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DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.69.09.27

How to Cite:

The purpose of a work of fiction is to convey

certain meanings, ideas, thoughts, theories of the

author, many of which are expressed indirectly,

implicitly, or even encoded, if the author so

desires. The interpretation and decoding of these

PhD in Philology, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of English Language Azerbaijan State Marine Academy, Baku,

Azerbaijan.

meanings and ideas is the cornerstone of the

whole linguistic discipline of interpreting a

fiction text. In understanding or deciphering

these meanings is often the reader's main

aesthetic and intellectual pleasure in perceiving a

work of fiction. In other words, any literary work

carries out a set of pragmatic tasks of various

qualities: informative, aesthetic, intellectual,

emotional, etc., all of which are determined by

the author's intention.

It should be admitted that authors often use

symbols to convey deep or hidden meanings in

powerful tool often used to convey implicit

overthrow their human oppressors to establish an

equal society, but eventually, the pigs become the

new oppressors (Orwell, 2021). This irony

highlights the corruption of power and the

dangers of totalitarian regimes. Authors use

foreshadowing to hint or suggest future events

within their stories as well as the subtext that

refers to the underlying meaning conveyed

through characters' actions, dialogues, or

situations. Many works of fiction implicitly

expressing implicit meanings is still totally

unresolved. Researchers usually study a certain

group or groups of such means. In our article,

such speech means of expressing implicit

meanings are analyzed: a specific use of idioms,

i.e., hints, additional nuances of meaning.

Furthermore, the use of metaphors can be

examined, where words or phrases are used in a

figurative sense to convey implicit meanings.

This includes analyzing the underlying

convey implicit meanings by allowing speakers

socially acceptable manner.

Moreover, we delve into the realm of rhetorical

devices, such as hyperbole and understatement.

These devices involve using exaggerated or

understated language to convey implicit

meanings, often to emphasize a point or create a

specific effect on the audience.

Lastly, we examine the role of context in

understanding implicit meanings. Context plays

a crucial role in deciphering the intended implicit

meaning behind certain linguistic expressions.

We explore how factors such as cultural

background, social context, and shared

knowledge can influence the interpretation of

implicit meanings.

analyzing various speech means, including

complexity of implicit communication and

provide a framework for further research in this

area.

The task is to show examples of the expression

of a hidden meaning by a transformed

phraseological expression, the ability of allusions

to express hidden meanings by alluding to them,

the additional nuances of meaning with

pragmatic potential. This work wants to

unit, further study of speech means and types of

implicit speech?

Thus, in this scientific paper we have the aim to

study the pragmatic potential of speech means

referring to the methods of cognitive linguistics.

Until recently, it was thought that cognitive

linguistics did not have a developed research

experimental confirmation of the obtained

Thus, it was believed that the results obtained by

linguistic introspection should correlate with the

results obtained using other methods, with the

use of the corpus of a particular language or

psycholinguistic experiment.

As for intuition, modern American and Western

European specialists in cognitive linguistics

point to several opposite trends. On the one hand,

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best or even the only acceptable research method

(Maslennikova, 1999).

However, there is a much smaller but growing

trend towards the use of empirical methods used

in other cognitive sciences (Sanakuiev, 2022).

The main achievement of this latter trend is the

combination of a powerful theoretical basis of

Linguistic analysis should be based on data

texts –– and verified based on the researcher’s

intuition. Of course, this method covers a much

broader material (Makedonova, 2016). Data

obtained from different types of sources explain

non-identical sets of features, although some of

them are repeated. Also, explication does not

mean that they are accidental. First, individual

features can form an implicit category and

belong, for example, to a certain aspect of the

subject (origin, appearance, structure, etc.).

concept of information and its processing by the

human mind, the concept of knowledge

structures and their representation in the

consciousness of the individual and language

forms (Carston, 2002). Together with other

sciences that are part of cognitology, it tries to

answer the question of how human

consciousness is organized, how man knows the

world, what information about the world

becomes knowledge, how mental spaces are

cognitive and language structures exist in certain

how the structures of human knowledge are

related to language forms as they are represented

in human consciousness.

As an interdisciplinary branch of linguistics,

cognitive linguistics combines the knowledge

and research from cognitive science, cognitive

psychology, neuropsychology, and linguistics.

Models and methods of cognitive linguistics are

in cognitive linguistics aims to help understand

cognition in general and is seen as a road into the

human mind. Pragmatic potential is defined as

additional information that needs to be decoded

(Dobrydneva, 2000).

If syntax determines the rules of significance of

the sentences of the language and if semantics

order, in a given situation, to solve together a

semantic analyses remain abstractions until they

are supplemented by a pragmatic interrogation of

the actual use of language by interlocutors in

specific situations for specific purposes. The

pragmatic dimension of language, characterized

by the discursive and communicative use of

language, may be historically recent, but it is

conceptually primary. From then on, pragmatic

analysis alone gives full meaning to syntactic and

semantic analyses by determining their mode of

to conduct the study of tendencies of hidden

meanings in the cognitive-pragmatic paradigm,

as it is the factor of tendencies that introduces the

human factor (including the factor of addressing)

to the constitutive parameters of pragmatism. On

the other hand, disclosure of intentions is a

cognitive operation, although mental processes

have not been studied by traditional pragmatics.

It is the implicative nature of intending hidden

cognitive vector in modern pragmalinguistics,

understood as the cognitive explanation of the

processes of utterance recognition (Carston,

2002; Jalilbayli, 2022), and the system for

understanding communicative behavior,

including implicit communication, is called the

ontological component of cognitive pragmatics

(Carston, 2002).Therefore, it is recognized that

pragmatics as a single scientific paradigm is, in

The aim of this article was to identify the totality

of the types of implicit speech and research on

the means that actualize it in English-language

fiction discourse. So, in this scientific paper the

aim was to study the pragmatic potential of

speech means for the expression of the hidden

involved the decomposition of the subject into

allowed drawing conclusions about a certain

element of set based on knowledge of the general

properties of the whole set. Induction went from

partial to general, ie on the basis knowledge of

some subjects at induction the thought moves

from less general positions to more general.

Thus, it can be summarized that the available

empirical material and make assumptions about

the cause of experimental phenomena were based

Thus, in this scientific paper the aim was to study

the pragmatic potential of speech means referring

to the methods of cognitive linguistics. Until

recently, it was thought that cognitive linguistics

did not have a developed research methodology.

Many results in cognitive research were based on

the linguistic introspection of the scientist, which

many researchers also call simple intuition.

Linguistic introspection is a productive method

obtained using other methods, with the use of the

psycholinguistic experiment.

Linguistic analysis was based on data extracted

from several important sources: language

systems, questionnaire materials or texts –– and

course, this method covers a much broader

material. Data obtained from different types of

explication does not mean that they are

accidental. First, individual features can form an

implicit category and belong, for example, to a

certain aspect of the subject (origin, appearance,

structure, etc.). Second, those traits that seem

random at first glance may be derived from

others that are considered basic and therefore

have intrinsic motivation.

used. This is a kind of deciphering approach

environment, or context, of these units. Since the

environment of each element is unique, specific,

unique, it is possible to study in detail the studied

language element.

Based on the analysis of the distribution of

language elements, distributive classes were

distinguished as if two elements are in the same

environment, they belong to the same class.

Distinguishing between types of distribution is

The materials of our article are novel of modern

Britain writers, who had worked in some

circumstances, which must be analyzed.

Jens Rankin wrote almost two dozen novels

about the investigations of Detective Rebus,

which became the most popular works of the

writer, brought him international fame, and

firmly established themselves among the national

used the 17th novel from the series about

"The Spy Who Came in from the Cold" was

written in 1963 by British writer John le Carré. It

is classical Cold War spy novel. At its

publication during the Cold War, the moral

presentation of the novel the Cold rendered it a

revolutionary espionage novel by showing the

intelligence services of both the Eastern and

Western nations as engaging in the same

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security. The author also showed his Britain spy

as a morally burnt-out person, who dreamed only

about retired option. The mystic spy world of the

novel, which was analyzed in the article, portrays

love as a complex emotion that can become a

disaster for all involved persons. Good is not a

real winner and evil is not a permanent looser.

These defeatist attitudes were criticized in

published in 1957. That was a story about a

a portrait of former school headmaster. The

author showed psychological and literal portraits

images of the epoch (Murdoch, 2016).

The texts of these novels show the ways of

representing hidden meanings in English-

language fiction discourse. For example, the

hidden or ambiguous meanings of phrases or

expressions used, which are generally inherent in

English literature, are clearly visible. Therefore,

principles of modeling artistic discourse. Artistic

discourse connects with other types of discourse,

but, at the same time, it differs from them. It, like

other culturally designated discourses, has latent

and actual plans of being/functioning, appears in

particular as unfixed improvisation, written

works, its realization in a collective or individual

reading or acting. These plans define the

foundations of artistic communication, which in

turn give rise to methods of subjective or

and its addressee, reproducing the main features

includes elements of cognition, prescription,

argumentation, and interpretation. However, the

fundamental difference of artistic discourse from

domestic and other culturally defined discourses

lies, firstly, in its purposeful secondary character

relative to the primary genres of speech and,

secondly, in its fundamental ability to create a

multilevel structure of meanings based on the

vaporization of certain mechanisms of

In the early stages of the study of discourse,

scholars considered two basic meanings of the

word. One, which was used in studies of

linguistic structures that go beyond the sentence,

Discourse was practically identified with the

concept of text.

American linguist Harris & Harris (1970) was

concept of discourse was formulated by J.

dialogue, the aim of which is an impartial

analysis of reality. The participants of

communication (discourse) analyze reality by

rejecting existing speech stereotypes. Here

discourse is understood rather as a way of

acquiring true knowledge. In this interpretation,

meaningful dialogue with the use of certain

techniques.

output stereotypes. Ordinary every day or

socially and professionally specialized

communication situations, all its components

play a predominantly typologically appropriate

role. When there is a transition to artistic speech,

these components acquire a new meaning, which

is, first, a sign of transition to another, non-

domestic poetic dimension, and, secondly,

becomes a carrier of new meanings, not peculiar

to it originally.

unity of the message generation process of the

of perception of this message (Abisheva,

Koldasbaeva, & Ajkenova, 2020).

Obviously, the study of hidden meanings is

appropriate and, in fact, indeed possible precisely

from these positions, because it involves the

cognitive activity of both the author and the

reader.

Latent meanings in fiction text/discourse have

repeatedly been the subject of research, although

not in the cognitive-pragmatic paradigm. An

important feature of such meanings is their

double cognitive load. They are decoded twice:

on the one hand, within the corresponding

communicative situation, and on the other hand,

by the reader-interpreter, for whom the

set of intentional factors is yet to come.

linguistic means of expressing implicit meanings

is still unresolved. Researchers usually study a

certain group or groups of such means. In this

article, such speech means of expressing implicit

meanings are analyzed: a specific use of idioms,

i.e. hints, additional nuances of meaning.

It should be noted that the studied material shows

that there are no clear boundaries between the

specific pragmatic loads of each group of the

interpretation often helps to discover new

emotive meanings.

We understand the specific use of phraseological

units as the actualization of phraseological units

with semantic and structural transformations in

discourse. Since the transferability of the

meaning of a phraseological phrase, its

discursive determinacy and the ability to be the

result of secondary vision in the language are its

affect the reader in a certain way, based on a

pragmatic qualities of phraseological expressions

are of great practical importance and determine

their choice when forming a statement in the act

of speech communication. The reader perceives

two sides of a transformed phraseological unit:

usual and modified. Double actualization, which

is the co-occurrence of the metaphorical meaning

of a phraseological unit and its literal meaning, is

used to evoke the reader's interest to the text by

The ability of phraseological units with

transformations to convey a complex meaning in

artistic discourse (Kunin, 2001) creates an

additional level of anthropocentrism: in

comparison with the semantics of basic

phraseological units, phraseological units with

transformations always convey a certain

additional intentional meaning, which is fully

transformed phraseological expression:

In this case, we observe the insertion of the awful

component in the basic phraseological idiom in a

fix ― in a difficult situation (Baranov, 2006),

which gives the utterance a significant emotional

coloring. The utterance with the transformable

correctness of this interpretation is indicated by:

There's been a horrible muddle today, all my fault

(Murdoch, 2016).

So, the semantic effect produced by the

modification of phraseological units through

lexical and grammatical transformations depends

mostly on the contextual clues. Creative

modification and the associated play on literal

and transferred meanings are always tied to a

The Spy Who Came in From the Cold is based

included in a group or activity in which one has

not previously participated" (Kononenko, 2020,

p. 51-60). The metaphorisation accompanies the

repeated use of this phrase in a further context,

and its glib meaning is emphasized by the

parallel use of the antonymous phrase be out in

game" (Belozerova, 2015), with the substitution

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conversation between the main character, former

detective Limas, who has been unexpectedly

suspended and forgotten, and his former boss

when the Intelligence Centre finally decides to

involve the experienced scout again.

At first glance, the expressions be out in the cold

and come in from the cold appear metaphorical,

provided by the figurative meaning of the

speaker is talking about a return to a friendly

community after an absence, but the interjection

at the end of the line removes the ambiguity of

the context. It becomes clear that the

phraseological meaning of the expression is

An adequate understanding of the above context

requires the reader not only to know the meaning

of the phraseology, but also to build a conceptual

schema like a cognitive metaphor: TO STAY

OUT TO WORK IS BAD (a manifestation of an

unfriendly attitude).

In addition, the mentioned phraseological pair is

actualized seven times in the mentioned

discourse, which indicates a significant implicit

relative prevalence compared to other types of

implicit communication, but the phenomenon of

the hint itself is analyzed somewhat differently.

Some works treat hint as a means of indirect

information transmission and at the same time as

a technique of implicit speech influence. They

treat hint as a category, as an element of

metalanguage, so it is closely connected with the

of the hint, based on pragmatic and cognitive

In our opinion, the essence of the hint is to

indirectly convey some content using the model

structure of reality. Moreover, this content

appears in the implicit layers of the semantics of

the utterance and the text. The phenomenon of a

hint remains interesting both for clarifying the

essence of this category and for using the concept

of a hint as a tool for analyzing the semantics and

speak in complete sentences. Attention was

turned from studying sentences to studying

utterances ― the less-bound fragments of

sentences that people use to communicate. In

recent studies, the speech act of innuendo is

considered within the cognitive-communicative

paradigm as an implicative speech act, which is

realized in person-oriented discourse (Skakun,

2022). Innuendo is a deliberate speech act that

capitalizes on the context of the moment.

means is an allusion. Modern linguistics

stylistic device associated with the use of folk,

literary, historical, or everyday fact in the text, as

well as a well-known aphoristic expression,

winged word, idiom. The allusion is organically

linked to the source where its appearance is

recorded. It is a technique that allows briefly, but

exhaustively, sometimes by a single word, to

closely connected with the text, as it associates

the important thought of a certain context

(Selivanova, 2008). Scientific studies emphasize

that allusion is a manifestation of the textual

category of intertextuality, a technique of artistic

vis-à-vis, which meaningfully enriches textual

information, creating numerous associations

through allusion to events, facts, characters of

background knowledge of the addressee and the

message. The traditional role of allusion is a

linguistic game, however from the position of

cognitive linguistics the phenomenon in question

can be considered more deeply, as a means of

human cognitive system, with the help of which

one type of objects and phenomena is understood

and perceived in terms of another type

(Makedonova, 2016, p. 54).

The explicit allusions allow the reader to

its conceptual function. Consider the ability of

allusions to express hidden meanings by alluding

to them.

The above examples use the same literary

allusion, the Cheshire cat, in the function of

artistic comparison, but it activates different slots

of the corresponding concept: in example (4) we

have the concept of a smiling (broad), which acts

as an implicit characteristic of Bernard, while in

example (5) it activates the slot of

INCREDIBLE.

In this example, the allusion is an implicit

characteristic of the emotional state (fear) of the

narrator. However, in both examples there is an

allusion of this kind: it refers to a fairy tale

character, a non-existent character, and thus

implies the unreality of the reality described

because the narrator gets into places that do not

actually exist. Thus, we see an indirect

Here some allusions (Julius Caesar, Romeo and

Juliet, Shakespeare, Bottom in a Midsummer

Night's Dream) create an allusion to the

professional potential of the character, who rated

linguistic phenomena, in particular, allusions

cognitive and cognitive-discursive approaches

are becoming increasingly important.

Consider the pragmatic potential of additional

nuances of meaning. Nuances of meaning is a

type of indirect speech, seen as a hidden

phenomenon of pragmalinguistics since nuances

of meaning are characterized by the absence of

clear structural criteria for distinguishing them

to nominate a phenomenon for which there is no

2022).

The construction of additional nuances of

meaning is seen as a speech tactic of hidden

influence of the speaker/writer on the addressee,

which is actualized by the speaker and the

addressee instantly and subconsciously

(Lebedieva & Tymkova, 2023).

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In a particular linguistic situation, the addressee

(reader) subconsciously accumulates numerous

and diverse speech signals of nuances of

meaning, thus perceiving the hidden intentions of

the speaker/writer. The nuances of meaning are

connotative elements in the composition of the

content essence (Maslennikova, 1999), but,

being realized only in the discourse, they cannot

of the use of song allusions (names of musical

(I. Rankin) John Rebus. In a conversation

between the main character, police inspector

John Rebus, and a colleague we find.

of the songs Rebus names. The analysis of the

concepts actualized in the second of the named

songs is as follows: My brother's in the armed

forces / My sister is in jail (I'm unhappy) / Will

you give me fifty dollars / So I can pay her bail?

(/ He said, "You Can't Fool the Fat Man / No, you

can't fool me / You're just a two-bit grift / And

that's all you ever be. The lyrics of the songs are

not given in the novel, but they are known

enough to activate the associations in the reader's

characterizes the character (John Rebus).

Rebus's later references to musical groups

deepen his implicit characterization and amplify

the additional semantic nuance:

The texts of the mentioned songs also actualize

the concepts similar to those mentioned above:

loneliness, joylessness, hostility, HAPPY. They

appear associatively in the reader's

The analysis of the above examples (7, 8), in our

semantic nuances, as well as the promise of this

approach for studying the pragma cognitive

potential of this type of implicit speech. It should

be noted that additional semantic nuances can be

created by various linguistic means in different

combinations and the study (and, possibly,

classification) of linguistic factors of this kind of

implicit speech seems promising.

Summarizing, we found, that the phraseological

units with transformations always convey a

certain additional intentional meaning. It was

noticed that the hidden meaning, e.g., in the

presence of an additional metaphorical transfer,

may require a great deal of cognitive effort on the

part of the reader. It was confirmed that the hint

is characterized by a wealth of implicit potential.

At the same time the studied material showed

that there are no clear boundaries between the

In result we determined that one of the most

allusion. The additional nuances of meaning

(semantic nuances) also have considerable

discursive potential and for studying of this type

of implicit speech the method of pragma

cognitive potential is approached. It was

understood that additional semantic nuances can

be created by various linguistic means in

different combinations and the study of linguistic

factors of this kind of implicit speech seems