension in

modern societies. Objective culture,

characterized by its exponential development,

poses challenges for individuals in forming

subjective cultural identities. This conflict

underscores the need for a deeper understanding

of how cultural dynamics impact social

integration.

The findings can be linked to the research

questions by exploring how migration influences

cultural dynamics and social integration.

Analyzing the effects of migration on subjective

cultural formation in the context of modern

societies can provide insights into the challenges

and opportunities for individuals interacting in

multicultural environments.

The interplay between cultural and social factors

is intricate. While culture can only be conveyed

through specific manifestations, the proliferation

of objective culture may impede the process of

acculturation. Thus, as state Cahn, Ross, &

Shapshay (2020), the conflict of contemporary

culture stems from the contradiction between the

needs of a society with diverse functions. The

increasing distance between an individual and his

or her living conditions requires an increasing

number of symbolic forms that help preserve the

substantive content of culture. These forms

provide individuals with the means to integrate

into society, but at the same time require them to

combine fragments into a coherent synthesis with

personal meaning. However, this synthesis and

the maintenance of a society with diverse

functions are becoming more difficult due to the

rapid growth of objective culture. Yet, this paper

aimed to examine the conflict between objective

and subjective culture, and address how the

growth of objective culture affects individuals'

integration into complex social systems. This

connection helped in directly answering research

questions regarding the mechanisms through

which culture facilitates social inclusion.

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The study of artistic practices in a multicultural

society is the first stage of diagnosing the crisis

of contemporary culture. Currently, scholars are

expanding on these observations, pointing out

that the complexity of contemporary culture can

hinder its development by closing in a state of

déjà vu or refusing to reproduce forms (Holle et

al., 2021). They believe that the cultural

creativity of a society consists of two currents

that interact with each other, creating a tension

that leads to the evolution and rethinking of

cultural values. Such a consideration of internal

factors, such as individuals' cultural backgrounds

and experiences, provide nuanced insights into

how subjective cultures are formed and

integrated within diverse social contexts. This

exploration helps in understanding the diverse

ways in which individuals navigate cultural

complexities. When delving into the dynamics of

artistic practices within a multicultural society,

investigating the intersections of music and

choreography unveils a rich tapestry of cultural

exchange and expression. Music and

choreography serve as vessels through which

diverse cultural traditions, narratives, and

identities are communicated and celebrated. This

exploration not only sheds light on the artistic

forms themselves but also provides insights into

the social, historical, and political contexts in

which they emerge and evolve. Moreover,

studying the fusion of music and choreography in

multicultural settings offers a deeper

understanding of how communities negotiate

their cultural heritage while embracing new

influences, fostering connections across cultural

boundaries, and promoting dialogue and

understanding (Brannigan et al., 2023: 281). We

agree that sociology should study contemporary

socio-cultural phenomena without

preconceptions about their future development.

Thus, the diagnosis of cultural evolution reflects

the possibilities of the future society.

The investigation into the role of art in

facilitating the adaptation of refugees to new

environments reveals that the cultural crisis can

stem from the heightened cultural stress induced

by migration processes. The analysis of external

factors, including the social and political context,

enables a deeper understanding of the broader

structural forces shaping cultural dynamics and

social integration. By examining how societal

changes, such as wars and migrations, influence

cultural evolution, the research can highlight the

multifaceted nature of cultural adaptation. Thus,

at the present stage, the dynamics of cultural

transformation reflects the expansion of the

Marxist concept of conflicts between cultures,

which calls into question the possibility of

integration and adaptation of refugees into a new

social environment (Favell, 2022).

However, art can be an effective tool to help

refugee children assimilate into a new culture. It

can help them to deal with emotional and

psychological problems that arise from the

difficult experience of migration. The arts can

stimulate creativity and self-expression, facilitate

communication and understanding of the new

environment. Participation in music, dance or

other artistic activities can help refugee children

to connect with peers and other members of their

new society and develop skills of cooperation

and understanding. The arts can also help

children feel more confident and settled in their

new environment.

Thus, the development of artistic practices

among refugee children can help them adapt to a

new culture and facilitate their integration into

the society where they are now.

Art as an assimilation tool for children of

refugees from Ukraine

The use of different art forms for assimilation has

many facets. Its therapeutic potential and ability

to influence personal growth and social change

are based on various concepts developed in

psychology, art therapy and art education, among

other fields. The use of art can vary depending on

the context. Three aspects are considered here:

the use of art as a therapeutic tool, art education

aimed at young people, and the culture of young

people that influences art education.

Potential possibilities of therapeutic art

The benefits of art practice are explored from an

interdisciplinary perspective. The privileged

creative approaches in this field (such as art,

play, fairy tales and puppets) for working with

children and adolescents are based, among other

things, on the theoretical concepts of transitional

space and transitional object developed by the

paediatrician and psychoanalyst Donald

Winnicott (Manolachi, 2021).

The scientist describes the existence of a

transitory space, which is a transitional zone

between external and internal reality. This space

serves as a symbolic function, helping the

individual to separate from the mother and

manage anxiety. The transitory object located in

this space is the first “non-self” for the child, and

he or she uses it to meet his or her needs. This

object helps the child to move to an objective

perception of the world and explore it, gradually

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losing its relevance. Adults will invest this space

through different areas of life, such as religion,

culture and art.

Thus, the hypothesis of the work is that art is an

effective transitional object for the assimilation

of refugee children. The purpose of using artistic

techniques is to help young people from a

migrant background express themselves,

understand their losses and express their

emotions about their migration experience.

Understanding their lives or the consciousness of

what they have experienced (e.g. in the case of

war-related trauma, as in the case of refugees) is

key to ensuring mental health.

The concept of resilience was originally used in

the natural sciences but was later reclaimed in the

social sciences and is defined as “the ability to

develop in the face of incredible hardship”.

According to Mokline & Abdallah (2021),

connection (with a significant other) and

meaning are two necessary components for the

resilience process to begin:

Resilience approaches include the use of

creativity, art therapy and art education. A child

who has experienced trauma can express his or

her emotions and fears through symbolic

drawing or playing with a puppet, which helps to

build a dialogue between external reality and

internal space. Art educators can also develop

educational programmes aimed at supporting and

developing resilience in children, especially in

immigrant communities (Figure 2):

Figure 2. Motanka doll as art therapy for refugee children from Ukraine.

Source: (Motanka, 2012)

Teaching art to young refugees is not only about

providing a safe environment for their creativity,

but it is also a way to help them express

themselves and feel in control of their lives. The

arts can be an important means of

communication and expression for them, helping

them to discover their new surroundings and

gradually integrate into them (Kassan et al.,

2020). It is important to remember that they may

not have any experience with the arts, so it is

important to offer them a variety of opportunities

to create. The arts can stimulate their motivation

and increase their self-esteem through the

pleasure of learning. When they are creating,

they do not feel like they are working, which

makes learning more interesting and engaging

for them (Quintero, 2024). Art practices can also

help them discover new environments and

gradually integrate into them. Additionally,

music and choreography as art therapy

encompasses various aspects such as emotional

expression through musical compositions and

stress relief through listening to music as a

relaxation tool. Music also stimulates creativity

and social interaction through participation in

musical processes and group projects, fostering

the development of cognitive skills and self-

expression for personal growth (Brannigan &

Lawson, 2023: 281).

The educator should keep in mind that some

young people may not have experience with

different mediums and the results may look

awkward. It is important to offer them a variety

of opportunities and mediums so that they can

create on their own.

In addition, art makes mistakes and even

encourages them. They can lead children into

unknown territories. The teacher can use this

aspect to stimulate creative solutions. Although

providing successes to these young people does

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not solve all problems, it is still an important

contribution that is available even with a

language barrier.

The implications of these findings extend to

social policy, emphasizing the importance of

promoting cultural diversity and fostering

inclusive environments. Addressing the

challenges posed by the conflict of modern

culture requires policy interventions that support

individuals in navigating cultural complexities

while preserving the substantive content of

culture.

By integrating the theoretical framework with the

research findings, the current interpretation

offered a nuanced understanding of how culture

influences social integration in modern societies.

Establishing explicit connections to research

questions and exploring both internal and

external factors contribute to a comprehensive

analysis of the implications of cultural dynamics

on social cohesion.

Discussion

To address these challenges and limitations,

further research could focus on exploring the role

of art in promoting intercultural dialogue and

understanding. By studying how artistic practices

can facilitate communication and collaboration

between diverse cultural groups, researchers in

their work identify effective strategies for

promoting cultural integration and cohesion.

For example, the examination of artistic

endeavors in a multicultural setting demands a

thorough exploration of the interplay between

cultural and social elements. Within this

framework, Pinto & Pinto (2022) contend that it's

crucial to acknowledge that multiculturalism

doesn't inherently precipitate a cultural crisis;

instead, it can foster multifaceted identities and

cultural pluralism. Similarly, Barçin (2020), in a

correlated investigation, concludes that

multicultural societies like Canada or Belgium

exemplify how varied cultures can coexist

harmoniously and engage in diverse interactions,

thereby mutually enriching one another.

On the other hand, the crisis of modern culture

can be linked to the hypertrophy of objective

culture, which can make it difficult to synthesise

subjective culture and integrate people into social

relations. According to Brondino & Greaney

(2023), this can create problems for social

integration and contribute to the phenomena of

communitarianism. Thus, it is important to study

not only the external manifestations of culture in

a multicultural society, but also their relationship

with social processes and individual identity.

Moreover, exploring the effects of art education

and cultural programs on social integration could

offer valuable insights into how these endeavors

might mitigate cultural rifts and cultivate a

collective sense of identity. By highlighting the

benefits of cultural exchange and artistic

expression in promoting social cohesion,

researchers can provide valuable evidence to

support the development of policies and

programs that promote multicultural integration

(Brannigan & Lawson, 2023).

As per Akkoyun & Uyar (2020), examining

artistic endeavors in a multicultural society can

present fresh avenues for comprehending the

interplay between cultural and social dimensions,

thereby fostering an appreciation for the diversity

and distinctiveness of various cultures. In his

similar study, the researcher notes that it is

important to realise that multiculturalism does

not threaten cultural identity but can enrich and

strengthen the cultural heritage of society.

Today, as states Bendaş (2023), the process of

forming stereotypical perceptions of others,

which is an important part of sociology, can no

longer provide a sufficient cultural context for

the interaction of “members of the same society”.

As shown in our study, this leads to

fragmentation of social ties, limitation of groups

of different ethnic origins in conditions of limited

identity practices that oppose each other. People

feel the need to change their attitudes towards

globalisation in their everyday activities. War

that threatens lives, economic and social

instability caused by the constant need to adapt

to new challenges of social complexity seems to

be triggering a crisis that will last for centuries.

In this respect, Binder, Borné, Johnsdotter &

Essén (2012). insist that it is important not to

limit the integrative function of culture, to try to

avoid social problems that arise from

confrontation between cultural groups. Other

communities according to Baker & Joselit (2022)

feel the need to strengthen their identity by

celebrating important aspects of their cultural

heritage that may not have been as important in

their original environment. Instead of working

for exchange, cultural barriers between groups

are strengthened on both sides. In this way, we

try to protect ourselves from the social

difficulties that arise from being uncomfortable

with the presence of others in our daily lives.

Furthermore, examining the representation of

diversity and multiculturalism in art and media

can shed light on how stereotypes and biases are

perpetuated and challenged in artistic practices.

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Through a critical examination of how diverse

cultural groups are depicted in artistic creations,

researchers can advance a more nuanced

comprehension of multiculturalism, thereby

fostering increased cultural diversity and

inclusion within artistic endeavors.

A related study by Zabora, Kasianenko,

Pashukova, Alforova, & Shmehelska (2023)

demonstrates that in a multicultural environment,

artistic practices have great potential to

assimilate refugees arriving in new countries. Art

can become a universal language that unites

people regardless of their cultural background.

Through a joint creative process, migrants can

integrate into a new society, opening up new

opportunities for communication and interaction.

Indeed, from the perspective of the presented

work, it can be argued that the presence of

different cultural practices and traditions can

enrich the artistic environment, making it more

diverse and interesting. Art can act as a conduit

connecting disparate segments of society,

fostering mutual comprehension, tolerance, and

collaborative support.

Baca (2023) asserts that art can wield significant

influence in facilitating the integration of

refugees into a novel environment. Through the

joint creative process and interaction between

different cultures, art can contribute to building a

single, united society where each individual can

feel part of the whole.

In modern societies, it is becoming increasingly

difficult to construct images of other people,

which leads to an increase in alienation between

them. The speed of social exchanges increases

the distance between people, and stereotypical

images push them further apart. This leads to

conflicts between different cultural groups

competing for territory and identity (Sofilkanych

et al., 2023). It is worth noting that attempts at

ghettoisation and self-ghettoisation lead to

conflicts between migrants and locals.

Ideological conflicts often assume symbolic

significance, exacerbating societal divisions

along ethnic lines. Such circumstances can

escalate into ethnic conflicts and, in extreme

cases, civil unrest. Efforts to delineate clear

distinctions between "allies and adversaries" can

further polarize society into irreconcilable

factions, hindering cultural integration and

jeopardizing coexistence within a diverse

society.

According to Ramos, Pereira & Vala (2020), in

order to maintain the characteristics of functional

differentiation, complex societies must integrate

beyond the identity of the different communities

that make them up. Socio-structural factors

encourage the unlocking of identity dynamics

and overcoming resistance to communitarianism.

The danger of ethnic civil war can only arise as a

result of a dramatic regression to stratification. In

his study, Favell (2022). explains that by

disrupting the process of social identity

formation between groups in a community, we

can observe a regression to stratification within

ethnic groups, which is detrimental to integration

at the societal level. In this context Abrudan

(2023) states important tensions that arise

between three levels of social integration:

individuals, intermediate groups and society as a

whole. The conflicts that arise have a significant

impact on the social fabric, and even if they do

not lead to open struggle, they remain significant

for the dynamics of multi-ethnic societies.

After mentioning the ethnic mosaic in the context

of multicultural coexistence, it becomes possible

to reveal the concepts of

“multicommunitarianism”. Mutual recognition

between ethnic groups can be the basis for the

effective integration of a multiethnic society,

where each group has its own protected space for

development while preserving its culture.

However, according to Go (2023), this process

may lead to the problem of marginalisation of

migrants who find themselves locked in their

ethnic community. The development of this

problem according to Arnold (2023) may raise

the question of the importance and role of

institutions in modern society.

In this context, the findings of the presented

study illustrate that artistic endeavors hold

significance in facilitating the assimilation of

refugees into a multicultural environment. Art

can serve as a bridge between different ethnic

groups, promoting mutual understanding,

cooperation and exchange of cultural values.

Exhibitions, concerts, theatre performances and

other forms of art create opportunities for people

to express their cultural heritage in a creative

way, interact with others and form new identities.

By participating in art projects, refugees have the

opportunity to discover new forms of expression,

feel part of a new community and find their place

in that community. Through art, they can build

positive relationships with local people, share

their stories and experiences through creativity.

Thus, it can be said that artistic practices play a

key role in the process of assimilation of refugees

in a multicultural environment, promoting their

integration and mutual understanding between

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different ethnic groups. Art allows for the

creation of common ground, preservation of

cultural identity, and the development of new

forms of expression in a single cultural space.

Overall, by conducting research on the role of art

in multicultural integration and addressing the

challenges and limitations of cultural diversity,

researchers can help advance knowledge and

understanding in this important area, ultimately

leading to more effective strategies for

promoting social cohesion and cultural exchange

in multicultural societies.

Conclusion

The overarching conclusion drawn is that

employing cultural theory in the examination of

multicultural societies enhances our

comprehension of the dynamics involved in the

interplay between cultural and social factors. It is

important to avoid simplifying cultural horizons

and create conditions for the integration of

various ethnic groups into society. At the same

time, it is necessary to avoid the trap of

“multicommunitarianism”, where individuals

remain in their own ethnic communities without

the opportunity to integrate into the diversity of

society. An extension of this debate could be to

find ways to promote integration and diversity in

a multicultural society while preserving

individual and cultural identity.

Thus, these findings significantly contributed to

existing knowledge about the role of art in social

integration within multicultural contexts by

applying cultural theory. The study highlighted

the complexity of cultural dynamics and their

interaction with social factors, emphasizing the

need to avoid oversimplification of cultural

horizons. By exploring how individuals from

various ethnic groups interact within

multicultural societies, the research enriched

theoretical understandings of cultural adaptation

and integration processes. One theoretical model

that could be used or adapted in the context of

multicultural societies is the Multicultural

Competence Framework. This framework

emphasizes the importance of developing skills

and knowledge to effectively navigate and work

within diverse cultural environments. By

implementing this framework in educational

institutions, workplaces, and community

settings, individuals can enhance their ability to

understand, respect, and communicate

effectively with people from different cultural

backgrounds.

The results suggest the development of

educational programs that promote multicultural

competence. By incorporating the Multicultural

Competence Framework into curricula, schools

can foster skills and knowledge necessary for

effective intercultural communication and

understanding. Moreover, policy initiatives

should focus on promoting integration and

diversity while preserving individual and cultural

identity. Measures to prevent

"multicommunitarianism" can include policies

that encourage interaction and collaboration

among diverse ethnic groups, fostering a sense of

belonging to the larger societal fabric.

The study has a limitation in generalizing

findings due to a limited sample size and narrow

geographic scope. Future research should aim for

larger and more diverse samples to ensure

broader applicability of results.

There also ere methodological constraints, such

as the use of specific research methods or data

collection techniques, could have influenced the

results. Addressing these limitations through

mixed-method approaches or longitudinal

studies can enhance the validity and reliability of

findings.

Specific areas for further research and policy

development could include: the impact of

multicultural policies and initiatives on social

cohesion and integration within diverse

communities; the effectiveness of cross-cultural

training programs in promoting cultural

competence and reducing cultural stereotypes

and biases; the role of media and popular culture

in shaping perceptions and attitudes towards

multiculturalism and diversity.

Strategies for promoting intercultural dialogue

and understanding among different ethnic groups

within multicultural societies are also of great

importance as well as the development of

inclusive and culturally sensitive healthcare,

education, and social services to meet the needs

of diverse populations.

Future research could as well explore the impact

of multicultural policies and initiatives on social

cohesion and integration within diverse

communities. Investigating the effectiveness of

specific policy interventions can provide insights

into strategies for promoting inclusive societies.

Further studies can evaluate the effectiveness of

cross-cultural training programs in promoting

cultural competence and reducing stereotypes

and biases. Understanding how individuals

acquire and apply intercultural skills can inform

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the development of more tailored training

approaches.

Finally, investigating the development of

inclusive and culturally sensitive healthcare,

education, and social services is vital.

Understanding the unique needs and experiences

of diverse populations can guide the design of

more responsive and equitable service delivery

systems.

This study offered valuable insights into the

theoretical and practical dimensions of social

integration in multicultural societies. By

addressing limitations and proposing future

research directions, the study lays the

groundwork for continued exploration of the

complex dynamics of cultural diversity and

social cohesion.

Acknowledgment and conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of

interest with respect to the research, authorship,

and/or publication of this article.

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