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DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2024.76.04.12
How to Cite:
Aldosari, M. (2024). Enhancing spatial accessibility of tourist spots in Al Kharj city through space syntax analysis. Amazonia
Investiga, 13(76), 141-156. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2024.76.04.12
Enhancing spatial accessibility of tourist spots in Al Kharj city through
space syntax analysis
Received: March 1, 2024 Accepted: April 23, 2024
Written by:
Mubarak Aldosari1
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9120-2940
Abstract
The tourism industry plays a pivotal role in the
economic growth and cultural enrichment of
cities. Urban regeneration has been considered as
a key focus of urban tourism development. This
study investigates the application of space syntax
as an analytical and design tool in urban
regeneration efforts, specifically focusing on Al
Kharj City, Saudi Arabia, as a burgeoning tourist
destination. The research aims to enhance the
spatial accessibility of tourist spots in Al Kharj
through space syntax analysis, addressing existing
gaps in understanding and optimizing accessibility
within the city. By integrating space syntax
analysis into urban planning processes, this study
seeks to inform stakeholders about the importance
of spatial accessibility in enhancing the visitors’
experience and fostering sustainable urban
development. Through a multi-scale approach and
advanced analytical techniques, the study provides
insights into the complex relationships between
spatial structures, economic activities, and
functional distributions, offering
recommendations for improving accessibility and
optimizing the spatial distribution of tourist
services in Al Kharj. Integrating spatial analysis
into urban planning, enhancing connectivity and
integration, promoting community involvement,
addressing spatial disparities, and implementing
evidence-based interventions could result in a
more accessible and inclusive urban environment
for the enhancement of urban tourism.
Keywords: Tourist Spots, Spatial Accessibility,
Space Syntax analysis, Al Kharj City, Saudi
Arabia.
:
1
Prof., Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Education in Alkharj, Saudi Arabia. The authors extend their appreciation
to Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University for funding this research work through the project number (PSAU/2024/01/28311).
WoS Researcher ID: AGZ-7218-2022
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Introduction
The tourism industry is a significant driver of
economic growth and cultural exchange,
contributing to the development of cities
worldwide. Within the realm of urban tourism,
urban regeneration has emerged as a prominent
focus of numerous urban development projects.
This study explores the utilization of space
syntax theory as both an analytical and design
tool in the context of urban regeneration
efforts.Al Kharj, a rapidly growing city in Saudi
Arabia, is poised to become a prominent tourist
destination due to its historical significance,
cultural heritage, and natural attractions.
However, the spatial organization and
accessibility of tourist spots within the city need
to be critically examined to optimize the visitor
experience. This research proposal aims to
investigate and enhance the spatial accessibility
of tourist spots in Al Kharj City through the
application of Space Syntax analysis.
The tourism industry in Al Kharj City, Saudi
Arabia, is experiencing significant growth and
development. However, the spatial accessibility
of tourist spots within the city has not been
thoroughly analyzed, potentially leading to
suboptimal visitor experiences and limited
economic benefits. Existing research has
explored the use of GIS and in assessing spatial
accessibility in various urban contexts, including
tourist destinations (Abdelkarim et al., 2022;
Alawer, 2018). Moreover, research has also
explored the factors influencing shopping malls
attractiveness and their impact on shoppers'
satisfaction in Saudi Arabia (Al-Medabesh &
Ali, 2016). To fill the gap in understanding
tourist spot accessibility in Al Kharj City, this
study proposes the use of Space Syntax analysis.
This tool will allow for a comprehensive
assessment of the spatial distribution and
organization of tourist spots, as well as
identifying accessibility patterns (Shvets et al.,
2015). By analyzing the connectivity, integration,
and mean depth of spaces, this research aims to
provide valuable insights into the current spatial
layout configuration and user behavior within
these tourist spots. The findings of this study will
not only contribute to the knowledge and
understanding of tourist spot accessibility in Al
Kharj City but also provide practical
recommendations for optimizing accessibility
and enhancing the overall visitor experience.
Moreover, the research aims to inform urban
planners, local authorities, and tourism agencies
about the importance of considering spatial
accessibility in their development plans and
strategies. By integrating space syntax analysis
into the planning and design process, these
stakeholders can identify potential barriers to
accessibility and implement measures to improve
connectivity between tourist spots.
Urban tourism and its related elements constitute
a burgeoning field of study, with researchers
such as Ashworth & Page (2011) and Miller,
Merrilees, & Coghlan (2015) shedding light on
its complexities. Policy makers, researchers, and
practitioners are increasingly striving to gain a
deeper understanding of tourism within urban
areas (Edwards, Griffin, & Hayllar, 2008). Urban
tourism emerged as a distinct and significant
research area in the 1990s, following earlier
studies in the 1960s which were limited in scope
(Pearce, 2001). Lapko (2014) notes its pivotal
role as a primary function of cities, particularly
evident in the appeal of city centers to both
international and local visitors.
City centers, with their diverse attractions and
focused locations, offer unique opportunities for
visitors seeking social or institutional
engagements, whether for business, leisure, or
personal reasons (Vandermey, 1984). The
potential of urban tourism to facilitate
connections between people, cultures, and
consumption experiences fosters an exciting
exploration for visitors (Edwards, Griffin, &
Hayllar, 2008).
Originating in Britain as resort morphology, the
study delves into the relationship between urban
tourism and urban morphology, as proposed by
Gilbert (1949) and expanded upon by Ashworth
(1989). Ashworth outlined four approaches to
understanding urban tourism, emphasizing
spatial analysis, ecological considerations, user
perspectives, and policy implications. Gospodini
(2001) explored how urban morphology,
encompassing spatial and formal patterns,
influences urban tourism. Despite some
documentation of spatial aspects in urban
tourism literature, there remains a dearth of
studies examining the relationship between urban
tourism and the spatial and formal dimensions of
urban environments—urban space
morphology—particularly in research since 2001.
This study aims to analyze the existing spatial
structure of Al Kharj City, KSA for the
enhancement of spatial accessibility of tourist
spots through space syntax analysis, addressing
existing gaps in understanding and optimizing
accessibility. The Specific objectives include:
Aldosari, M. / Volume 13 - Issue 76: 141-156 / April, 2024
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− To assess the spatial distribution of tourist
spots in Al Kharj City.
− To analyze the spatial configuration and
organization of tourist spots in Al Kharj City
using Space Syntax methodology.
− To identify spatial patterns and connections
that influence the accessibility of tourist
destinations.
− To identify potential barriers or challenges
affecting spatial accessibility.
− To propose recommendations for optimizing
the spatial organization to improve tourist
spot accessibility in Al Kharj City.
Literature Review
Tourism has emerged as a significant contributor
to economic growth, cultural exchange, and
social development globally (Telfer & Sharpley,
2015). As cities strive to leverage their tourism
potential, understanding the spatial accessibility
of tourist destinations becomes crucial for
sustainable development and effective planning
(Della et al., 2017). The tourism industry has
gained increasing attention due to its potential to
stimulate economic growth, generate
employment opportunities, and foster cultural
exchange. Numerous studies have highlighted
the positive impact of tourism on local
economies (Dwyer et al., 2019). In rapidly
developing cities like Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia,
tourism serves as a catalyst for economic
diversification and urban development
(Sharpley, 2002). Consequently, understanding
the spatial distribution and accessibility of tourist
spots is crucial for optimizing tourism-related
infrastructure and enhancing the visitor
experience.
Spatial accessibility refers to the ease with which
individuals can reach various destinations within
a geographical area. In the context of tourism,
spatial accessibility plays a critical role in
determining the attractiveness and
competitiveness of destinations (Li et al., 2019).
Studies have shown that improving spatial
accessibility to tourist attractions can increase
visitor numbers, prolong stay durations, and
enhance overall satisfaction (Mohammed et al,
2024; Mao et al., 2021). Therefore, assessing and
enhancing spatial accessibility have become key
priorities for destination management
organizations and urban planners.
Since the mid-1980s, tourism has increasingly
become a significant aspect of urban economies,
often playing a central role in urban regeneration
projects (Hall & Page, 2009). Owens (2008)
examines the role of tourism in urban
regeneration through case studies, highlighting
its potential to drive fundamental changes in
urban areas undergoing transition. Urban
regeneration, particularly in relation to tourism,
has been a focus of research, with urban tourism
research identifying urban regeneration as a
primary sub-theme (Ashworth & Page, 2011).
City morphology and accessibility are crucial
factors in urban tourism (Gospodini, 2001; Safari
& Moridani, 2017), with accessibility deemed
essential for tourists (Toth & David, 2010).
Wayfinding, defined as purposeful movement to
a specific destination, is another key
consideration for urban visitors (Golledge, 1999).
Various urban theories have been proposed to
assist urban tourism and regeneration, including
the analytical method theory (Collins et al., 2006;
Welter & Whyte, 2003). Space syntax, a
methodology proposed for urban design, offers
an analytical framework connecting urban space
with people's behavior and addressing
accessibility and wayfinding concerns (Karimi,
2016). Studies have shown that space syntax can
influence people's behavior and wayfinding in
urban spaces (Hillier, 2007; Dalton, 2003),
making it a valuable tool for improving urban
tourism accessibility. Liu et al., (2018), found
that the distribution of scenic spots has a
significant impact on tourist flow and visitors’
choices of entrance to the mountain; the volume
of online sign-ins is highly correlated with
landscape attention, axial control values and the
local integration value of the trails.
Space Syntax analysis offers a theoretical
framework and analytical tools for understanding
the spatial configuration of urban environments
(Hillier & Hanson, 1989). By examining the
connectivity and integration of streets and spaces,
Space Syntax analysis helps identify spatial
hierarchies, patterns of movement, and points of
attraction within cities (Penn et al., 1998). In the
context of tourism, Space Syntax analysis can
provide valuable insights into the accessibility
and visibility of tourist destinations (Giseop et al.,
2019). By assessing the spatial layout and
connectivity of urban spaces, Space Syntax
analysis informs decision-making processes
aimed at enhancing the pedestrian experience
and optimizing urban design.
In rapidly developing countries like, Malaysia
(Safari et al., 2018; Safari & Moridani, 2017;
Mansouri & Ujang, 2017), India (Chakravarty,
2023), China (Qin et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2022;
Zuo et al., 2021; Li, et al., 2016), UAE (Kubat, et
al., 2012) and Qatar (Mansour et al., 2022;
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Tannous et al., 2021); space syntax tools and
methodologies are being used for the
understanding and enhancement of tourism.
There remains a dearth of research, particularly
in the context of rapidly developing cities such as
Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia about the application of
space syntax and tourism.
The literature review emphasizes that tourism is
crucial for global economic growth, cultural
exchange, and social development.
Understanding the spatial accessibility of tourist
destinations is vital for sustainable development
and strategic planning. Tourism significantly
stimulates economic growth, creates jobs, and
promotes cultural exchange, especially in rapidly
developing cities like Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia,
where it aids economic diversification and urban
development. Enhancing spatial accessibility,
which influences the attractiveness and
competitiveness of tourist spots, is essential for
optimizing tourism infrastructure and improving
visitor experiences. Research shows that better
spatial accessibility increases visitor numbers,
extends stays, and improves satisfaction. Urban
regeneration, often driven by tourism, has been a
key research area, focusing on how urban
morphology and accessibility affect tourism.
Space Syntax analysis, which studies urban space
connectivity and integration, offers insights into
urban design and tourism accessibility. However,
there's limited research on applying Space
Syntax in cities like Al Kharj to boost tourism
development.
Fig. 1. Map of the study area, Al Kharj KSA.
Source: Google map
Materials and Methods
This research is based on case studies and
combined strategies method. The Map Al Kharj,
KSA with immediate surroundings was analyzed
through depthmapX, space syntax software. The
measures of integration, step depth, choice, and
connectivity values were calculated. In an urban
layout, an axial line surrounds every block and
every street node is considered an intersection of
an axial line. Therefore, the axial configuration is
regarded as an objective record of the urban grid
structure. The most significant measure of an
axial map is integration, which measures how
deep each location is to all others. Well-
integrated locations are colored red, while the
poorly integrated ones are blue.
The theory of natural movement (Hillier et al.,
1993), states that integrated spaces play a
significant role in the urban environment. These
integrated spaces are not only frequently used or
visited but also better known because of their
suitable location within the people's daily
movement pattern (Ståhle, 2005). The integration
values are ranked from most integrated to
segregated to indicate how easily one can reach a
specific street or a line on the axial map. The
number of alternative visible routes a public
space offers from one point to another is defined
as the permeability of that space (Alcock, 1987).
The choice value (global measure) and
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connectivity (local measure) of each link
determine the entry points for stability between
the city-wide and local scale accessibility.
Study Area and tourist attractions:
Al Kharj, situated within the Riyadh Province in
the heart of Saudi Arabia, stands as a testament
to the nation's rich heritage, blending agricultural
prowess with a significant military presence.
Historically, this region has served as a vital
waypoint owing to its strategic location and
ample water resources, offering respite to traders
and travelers traversing its arid landscapes.
In modern times, Al Kharj has evolved into a hub
of agricultural innovation, boasting expansive
farms and flourishing date palm plantations. Its
fertile soils, coupled with favorable climatic
conditions, provide an ideal environment for
cultivating a variety of crops, from succulent
dates to nutritious vegetables and grains.
Embracing modern farming techniques and
sophisticated irrigation systems, Al Kharj
epitomizes agricultural excellence in the region.
Beyond its agricultural endeavors, Al Kharj
caters to the diverse needs of its residents and
visitors alike, offering a range of amenities such
as educational institutions, healthcare facilities,
shopping centers, and recreational spaces.
Tourist Places in Al Kharj:
Amidst its agricultural and military prominence,
Al Kharj conceals a treasure trove of natural
wonders and cultural landmarks, beckoning
travelers to explore its hidden gems. From
historic edifices like the iconic King Abdulaziz
Palace to captivating natural attractions such as
Ayun Al Seih and Al Heet Cave, the city
promises an enriching experience for discerning
adventurers.
One of the notable attractions in Al Kharj is the
Al Kharj Zoo, nestled along the Riyadh-Al Kharj
highway. Home to a diverse array of animals,
birds, and reptiles, the zoo offers a captivating
glimpse into the kingdom's rich biodiversity.
Visitors can also bask in the serene ambiance of
lush greenery within the zoo premises, providing
a tranquil retreat from the bustling city life.
For aficionados of history and culture, the Al
Kharj Museum serves as a repository of artifacts
and exhibits, offering insight into the city's
illustrious past. Meanwhile, nature enthusiasts
can immerse themselves in the scenic beauty of
Wadi Hanifah, a verdant valley adorned with
parks, walking trails, and cycling tracks, offering
respite amidst nature's embrace.
Adventurous souls can embark on a journey to
explore the ancient fortifications of Al Kharj
Castle, steeped in centuries-old history and
architectural grandeur. Alternatively, visitors can
marvel at the natural wonders of Ayun Al Seih,
once teeming with cool, crystalline waters that
beckoned travelers from far and wide.
In addition to these attractions, Al Kharj boasts
modern recreational facilities such as the Al
Baijan Amusement Park and the King Salman
Walkway, catering to the leisure needs of visitors
of all ages. Moreover, culinary enthusiasts can
savor a panoramic view of the city from the Al
Kharj Water Tower while indulging in a romantic
dinner under the starlit sky.
In essence, Al Kharj epitomizes the harmonious
blend of tradition and modernity, offering a
myriad of experiences for intrepid travelers.
Whether exploring its ancient heritage or basking
in the tranquility of its natural landscapes,
visitors to Al Kharj are sure to be captivated by
the city's timeless allure. With its diverse array of
tourist attractions and warm hospitality, Al Kharj
beckons travelers to embark on a journey of
discovery and enlightenment amidst the splendor
of Saudi Arabia's heartland.
Analysis
The study examined the tourist attractions of Al
Kharj, Saudi Arabia. It assessed various factors
including accessibility, integration, step depth,
choice, connectivity, and accessibility ratings
using space syntax analysis.
Integration measures the connection between a
park and its surroundings, with values closer to 1
indicating high integration and values below 1
indicating segregation. Step depth refers to the
number of typological steps required to access a
specific location, with lower values indicating
easier accessibility.
Choice evaluates the likelihood of traversing an
axial line or street segment along the shortest
routes between spaces in the system or within a
predetermined radius. Connectivity measures the
number of connections between the park and its
surrounding areas.
The concept of accessibility, essential in physical
and urban planning, has been defined and
explored in various studies (Chen & Yeh, 2019;
Geurs & van Wee, 2004; Handy & Niemeier,
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1997; Hansen, 1959; Markovich, 2013). It
encompasses the relative proximity of places and
persons, including opportunities and activities,
with profound implications for functional,
economic, and social aspects (Erkut & Özgen,
2003). Road networks serve as fundamental
elements facilitating accessibility across
different scales, from neighborhood to national
levels (Parham et al., 2017; Serra & Pinho, 2013).
Cities are integral components of regional and
national systems, influencing their functional
potential (Law & Versluis, 2015; Serra, Hillier,
& Karimi, 2015). Economic theories dating back
to the mid-19th century have emphasized the
spatial organization of economic activity,
highlighting the significance of accessibility and
proximity to populated centers (Portugali, 2011).
While traditional studies lacked resolution and
comprehensive data, modern Geographic
Information (GI) technologies enable detailed
analyses of accessibility at national scales (Law
& Versluis, 2015; Serra et al., 2015).
Recent studies have explored accessibility at
unprecedented national scales, leveraging
advanced methodologies such as Space Syntax
analysis (Law & Versluis, 2015; Serra et al.,
2015). However, these analyses have primarily
focused on specific countries, such as the United
Kingdom, overlooking transitions between
functional systems across different scales. It is
suggested that economic activities shape national
spaces into core and peripheral regions,
influencing population distribution and
economic activity. Yet, the dichotomy between
core and periphery may oversimplify the spatial
structure, as multiple economic concentrations
and functional attractors may exist (Krugman,
1999).
To address these complexities, a multi-scale
approach to accessibility analysis is proposed,
integrating network analysis methodologies with
functional indicators (Law & Versluis, 2015;
Serra et al., 2015). This approach considers
spatial accessibility's correlation with various
socio-economic factors across different scales,
revealing intricate relationships between spatial
structures and functional distributions.
Fig. 2. Integration Map, Al Kharj KSA.
Source: Author.
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Table 1.
Summary of Integration values of Al kharj
Source: Author
The integration value above 1 shows strong
integration, while the value below 1 indicates
segregation. In the case of Al Kharj City Highest
integration of 1.01 was observed. The mean
integration for the study area is 0.65 and
minimum is 0.22 as shown in table 1.
The heat scale shows the highest values as red,
then orange, followed by yellow, and then green,
i.e., the highest values colored in hot, and as the
value decreases the color becomes cooler.
Results
Figure 1 illustrates the map of Al Kharj
pinpointing its tourist attractions. These
attractions exhibit a centralized spatial
distribution. The map underwent digitization
using AutoCAD software, as well as GIS.
Subsequently, the author employed Depthmap X
software to conduct axial analysis, resulting in
the creation of an axial map. Figure 2 depicts the
integration of Al Kharj as analyzed by Depthmap.
The average integration was determined to be
0.65, with the highest recorded value being 1.01
and the lowest 0.22 for Al Kharj. Additionally,
the difference factor for these integration values
was computed as 0.65, indicating significant
disparities among various movement routes, as
detailed in Figure 3 and Table 1.
Fig. 3. Distribution of integration, Al Kharj KSA.
Source: Author
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Fig. 4. Step depth from the most integrated routes.
Source: Author
Table 2.
Summary of Step depth values of Al Kharj.
Source: Author
The most integrated routes were found in the
central park of the city, where most of the tourist
spots are located. The central area of Al-Kharj
City, particularly in the Al-Salam and Al-Wurud
neighborhoods, exhibits a notable concentration
of parks, with a density exceeding 0.47 parks per
square kilometer. In the Tawiq and Mushrif
neighborhoods, park density ranges from 0.24 to
0.46 parks per square kilometer. Conversely,
park density in the Al-Afja neighborhood varies
from 0.04 to 0.05 parks per square kilometer. As
one moves away from the center of Al-Kharj, the
density of parks gradually decreases, reaching its
lowest levels in the northeast, east, south, and
southwest areas of the city, with densities falling
below 0.003 parks per square kilometer.
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Fig. 5. Distribution of Step Depth.
Source: Author
The distribution of parks primarily in the central
area of Al-Kharj City significantly influences
access times to these recreational spaces. The
range of access times varies considerably, with
the shortest recorded time being less than 0.16
minutes and the longest reaching 56.3 minutes.
Notably, neighborhoods such as Al-Salam,
Al-Aaliyah, and Al-Faisal enjoy swift access to
parks, with times of less than 3 minutes.
Conversely, on the city's outskirts,
neighborhoods like Al-Sahba, Al-Basatin, and
Mushrifah exhibit access times ranging from 8 to
9 minutes. However, in the eastern and southern
sectors of the city, including Al-Rihan, Najd,
Ahad, Al-Arid, and Al-Narjis neighborhoods,
access times increase substantially to
approximately 15–22 minutes. The highest
access times were observed in the southern and
southeastern regions of Al-Kharj City,
particularly in neighborhoods such as Al-Sharq,
Al-Naseem, Al-Waha, and Al-Rahab.
Fig. 6. Choice Map.
Source: Author.
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Table 3.
Summary of Choice values of Al kharj
Source: Author
Al Kharj exhibited a maximum step depth of 44,
with an average step depth calculated at 11.48.
This indicates that, on average, navigation within
the city requires approximately 11.48 or 12 turns.
Figure 5 displays the distribution of step depth,
highlighting a greater frequency of routes with
step depths of less than 9. Further details are
presented in Table 2.
Figure 6 depicts the choice map of Al Kharj, with
the highest choice value recorded at 0.73 and the
lowest at 0. The average choice value for Al
Kharj was determined to be 0.004. Meanwhile,
Figure 7 illustrates the distribution of choice
values, indicating that the majority of routes
possess choice values below 0.072.
The distance to tourist spots in Al-Kharj spans
from a maximum of 64.4 kilometers to a
minimum of less than a quarter kilometer.
Conversely, the longest recorded travel time to
residential centers stands at 86.3 minutes.
Fig. 7. Distribution of Choice values.
Source: Author.
Notably, restaurants and cafes are predominantly
concentrated in the central area of Al-Kharj,
resulting in relatively short travel times, with
durations of less than one minute (3 minutes) in
neighborhoods such as Al-Wurud, Al-Salam, Al-
Nasifa, Al-Faisalia, and Al-Khalidiya.
Conversely, in the western outskirts, travel times
to these amenities slightly increase, ranging from
6.6 to 9.9 minutes in neighborhoods like Al-
Rafaia and Al-Rafi, situated northwest of the
study area, as well as in Al-neighborhood.
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Fig. 8. Connectivity map of Al Kharj City.
Source: Author.
Table 4.
Summary of Connectivity values of Al kharj
Source: Author
Moving towards the northern, northeastern, and
southern parts of the central area, travel times to
reach restaurants and cafes extend to
approximately a quarter of an hour (14.9–22.3
minutes). Further east and south, these travel
times increase, reaching around half an hour
(22.3–30 minutes) in neighborhoods such as Al-
Rayah and Al-Qairawan. Finally, in the
southernmost and easternmost regions of the
study area, travel times exceed half an hour
(30 minutes) in neighborhoods like Al-Rahab,
Al-Naseem, Al-Waha, Al-Nakhl, and Al-Sharq.
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Fig. 9. Distribution of Choice Values.
Source: Author.
Figure 8 presents the connectivity analysis of Al
Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The
average connectivity was computed to be 3.61,
with the highest value reaching 61, denoted by
red lines on the connectivity map, representing
the intensity through a heat scale. Conversely, the
lowest connectivity value was recorded at 0,
indicated by purple lines in Figure 8's
connectivity map. These values are further
detailed in Table 4. Figure 9 illustrates the
distribution of connectivity values for Al Kharj
KSA, revealing that 8614 routes have
connectivity values less than 6.1.
Discussion
The study delved into an extensive examination
of Al Kharj's tourist attractions in Saudi Arabia,
employing a multifaceted analysis that
encompassed various factors including
accessibility, integration, step depth, choice, and
connectivity, utilizing space syntax analysis.
Accessibility, a cornerstone in physical and
urban planning, has garnered significant
attention in scholarly discourse due to its
implications for functional, economic, and social
aspects (Chen & Yeh, 2019; Geurs & van Wee,
2004; Handy & Niemeier, 1997; Hansen, 1959;
Markovich, 2013). The intricate interplay
between accessibility and spatial structures has
been a subject of interest, particularly concerning
road networks that serve as fundamental conduits
facilitating mobility across different spatial
scales, ranging from neighborhoods to national
levels (Parham, Law, & Versluis, 2017; Serra &
Pinho, 2013).
Cities, as pivotal components of regional and
national systems, exert considerable influence on
functional dynamics and economic potentials,
shaping population distribution and economic
activities (Law & Versluis, 2015; Serra, Hillier,
& Karimi, 2015; Portugali, 2011). However,
conventional studies often lacked the depth and
comprehensive data to unravel the intricate
spatial patterns. With the advent of modern
Geographic Information (GI) technologies,
particularly Geographic Information Systems
(GIS), scholars have been empowered to conduct
detailed accessibility analyses at national scales,
facilitating nuanced insights into spatial
distributions and dynamics (Law & Versluis,
2015; Parham et al., 2017; Serra et al., 2015).
Recent studies have ventured into exploring
accessibility on unprecedented national scales,
leveraging advanced methodologies such as
Space Syntax analysis. However, these analyses
have predominantly focused on specific
countries, potentially overlooking the transitions
between functional systems across different
scales (Law & Versluis, 2015; Serra et al., 2015).
It's acknowledged that economic activities play a
pivotal role in shaping national spaces, often
manifesting in core-periphery dynamics that
influence population distribution and economic
activities (Krugman, 1999). However, the
oversimplification inherent in the core-periphery
dichotomy fails to capture the complexity of
spatial structures, as multiple economic
concentrations and functional attractors may
coexist within a region.
To address these complexities, the study
proposes a multi-scale approach to accessibility
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/ April 2024
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original source is cited.
analysis, integrating network analysis
methodologies with functional indicators,
allowing for a nuanced examination of the
correlation between spatial accessibility and
various socio-economic factors across different
scales, thereby revealing intricate relationships
between spatial structures and functional
distributions. The integration values obtained
indicate strong connectivity within Al Kharj,
particularly highlighted by the highest
integration value of 1.01. This indicates a robust
connection between the parks and their
surroundings, signifying high integration.
Conversely, values below 1 suggest segregation.
The distribution of tourist attractions within Al
Kharj displays a centralized spatial pattern,
notably concentrated in the central area,
particularly in neighborhoods like Al-Salam, Al-
Wurud, Al-Nasifa, Al-Faisalia, and Al-
Khalidiya. Accessibility to these attractions
varies across different regions of the city, with
travel times extending from mere minutes to over
half an hour, influenced by factors such as park
density and spatial connectivity. The
connectivity analysis further highlights spatial
disparities, with central areas exhibiting higher
connectivity compared to peripheral regions.
Conclusions
In conclusion, the comprehensive analysis of Al
Kharj's tourist attractions offers valuable insights
into the spatial dynamics of the city, emphasizing
the importance of accessibility in shaping urban
landscapes. By adopting a multi-scale approach
and integrating advanced analytical techniques,
the study provides a nuanced understanding of
the intricate relationships between spatial
structures, economic activities, and functional
distributions, thereby informing more effective
urban planning strategies aimed at enhancing
accessibility and optimizing the spatial
distribution of tourist services within Al Kharj.
This study sheds light on the complex interplay
between spatial configuration and park
accessibility in urban environments. Through a
comprehensive analysis incorporating space
syntax techniques and user feedback, the
research identified key spatial attributes
influencing accessibility in Al Kharj, KSA.
The results highlight how crucial it is to carefully
consider spatial integration, choice, and
connectivity when to improve accessibility and
utilization. Nevertheless, the research also
uncovered disparities between objective
geographical metrics and subjective user
assessments of accessibility, highlighting the
necessity of a comprehensive strategy that
incorporates both quantitative spatial analysis
and qualitative user input in design and
administration.
In order to improve accessibility, encourage
community involvement, and promote well-
being in urban settings, evidence-based
interventions can be informed by addressing
these gaps and utilizing spatial insights.
Despite the comprehensive nature of this study,
several limitations should be acknowledged.
Firstly, the geographical scope of the study,
which is focused solely on Al Kharj, Saudi
Arabia. While this focus provides detailed
insights into this specific urban context, it limits
the generalizability of the findings to other cities
with different socio-economic, cultural, and
spatial characteristics. Future research could
benefit from comparative studies across diverse
urban environments to validate and extend the
applicability of the findings.
Secondly, the integration of advanced analytical
techniques enriches the study, the complexity
and technical nature of these methods might limit
their accessibility to urban planners and
policymakers who may lack specialized training.
Therefore, intuitional trainings and education of
the same is recommended for future work and
applications.
The comprehensive analysis of Al Kharj's tourist
attractions offers valuable insights into the
spatial dynamics of the city, emphasizing the
importance of accessibility in shaping urban
landscapes. By adopting a multi-scale approach
and integrating advanced analytical techniques,
the study provides a nuanced understanding of
the intricate relationships between spatial
structures, economic activities, and functional
distributions. This knowledge informs more
effective urban planning strategies aimed at
enhancing accessibility and optimizing the
spatial distribution of tourist services within Al
Kharj. The study highlights the complex
interplay between spatial configuration and
accessibility in urban environments,
underscoring the importance of considering both
quantitative spatial analysis and qualitative user
input in urban design and management.
Addressing these limitations and leveraging
spatial insights can inform evidence-based
interventions to improve accessibility, foster
community engagement, and enhance well-being
in urban settings.
154
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Recommendations
Based on the comprehensive analysis conducted
in this study, several recommendations emerge
for improving accessibility and optimizing the
spatial distribution of tourist services within Al
Kharj:
Integrate Spatial Analysis into Urban Planning:
Incorporate spatial analysis, particularly space
syntax techniques, into urban planning processes
to enhance the understanding of spatial dynamics
and optimize the layout of tourist attractions and
amenities within the city.
Consider Multiscale Approach: Adopt a
multiscale approach to accessibility analysis,
integrating network analysis methodologies with
functional indicators, to capture the intricate
relationships between spatial structures,
economic activities, and functional distributions
across different scales.
Enhance Connectivity and Integration: Focus on
enhancing connectivity and integration within Al
Kharj by investing in infrastructure development,
improving road networks, and creating
pedestrian-friendly environments to facilitate
seamless movement between tourist attractions
and amenities.
Promote Community Involvement: Encourage
community involvement in urban planning
processes to ensure that the spatial layout of
tourist services aligns with the needs and
preferences of residents and visitors. Solicit user
feedback to supplement quantitative spatial
analysis and inform decision-making.
Address Disparities: Address spatial disparities
in accessibility by targeting interventions in areas
with lower connectivity and integration,
particularly peripheral regions of the city.
Implement measures to improve access to tourist
attractions and amenities in these areas to
promote inclusivity and equitable access for all
residents.
Utilize Evidence-Based Interventions:
Implement evidence-based interventions
informed by spatial insights and user feedback to
enhance accessibility, encourage community
engagement, and promote well-being in urban
settings. This may include targeted investments
in infrastructure, public transportation, and green
spaces to improve overall accessibility and
quality of life.
By implementing these recommendations, urban
planners and policymakers can work towards
creating a more accessible, inclusive, and vibrant
urban environment in Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia,
thereby enhancing the overall tourist experience
and contributing to the city's socio-economic
development.
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