Volume 12 - Issue 68

/ August 2023

313

http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307

DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.68.08.29

How to Cite:

Slipetska, V., Ishchenko, Y., Melnychuk, N., Symaka, A., & Makoviichuk, L. (2023). Cultural and historical factors influencing the

verbalization of aggression in English journalistic texts: a comparative analysis of modern and historical texts. Amazonia

Investiga, 12(68), 313-323. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.68.08.29

Cultural and historical factors influencing the verbalization of

aggression in English journalistic texts: a comparative analysis of

modern and historical texts

Культурно-історичні чинники, що впливають на вербалізацію агресії в англійських

публіцистичних текстах: порівняльний аналіз сучасних та історичних джерел

Received: July 15, 2023 Accepted: August 29, 2023

Written by:

Vira Slipetska1

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2569-0197

Yevhenii Ishchenko2

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5701-7829

Nataliia Melnychuk3

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8742-1670

Anna Symaka4

https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1564-5963

Liliana Makoviichuk5

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1357-4842

Abstract

Aim. This study is aimed at analysing the influence

of cultural and historical factors on the

verbalization of aggression in English journalistic

texts. Methods. The work employs the method of

analysing lexical units, the grammatical method of

analysing aggressive markers, and the method of

stylistic text analysis. Mathematical methods of

data processing included descriptive average,

analysis of optimal values, Cronbach’s alpha.

Results. In the first half of the 19th century, there

were significant indicators of the use of aggressive

vocabulary, in particular the words “attack” and

“assault” at about 30% and 25%, respectively.

These figures, however, decreased to 25% and 20%

during the 21st century. The words “bombard”,

“demolish” and “destroy” also showed a decreased

frequency of use from the 19th to the 21st century

from 20%, 15% and 10% to 15%, 10% and 5%

respectively. Conclusions. The study of aggressive

Анотація

Мета. Дане дослідження спрямоване на аналіз

впливу культурно-історичних факторів на

вербалізацію агресії в англійських

публіцистичних текстах. Методи. В роботі

використано Метод аналізу лексичних одиниць,

Граматичний метод аналізу агресивних маркерів

та Метод стилістичного аналізу тексту.

Математичні методи обробки отриманих даних

включали середнє статистичне, аналіз

оптимальних значень, альфа Кронбаха.

Результати. У першій половині 19 століття

спостерігалися значні показники використання

агресивної лексики, зокрема слів "attack" і

"assault", які становили близько 30% і 25%

відповідно. Проте, протягом 21 століття ці

показники зменшилися до 25% і 20%. Слова

"bombard", "demolish" і "destroy" також показали

зниження частоти вживання з 19 до 21 століття, з

20%, 15% і 10% відповідно до 15%, 10% і 5%.

1

Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Departmentf the English Language Practice and Methodology

of Teaching English, Faculty of Ukrainian and Foreign Philology, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych,

Ukraine.

2

Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Philology and Translation, Interregional Academy of Personnel

Management, Kyiv, Ukraine.

3

Candidate of Philological Sciences, Аssistant, Department of Foreign Languages for Natural Sciences, Faculty of Foreign

Languages, Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine.

4

Assistant, Department of Foreign Languages for Natural Sciences, Faculty of Foreign Languages, Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi

National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine.

5

Candidate of Philological Sciences, Аssistant, Department of Foreign Languages for Natural Sciences, Faculty of Foreign

Languages, Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine.

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stylistic means in journalistic texts revealed that the

use of aggressive vocabulary in media discourse has

increased in recent centuries. Exceptions are

warnings about the tendency to deepen aggressive

expressions in communication. Continued

monitoring and analysis of such stylistic devices is

important for understanding the dynamics and

impact of language aggression in modern society.

Prospects. Prospects for further research on

aggressive stylistic means in journalistic texts are

the study of the impact of these means on the

perception by the audience, their emotional

reaction, and psychological state.

Keywords: life writing, verbal aggression, physical

aggression, normalization, trivialization, gendered

aggression, domestic violence.

Висновки. Дослідження агресивних стилістичних

засобів у публіцистичних джерелах показало, що

за останні століття вживання агресивної лексики

у медійному дискурсі збільшилося. Виключення

складають настороги щодо тенденцій

поглиблення агресивних виразів у комунікації.

Продовження моніторингу та аналізу таких

стилістичних засобів є важливим для розуміння

динаміки та впливу мовленнєвої агресії у

сучасному суспільстві. Перспективи.

Перспективи досліджень щодо агресивних

стилістичних засобів у публіцистичних джерелах

є вивчення впливу цих засобів на сприйняття

аудиторією, їх емоційну реакцію та

психологічний стан.

Ключові слова: життєпис, вербальна агресія,

фізична агресія, нормалізація, тривіалізація,

гендерна агресія, домашнє насильство.

Introduction

Relevance

The relevance of the study is that it is aimed at

identifying cultural and historical factors that

influence the verbalization of aggression in

English journalistic texts. The study of cultural

and historical factors that influence the

verbalization of aggression can help in the

development of effective methods of its

prevention and resolution.

The most important concept — aggression,

which permeates human behaviour and

interpersonal relations — lays in the depths of

psychology and sociology. Controversial and

multifaceted, this phenomenon touches the

deepest strings of human nature, as it is expressed

in the effort to cause harm or hurt to another

person or group of people (Bushman, 2019).

It is worth noting that aggression can acquire

both physical and psychological expression, with

its forms and motivations being extremely

diverse. In its physical manifestation, it can find

itself in the form of physical attacks, violence,

and dominating others. So, psychological

aggression can affect the psyche and emotional

state of an individual, and is not always visible to

others (Santos et al., 2021).

Journalistic English-language discourse must

pay attention to the deep-rooted causes of

aggression in society and its structures. On the

one hand, aggressive behaviour can arise from

unresolved conflicts, the desire to dominate, or

the fear of becoming a victim. On the other hand,

the social environment, the surrounding context

and the perception of cultural norms can

significantly influence the intensity of aggression

among people (Rodelli et al., 2022).

Growing cases of aggression, especially in

international relations, endanger harmony and

peace in society. Journalistic materials should be

aimed at finding ways to overcome aggression

and resolve conflicts peacefully, developing

empathy, tolerance and mutual understanding

(Piotrowski & Fikkers, 2019).

Aggression is a complex phenomenon that

requires multifaceted consideration by publicists

and researchers. Solving aggression-related

problems depends on all of us, and it is our shared

responsibility to create a harmonious and

supportive environment where each of us feels

connected to others and understands the

importance of peace and coexistence (Chester &

Joscelyne, 2021).

In today’s world, verbal aggression is one of the

most common manifestations of psychological

aggression, which involves the use of words or

language forms to express negative emotions

such as anger, hatred, and contempt. This

phenomenon can take place in different areas of

life, such as family, school, work and politics,

creating potentially harmful consequences for

their community.

The consequences of verbal aggression can be

particularly dangerous, as it can be directed at a

specific person or group of people, and remain

non-specific, abstracting from the individual

characteristics and identity of the victim. As a

result, society faces various forms of verbal

abuse, such as insults, cursing, slander, spreading

Slipetska, V., Ishchenko, Y., Melnychuk, N., Symaka, A., Makoviichuk, L. / Volume 12 - Issue 68: 313-323 / August, 2023

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false information and harmful stereotypes (Dutt,

2018).

Careless use of verbal aggression can destabilize

the social climate and worsen interpersonal

relationships, as well as contribute to violent

conflicts. When people face constant criticism,

insults, and threats, it can significantly

undermine their self-esteem, cause anxiety and

depression, and can trigger physiological

responses such as increased stress levels and

weakened immune systems (Goessmann et al.,

2021).

Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the

problem of verbal aggression and to widely cover

this aspect in journalistic English-language

discourse. Conscious understanding and

awareness of the deep impact of verbal

aggression can stimulate positive changes in

behaviour and contribute to building tolerant and

polite coexistence. Self-regulation of language

and maintaining mutual respect are key aspects

of building healthy relationships in a society

where everyone has the right to be respected and

treated with dignity.

Cultural and historical factors influence the

verbalization of aggression in various aspects.

For example, in some cultures it is considered

acceptable to use verbally aggressive language in

certain situations, such as in the work

environment or in sports. In other cultures, verbal

aggression is considered unacceptable in any

situation.

Aim

This study is aimed at revealing the influence of

cultural and historical factors on the

verbalization of aggression in English

journalistic texts. The study of these factors will

help to enrich our understanding of the specifics

and contextual features of aggressive speech in

English journalistic discourse.

Objectives/Questions

1. Identify the most common markers of

aggressive speech.

2. Carry out a lexical, grammatical and stylistic

analysis of the selected texts to identify the

peculiarities of the use of aggressive

vocabulary.

Literature Review

Determining the relevance of research in the field

of verbalization of aggression and its impact on

society is not possible without a thorough study

of the methodology of such studies. First, it is

necessary to consider the existing experience of

analysing the role of speech aggression in

different contexts, such as the media,

international politics and social norms.

Adler-Nissen et al., (2020) examined images,

emotions, and international politics using the

example of the death of Alan Kurdi. The authors

drew attention to the impact of this event on the

global context, analysing the role of emotions in

shaping reactions and making decisions. The

proposed paradigm, where emotions determine

the dynamics of international politics, can

complement our understanding of the dynamics

of global events.

Kovalchuk and Litkovych (2022a) focus on the

verbalization of aggression in media discourse

during military conflicts. They examine the

language strategies used in the media to maintain

aggressive attitudes. They analyse the semantic

shades of intonation used to strengthen

aggressive statements. This work is important for

understanding the influence of the media on the

perception of conflicts and the formation of

stereotypes.

Krasnobaieva-Chorna (2021) analysed the

typology of verbal aggression of Prof.

Dominic A. Infante, and an attempt was made to

adapt it to phrasemics. The author studies

linguistic means and features of aggressiveness

in speech. The work is designed to deepen the

understanding of the verbalization of aggression

and supplement existing theoretical concepts.

Kreft (2020) focuses on civil society perspectives

on sexual violence in conflicts, particularly in

Colombia. The researcher analyses the

relationship between patriarchy and military

strategies in the context of violence. The work is

aimed at identifying the influence of

sociocultural factors on manifestations of

aggression in conflict situations.

Krylova-Grek (2018) considered the

psycholinguistic aspects of the semantic field of

the concept of war in the modern media space.

The author examines words and expressions

related to the concept of war and their impact on

readers’ perception. The work is aimed at

revealing the role of the media in the formation

of stereotypes and aggressive attitudes in society.

Maddox (2022) analysed the official Twitter

accounts of Ukrainian officials. The author

explored the response to military aggression in

real time using memes. This study reveals how

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the country used social media to express and

process emotions during the crisis.

Mezhov et al., (2020) studied the lexicon of

figurative aggression in the media discourse of

the beginning of the 21st century from a

psycholinguistic perspective. The authors

discovered the peculiarities of the use of

figurative expressions in the media, which helped

to understand the psychological impact of such

linguistic means on perception by the audience.

Papp et al., (2022) examined the contribution of

reality show viewing to college students’

acceptance of gender stereotypes and sexualized

aggression. The authors analysed how reality

television affects perceptions of gender roles and

perceptions of aggression.

Saiko (2022) investigated the dominant images

of invective constructions of manipulation in

English-language newspaper texts. The study of

lexical tools used for manipulation helps to

reveal the specifics of media influence on the

audience.

Stephens and Eaton (2020) examined cultural

factors influencing young women’s beliefs about

disclosure of domestic violence victimization in

India. They analysed how the sociocultural

context affects attitudes toward domestic

violence.

One of the unexplored issues is the change in

shades of intonation and semantic load of

aggressive statements depending on the era and

socio-cultural context. Studying English-

language publications from different historical

periods can help reveal changes in the perception

of aggressiveness and its expression, which will

add to our understanding of the development of

verbal aggression in society.

The role of mass communication technologies in

the evolution of verbalization of aggression is

also worth studying. The influence of the press,

radio, television, and now the Internet on the

spread of aggressive speech may be a key aspect

in understanding current trends in journalistic

discourse. Research on the impact of the media

on the formation of stereotypes and the

maintenance of aggressive attitudes will be a

useful for building effective strategies to combat

verbal aggression.

An important direction of research will be the

study of aggression in political discourse.

Political leaders, journalists and public figures

can use verbal aggression to achieve their goals

by manipulating the masses and provoking an

emotional response. Studying such situations in

different historical contexts will help to

understand how aggression was used to shape

public opinion and influence political processes.

Methods

Design

This study used a blended approach that

combined qualitative text analysis and

quantitative measures to assess participants’

perceptions of the intensity of aggressive

examples described in the selected texts. A

qualitative analysis of the texts was used to

identify the different types of aggressive

examples that were presented in the texts.

Quantitative measures were used to assess how

participants perceived the intensity of different

types of aggressive examples. Table 1 shows the

stages of the conducted research.

Table 1.

Stages of the study of cultural and historical factors of verbalization of aggression in English journalistic

texts

Stage

Period

Description

Stage 1

January 2022 -

March 2022

Determining research objectives, developing methodology and selecting

criteria for text selection.

Stage 2

April 2022 - August

2022

century using

th

Collection and analysis of journalistic texts of the end of the 19

lexical bases and software to identify stylistic means of aggression.

Stage 3

September 2022 -

May 2023

Collection and analysis of journalistic texts from English-language texts for

century, calculating

th

2023 for comparison with the end of the 19-2022

percentages of frequency of use of stylistic means of aggression.

Stage 4

June 2023 - July

2023

Analysis of research results, preparation of an article with conclusions and

comparisons regarding the frequency of use of stylistic means of aggression in

centuries.

st

and 21

th

language journalistic sources of the late 19-English

Source: compiled by the authors of the research.

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Participants

The texts for the study of aggressive stylistic

devices in English-language journalistic sources

for 2022-2023 and the end of the 19th century

were selected from several sources. The sample

of texts was carefully selected to reflect different

types of American publications and journalistic

styles, as well as to ensure a sufficient number of

texts for statistical analysis and comparisons.

1. Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. APIs will

be used for these social networks to collect

journalistic texts that were published during

the specified period. Texts will be selected

from public accounts that relate to

journalism and are related to current events

or public issues. The selection will focus on

the texts of American publishers, which will

allow the analysis of aggressive stylistic

devices in modern media publications.

2. Corpus of Historical American English

(COHA). It contains textual data from the

late 19th century to modern times. The

selection of texts from COHA will focus on

journalistic sources of the late 19th century,

such as newspapers, magazines, and other

printed publications, which will allow us to

compare the use of aggressive stylistic

devices in the journalistic discourse of that

period with modern ones.

Instruments

Google Books Ngram Viewer is a tool that

allowed viewing the frequency of use of words

and phrases in texts. It includes texts that have

been published from the year of 1500 to date.

Google Cloud Machine Learning Engine was

used to analyse text data.

Data Collection

1. Method of analysis of lexical units. The

analysis of lexical units of aggressive

semantics was used to identify markers of

speech aggression of political discourse with

the aim of creating thesaurus fields for

English-language journalistic discourse.

2. Grammatical analysis of markers of

aggression in a text is a method of

identifying signs of aggression in a text

based on its grammar. The method is based

on the fact that aggressive text often contains

certain grammatical features, such as the use

of imperative sentences, imperative forms of

verbs, exclamations, swear words, etc. It is

used to detect offensive texts in various

formats, such as articles, comments on the

Internet, social networks, etc.

3. Method of stylistic analysis of markers of

aggression in the text. This method is based

on the fact that aggression is often expressed

in certain writing styles, such as the use of

swear words, threats, violence, and other

forms of abusive language. The method was

used to detect aggression in various types of

textual content, such as blog posts, social

media, news articles, and other forms of

online communication.

Analysis of Data

1. Descriptive average. It is used to calculate

the average frequency of word inclusion in

the corpus.

2. Determination of the optimal value. It is

used to determine the critical value in the

sample.

3. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient

indicates the internal consistency of the test

items. The Cronbach’s alpha is calculated

using the formula 1:



 󰇛









󰇜, (1)

where 

 – total test score variance;



 – variance

Ethical Criteria

Research on the influence of cultural and

historical factors on the verbalization of

aggression in English journalistic texts should

comply with the following ethical criteria. These

are the principles of scientific integrity and

protection of the rights and well-being of

research participants. Maintaining respect for

linguistic norms and cultural features of English

journalistic discourse, avoiding offensive or

inappropriate expressions. Conducting research

with an objective and critical approach, avoiding

bias and distortion of results. Publication of

research results according to the academic

standards and methodologies, as well as

indicating the texts used.

Results

Journalistic discourse is very often characterized

by the verbal aggression of representatives of the

opposition. In this aspect, the lexico-semantic

approach to the study of this phenomenon

involves the study of linguistic ways of

presenting it to the community. First of all, it is

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necessary to understand that speech aggression is

usually interpreted as a form of communicative

interaction, which aims to offend or intentionally

harm the existing image of the opponent, a group

of people, an organization or society in general.

It is considered relevant that verbal aggression

often replaces aggressive physical action and

manifests itself in insults, mockery, threats,

hostile remarks, ignoring generally accepted

etiquette norms. Table 2 presents the identifiers

of some markers of speech aggression in

journalistic English-language discourse.

Table 2.

Identifiers of some markers of speech aggression in journalistic English-language discourse

Marker of Verbal

Aggression

Definition

Example

Personal Attack

Directly insulting or belittling someone

“You’re a complete failure in your job.”

Name-calling

Using derogatory terms to label a

person or group

“The protestors are just a bunch of thugs.”

Sarcasm

Mocking or ridiculing someone

indirectly

£Oh, great job on that project! Really top-

notch.£

Exaggeration

Magnifying or overstating negative

aspects

“This is the worst idea in the history of the

company.”

Offensive Language

Using profanity or offensive words

“Your argument is f***ing ridiculous.”

Threats

Expressing intent to harm or punish

“If you don’t agree with us, there will be

consequences.”

Intimidation

Instilling fear or apprehension in others

“Better watch your back if you cross us.”

Stereotyping

Generalizing and applying negative

traits to a group

“All politicians are corrupt and dishonest.”

Mockery

Making fun of someone or something

“Nice job on that speech. (insert eye roll)”

Disparagement

Criticizing and diminishing someone’s

worth

“You’re not smart enough to understand this.”

Source: compiled by the authors of the research.

This table 2 makes us understand that speech

aggression can take different forms in

journalistic discourse. Understanding these

markers helps identify aggressive rhetoric and

helps build more reasoned and constructive

communication.

This table 3 reflects the change in the frequency

of the use of aggressive vocabulary in English-

language journalistic texts over two centuries.

From the remotest times, the language of

journalism has its own characteristics, and this

analysis enables to notice the changing trends in

the style of expression of aggression in the media

space.

Table 3.

Lexical means of expressing aggression in English-language journalistic texts of the late 19th and 21st

centuries

Words

century)

th

Frequency of use, % (19

century)

st

Frequency of use, % (21

Attack

30

25

Assault

25

20

Bombard

20

15

Demolish

15

10

Destroy

10

5

Devastate

5

2

Invade

2

1

Obliterate

1

0.5

Ravage

0.5

0.25

Sack

0.25

0

Source: compiled by the authors of the research.

Analysing the data in the table, several

observations can be made regarding the use of

aggressive vocabulary in English-language

journalistic texts over the course of two

centuries. In general, it can be observed that the

frequency of use of aggressive words has

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decreased from the 19th century to the 21st

century. This may indicate an increased

awareness and a more cautious approach to

language in modern journalism.

The least used are words that express more

intense aggression, such as “obliterate”, “ravage”

and “sack”, which have a low frequency of use

and their meaning can be archaic sometimes. A

general trend toward more cautious and less

aggressive speech can be detected in American

journalistic discourse from the last century to

date. This may be related to the growth of the

culture of communication and the awareness of

the influence of the media on society.

Three types of the grammatical means of

expressing speech aggression in the analysed

international discourse were studied: modal

verbs, pronouns, adjectives. We analysed:

a) “modal verbs with the meaning of

obligation/compulsion, such as must, have

to, ought to”;

b) “pronouns I, we, they, you” used to contrast

opposing parties;

c) “superlative adjectives”. Figure 1 shows

visual information based on the results of the

research.

Figure 1. Grammatical means of expressing verbal aggression

Source: compiled by the authors of the research.

Based on the above data, we note the use of

modal verbs with the meaning of

obligation/coercion, opposition of pronouns.

Grammatical means of expressing aggression

are: superlative adjectives, which emphasize the

extreme degree of indignation, are less used.

As the table 4 shows, the frequency of using

stylistic means of expressing aggression in

English-language journalistic texts of the end of

the 19th century was higher than in the 21st

century. This may be because the late 19th

century was a time of great political and social

upheaval, such as the American Civil War, the

French Revolution, and World War I. These

events led to an increased aggression and

violence in society, which was also reflected in

journalistic texts.

Table 4.

Stylistic means of expressing aggression in English-language journalistic texts of the late 19th and 21st

centuries

Stylistic means

century)

th

Frequency of use, % (19

century)

st

Frequency of use, % (21

Repetition

20

15

Antithesis

15

10

Oxymoron

10

5

Metaphor

5

2

Synecdoche

2

1

Irony

1

0.5

Hyperbole

0.5

0.25

Epithets

0.25

0

Source: compiled by the authors of the research.

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

4,5

5

Modal verbs Pronouns Superlative adjectives

19th century 21st century

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In the 21st century, the level of aggression in

society decreased, which led to a decrease in the

frequency of using stylistic means of expressing

aggression in journalistic texts. However, some

stylistic units such as repetition, antithesis, and

oxymoron are still used quite often. These

stylistic units are used to create a sense of

emotional tension, excitement, and drama, which

are important for attracting the reader’s attention.

It is important to note that the frequency of using

stylistic means of expressing aggression in

English-language journalistic sources may differ

depending on the specific context. For example,

in news articles stylistic units such as repetition,

antithesis, and oxymoron may be used to

describe war or violence, while in advertising

articles they may be used to create a sense of

extreme or adventure.

Discussion

The work includes research aimed at studying

aggression and its detection in various media

contexts and cultural environments. They make a

significant contribution to the understanding of

aspects of aggressive speech, in particular in

journalistic discourse, media content and

interaction in society.

Gulnora (2023) and Kingstone (2022) focus on

evaluative vocabulary and its detection in media

texts. Selected methods and approaches will help

to find out how aggressive means are perceived

and used in the modern media environment.

These results will reveal aspects of aggressive

expression in literary works and its impact on

colonial stereotypes.

Haladzhun et al., (2021), Ebzeeva et al., (2021)

and Nünning (2023) studied the representation of

aggression in media materials against

representatives of the Roma ethnic community.

The results will contribute to a deeper

understanding of the problems of using

aggressive means in relations with marginalized

groups. The research gives grounds to understand

how aggressive language is used to shape facts

and create a story in media discourse.

Such authors as Komalova and Kulagina (2021),

Kovalchuk and Litkovych (2022b) and Kravets

et al., (2023) distinguish the domain of

aggression as one of the poorly studied. The

authors note that the journalistic discourse of

evolutionary and traditional markers of

aggression is not enough to detect aggressive

rhetoric.

Studies by Arya and George (2022) and Aloia

(2022) focus on aggressive stylistic devices in

media discourse during wartime. Their results

will provide insight into the specifics of using

aggressive language in military contexts.

In general, studies from different academic fields

provide a multifaceted view of aspects of

aggressive speech in journalistic and media texts.

They reveal not only the quantitative aspect of

the change in the use of aggressive vocabulary,

but also the stylistic, cultural and psychological

factors influencing this trend. Enriching our

understanding of aggressive speech, these studies

provide a platform for further research and

development of communication strategies in

modern society.

The practical implications of the study of the

impact of cultural and historical factors on the

verbalization of aggression in English

journalistic texts include the following.

Understanding the influence of cultural and

historical factors helps writers, journalists, and

other communicators consciously choose

communication tools and strategies that will

contribute to increasing the effectiveness of

communication and avoiding conflicts. Research

helps develop cultural intelligence in society,

enriches understanding of other cultures,

promotes rapprochement and cooperation

between nations. The results of the study can

become the basis for the development of

programmes and initiatives aimed at preventing

and countering verbal aggression, increasing

cultural tolerance and improving intercultural

communication. Knowledge of the impact of

aggressive speech on the psyche of information

consumers contributes to developing

psychological methods and approaches to help

people who face with verbal aggression.

The theoretical significance of the study include

the following provisions. The study helps to

understand the relationship between speech

manifestations and psychological processes, and

also reveals the influence of cultural contexts on

language practices. The results of the research

can enrich existing linguistic theories about the

influence of cultural and historical factors on

speech. The study of aggressive speech in

journalistic texts helps cultural scientists to better

understand society's attitude to aggression and its

impact on intercultural communication. The

study creates an academic background for further

research and presentations on the verbalization of

aggression, which contributes to the

development of scientific discourse in this field.

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/ August 2023

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http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307

This study provides preliminary results, which

may not fully reflect the real picture, especially

because of the used text selection method.

Furthermore, the causes and consequences of the

trivialization of aggression cannot be clearly

identified within the scope of this study either. A

qualitative or blended study is necessary to

obtain comprehensive answers to these

questions.

Despite this, the work provides a general outline

of society’s attitude to aggression, as evidenced

by the life stories of the selected texts. On this

basis, we can draw a conclusion about general

trends. It is recommended to conduct further

large-scale empirical studies with the aim of

revealing the causes, scope and consequences of

the expression of aggression in the journalistic

context. Further research will help overcome the

limitations of previous studies and enrich our

understanding of the subject.

Conclusions

Relevance. This study has become relevant due

to the focus on identifying cultural and historical

factors that influence the verbalization of

aggression in English journalistic texts. The

analysis of cultural and historical influences on

the verbalization of aggression can contribute to

the development of effective methods of its

prevention and resolution. This study will help to

better understand how historical and cultural

features shape aggressive language in journalistic

texts. Findings. In the first half of the 19th

century, the frequency of the use of aggressive

vocabulary, in particular the words “attack” and

“assault”, was quite high, about 30% and 25%,

respectively. However, these figures decreased to

25% and 20% during the 21st century. The words

“bombard”, “demolish”, and “destroy” also show

a decreased frequency of use from the 19th to the

21st century, from 20%, 15% and 10% to 15%,

10% and 5%, respectively. Taking into account

the above data, it should be noted that modal

verbs with the meaning of obligation or coercion,

as well as the opposition of pronouns are used in

expressing aggression in English-language

journalistic texts. The superlative adjectives,

which emphasize the extreme degree of

indignation, can be distinguished among the less

used grammatical means for expressing

aggression. Applications. The study may

contribute to the awareness of the importance of

word choice and speech strategies for journalists,

particularly in publications on hot or aggression-