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DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.66.06.30
How to Cite:
Madryha, T., Bilousov, Y., Zubrytska, L., Teremtsova, N., & Druchek, O. (2023). The role of the volunteer movement in the
security policy of the state in the context of military operations. Amazonia Investiga, 12(66), 326-334.
https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.66.06.30
The role of the volunteer movement in the security policy of the state in
the context of military operations
Роль волонтерського руху у політиці безпеки держави в контексті військових
операцій
Received: June 1, 2023 Accepted: July 2, 2023
Written by:
Tetiana Madryha1
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7761-9811
Yevhen Bilousov2
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3998-9947
Liudmyla Zubrytska3
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8148-4734
Nina Teremtsova4
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3959-9201
Olena Druchek5
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7460-8137
Abstract
This article examines the formation of the
volunteer movement in Ukraine's security policy
during military operations. It aims to identify
historical peculiarities and changes in the context
of military operations. The study utilizes the
historical method to analyze socio-historical
sources and materials, tracing the genesis and
development of the volunteer movement. The
comparative method is employed to explore
different approaches to understanding
volunteering in Ukraine. Systematization is used
to analyze patterns in the development of the
volunteer movement within the security policy of
the state during military operations. The article
highlights the lack of comprehensive research on
the role of the volunteer movement in Ukraine's
security policy. It emphasizes the significant role
of the volunteer movement in shaping
international relations and modern security
policies. The study identifies specific
characteristics of the volunteer movement within
1
PhD of Political Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Political Institutions and Processes, Faculty of History, Politology
and International Relations, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.
2
Doctor of Law Sciences, Professor, Department of European Union Law, Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Kharkiv,
Ukraine.
3
PhD of Political Sciences, Senior lecturer, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences and Social Technologies,
National University of Kyiv Mohyla Academy, Kyiv, Ukraine.
4
PhD of Law Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Theory and History of Law and State, Institute of Law, Taras Shevchenko
National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine.
5
PhD of Law Sciences. Professor, Department of Legal Support of the National Guard of Ukraine, Faculty of State Security, Kyiv
Institute of the National Guard of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
Madryha, T., Bilousov, Y., Zubrytska, L., Teremtsova, N., Druchek, O. / Volume 12 - Issue 66: 326-334 / June, 2023
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the context of military operations. Overall, the
research suggests that studying the volunteer
movement contributes to understanding
population self-organization and the formation of
civil society in the state.
Keywords: volunteer, war, volunteering,
volunteer aid, sustainable development, state
support, UN, human rights.
Introduction
The relevance of this work is determined by the
need to study the formation of the volunteer
movement in the security policy of the state in
the context of military operations using the
example of Ukraine. In recent years, the need to
involve volunteers has been growing rapidly in
the world, especially in the context of military
operations as a means of ensuring the national
security of Ukraine. Current social trends, the
formation of the information society and rapid
changes in society create a need for appropriate
high-quality humanitarian aid.
The volunteer movement becomes especially
relevant when it is impossible to provide safe and
effective assistance to the population in the usual
way, especially during conflicts, wars, and
natural disasters. As a result, the use of
volunteering as a way of self-organization of the
population has increased significantly. At the
same time, the issue of ensuring legal protection
of volunteer movements against abuses remains
incomplete. Moreover, according to our
forecasts, the importance of the volunteer
movement will grow every year. And questions
of protection of the volunteer movement against
abuses will arise. Therefore, there is a need for a
detailed study of the relevant issues.
Accordingly, the development of the volunteer
movement in the wartime becomes especially
relevant. It is these factors that determine the
relevance of this article.
The aim of this article is to identify the
peculiarities of the development of the volunteer
movement in the security policy of the state in
the context of military operations. The aim
involves the fulfilment of the following research
objectives:
− Determine the place of the volunteer
movement in the security policy of Ukraine;
− Analyse the state of practical involvement of
the volunteer movement in the security
policy of the state in the context of military
operations;
− Determine the main trends in the formation
of the volunteer movement.
So, this article is an original study of the
formation of the volunteer movement in the
security policy of Ukraine in the context of
military operations.
Literature Review
Many world researchers studied the formation of
the volunteer movement. This shows the growing
relevance of volunteering and the volunteer
movement in the world. Accordingly, the
problem of introducing the formation of a
volunteer movement into state policy has long
been widely discussed in theory and practice.
The role of volunteer movements in Great Britain
was determined back in 1989.
Studying the European experience, researcher
points out that the largest popular movement in
Britain was the movement around military
volunteerism during the wars against
revolutionary and Napoleonic France. The
number of volunteers registered in 1803–1804 is
often mentioned as about 400,000 (Cookson,
1989).
As Zimmeck (2010) noted, the British
government has encouraged volunteering to a
greater or lesser extent through various policies
and programmes since the 1960’s. Sometimes
they were based on party-political plans,
sometimes on appropriateness, and sometimes on
chance (Sydorova et al., 2022; Zimmeck, 2010).
So, it can be noted that this topic has been
relevant for a long time in world practice, and is
gaining relevance in Ukraine.
In his article, Pries (2019) defines the role of
volunteers in the context of the refugee
immigration crisis. In many countries, volunteers
and non-governmental organizations were
crucial to overcoming the so-called refugee crisis
(Pries, 2019). In work Karakayali (2019) also
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emphasized in 2018 that the refugee crisis in
Germany in 2015 mobilized millions of German
citizens to volunteer for the benefit of refugees.
A broad movement, which was different from
previous forms of solidarity activity, emerged in
one night.
The article of Tkach and Tkach (2019) analysed
volunteering as a factor in self-organization of
society in a critical period as a new social need.
It is indicated that during the period of
democratic transit, the volunteer movement
became a factor of civic activity (Tkach & Tkach,
2019). In work of Lynch et al., (2019), the
psychological aspects of women’s participation
in volunteer military movements were studied.
Researchers determined that there was little
research analysing how women respond to
external threats (Lynch et al., 2019).
The studies of Fomitchova (2021) and Yunin et
al., (2022) indicate that in Ukraine, at the
beginning of the armed conflict in the spring of
2014, society faced the problem of the
unpreparedness of the national armed forces. In
the post-revolutionary context, mobilization was
organized on the basis of spontaneous
movements and relies on civilian networks of
assistance to armed groups. It is important to
emphasize that this trend towards the use of
volunteer forces during the war in Ukraine
retains. Accordingly, it forms new approaches to
understanding the meaning and prospects of the
development of the volunteer movement.
The paper of Chambré (2020) recognizes that US
volunteerism is cyclical and subject to social and
cultural changes, including events that cause
national traumas such as wars, natural disasters,
and the September 11 attacks. Another article
(Carlsen et al., 2022) points to aspects of the
inequality of roles in volunteer organizations.
Inequality is a major concern for many volunteer
organisations. Volunteers in humanitarian,
public and social organizations are usually
motivated by the unequal distribution of social
deprivation (Carlsen et al., 2022).
Enjolras (2021) notes that volunteer performance
varies widely across Europe, despite a shared
history and tradition of the volunteer sector.
Despite common philanthropic traditions and
institutions, modern European countries show
differences in volunteering indicator — the share
of the country’s population involved in
volunteering (Enjolras, 2021). Researchers
Denysenko and Kin (2021) studied the
movement of military volunteers in Ukraine. The
author defined effective patriotism, proved its
multifunctionality: functions of organization and
self-organization, consolidation, political
socialization, formation of civic qualities
(Denysenko & Kin, 2021). Authors Pankova and
Kasperovich (2022) provide their own vision of
the development of the Ukrainian volunteer
movement in the context of the Russian military
aggression. The authors conclude that this
volunteering contributes to the formation and
strengthening of the culture of peace and security
at the international level (Pankova &
Kasperovich, 2022).
As Domaradzki et al., (2022) in the study noted,
although the Polish state had no previous
experience of accepting refugees on a massive
scale, the Russo-Ukrainian war led to the
emergence of “spontaneous volunteers” who
offered their aid and assistance to the flow of
refugees. Brudney et al., (2023) define the role of
the volunteer, noting that the replacement of the
volunteer by the professional in the 20th century
was a dramatic transformation not only for social
service, but also for the volunteering itself.
Therefore, the issue of the volunteer movement
in the security policy of the state in the context of
military operations is multifaceted and is actively
discussed in the theorists and practitioners.
Methodology
This study involved general scientific and legal
research methods, where the methods of
historical analysis and the comparative method
occupy an important place. They were applied to
carry out a detailed study and analysis of the
volunteer movement in the security policy of the
state in the context of military operations. A
retrospective study of the volunteer movement in
the security policy of the state in the context of
military operations and its impact on society was
conducted using the historical method. The
trends of the volunteer movement were also
studied and analysed using this method. The
comparative method was applied to analyse and
compare approaches to the idealization of the
volunteer movement in the security policy of the
state in the context of military operations. The
article also used the method of systematization to
draw conclusions and trace global trends to
understand the culture of volunteering and their
role in the context of military conflicts. The
article analyses promising directions for the
development of the volunteer movement in the
security policy of the state. Empirical research
methods were also used.
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The studies were selected in order to explore the
history of the volunteer movement in the security
policy of the state, as well as the practical
implications of the activities of volunteers in the
context of military operations. It was followed by
the analysis of the volunteer movement was
carried out using the example of Ukraine.
The research procedure provided for determining
the relevance of the research topic, analysis of
scientific and practical methods and approaches
to study the volunteer movement, as well as its
impact on security policy.
The first stage of the research, a review of
academic sources was conducted during 2018 to
2023 in order to analyse the main aspects and
theoretical foundations of the volunteer
movement and, accordingly, to analyse different
approaches. The analysis of studies and current
regulatory documents was also conducted.
The next stage was the selection of practical
materials for the study based on an integrated
approach to comprehensively study the subject of
research and identify the main problems and
prospects. So, the practical and theoretical
materials in the field of the volunteer movement
were selected in accordance with the territoriality
criterion, which enabled determining the state of
development of this problem in Ukraine.
Available practical studies and official statistics
were analysed to verify the results. The relevant
conclusions were drawn and the
recommendations were provided on the basis of
the conducted research.
The object of this study was to determine the role
of the volunteer movement in the security policy
of the state in the context of military operations.
Results
The conducted research determined the growing
role of the volunteer movement in the countries,
especially then the government bodies and
institutions are unable to solve urgent security
issues. Historical and legal methods were used to
determine that people have formed effective
volunteer movements to solve important issues
since the Middle Ages and earlier.
Volunteering for development had a multifaceted
meaning, as discourses of development,
colonialism and control coexisted with
discourses of youthful idealism and national
benevolence (Brudney et al., 2023). The official
definition of volunteering published by the
International Labour Organization in the 2011
Manual on the Measurement of Volunteer Work
is consistent with the general understanding of
volunteering. According to this definition,
volunteering is “unpaid, optional work”.
Volunteering can be official and unofficial, as in
the USA and EU countries.
In 2019-2020, 41% of respondents participated in
formal or informal volunteering at least once a
month. During the same period, 62% participated
in formal or informal volunteering at least once
in the past 12 months (Sobocinska, 2017).
Official volunteering, which involves work in an
organizational context, includes people
participating through organized bodies such as
NGOs, clubs and government agencies.
Unofficial volunteering is a help that individuals
provide without compensation to people outside
their own household or immediate family,
outside the formal organization. This is one of the
reasons why the role of volunteers in European
society is currently underestimated. So, we can
distinguish the following signs of official and
unofficial volunteering (Tab. 1)/
Table 1.
Signs of official and unofficial volunteering
Features
Official volunteering
Unofficial volunteering
Regulated at the state level
yes
no
Officially documented by a contract or
other document
yes
no
Paid
Mostly yes
Mostly no
The volunteer is held liable
yes
no
Clearly defined duties
Mostly yes
Mostly no
Temporary/permanent
For the period of validity of
the contract
Depending on the verbal
agreement
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So, we believe that volunteering can have the
characteristics of a certain paid work that is
documented in an agreement and has a certain
term. One of the major global trends in
volunteering is that most volunteering is outside
of organized charities and corporations. This is
usually because people belong to religious, social
or political groups.
It is worth considering certain differences in the
understanding of volunteering, especially in an
international or European context. For example,
in Germany and France unofficial volunteering is
not included in the general understanding of
volunteering. In many countries, volunteering is
a well-established, if not always visible, policy
area. One of the volunteer policy issues is
providing volunteers with health, accident, and
liability insurance (Tab. 2). Despite national
differences regarding volunteering, one aspect is
relevant for all countries: recognition of
volunteers and their work (Gov.Uk, 2021;
Angermann & Sittermann, 2010).
Table 2.
Legislative regulation of volunteering
Country
Legislated
Official volunteering
Unofficial volunteering
Ukraine
yes
yes
yes
USA
yes
yes
yes
France
no
yes
no
England
no
yes
no
Spain
yes
yes
yes
Germany
yes
yes
no
Accordingly, we must emphasize that during the
hostilities, volunteering that has access to the
combat zone must be official and registered with
relevant documents to ensure state security. In
our opinion, volunteering in the combat zone has
a specialized professional nature: doctors,
paramedics, drivers, and military personnel
become specialist volunteers.
So, we can conclude that volunteering is the
strongest manifestation of strengthening civil
society and solidarity in it, promoting social
integration and development of the social capital
of the state, especially in wartime. Conflicts and
wars force people to come together to solve
pressing issues of survival and development.
At the same time, the COVID-19 coronavirus
pandemic affected almost all spheres of human
life and changed the direction of volunteering. It
is important to point out that the war set new
demands and needs to Ukrainians and the
humanity. Since February 24, 2022, volunteering
in Ukraine has significantly intensified, and the
Volunteer Platform has become one of the main
sources of finding volunteer opportunities. After
the beginning of the war, the platform became a
tool that helped volunteers quickly respond to the
requests of victims: more than 400,000 users and
volunteers from more than 500 organizations and
communities (Krivenko, 2015).
In the early days of the general war, the
Ukrainian Volunteer Service team improved its
platform so that volunteers could choose the
main categories of help they needed. According
to the U-Report survey (U-Report Ukraine,
2022), to the question “How has your
participation in volunteering changed since the
beginning of the war?” 54% out of 2,279
respondents answered that they volunteer more,
10% — less, 16% — unchanged, 20% — just
started volunteering. The main goal of
volunteering is striving for the victory.
In our opinion, the following types of
volunteering during the war are the most
common in Ukraine, which indicate the
actualization of the militaristic direction (Tab. 3).
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Table 3.
Types of volunteering in Ukraine
Type of volunteering
% of
volunteers
Description
Volunteering at the
humanitarian
headquarters
32
Sorting and packaging of medicines, coordination of
volunteers, logistical issues, collection of products
Coordination activity
11
Solving humanitarian issues, consultations
Assistance to the Armed
Forces of Ukraine
22
Organization of actions to collect donations to specialized
funds, weaving of camouflage nets, purchase of
ammunition, blood donation
Assistance to the
population
14
Help with finding housing, integration in a new place,
humanitarian aid
Psychological support
and assistance
4
Psychological assistance — to defenders and their families,
displaced persons, children and everyone who needs
support as a result of the war
Auto-volunteering
2
Assistance with road transport
Other
9
Animal welfare, translation and journalism, etc.
In the course of empirical research, we selected
10 organizations that have an active influence on the development of volunteering in Ukraine
(Tab. 4).
Table 4.
Volunteer organizations of Ukraine
Name
Type of activity
Collected
Ukrainian Volunteer
Service Public
Organization
Support of the Armed Forces of Ukraine,
fundraising
2,500,000 More than UAH
E-Support
Support of the Armed Forces of Ukraine,
fundraising
More than UAH 80 million
Come Back Alive
Charitable
Foundation
Procurement of goods for dual and military
purposes, including lethal weapons or for
demining equipment
2,7 billion UAH More than
Serhiy Prytula
Charity Foundation
Collection and purchase of weapons for the
Armed Forces of Ukraine
More than UAH 4,182
billion
SOS Army
Assistance to the armed forces of Ukraine
20 million More than UAH
UNITED24 Charity
Platform
Ukraine recovery projects
203$More than
Razom Charitable
Foundation
Helping civilian veterans, military, created a
diverse community of volunteers and
collaborators in the USA and Ukraine
$21 million
Nova Ukraine
Humanitarian aid to the people of Ukraine and
raising awareness of Ukraine in the US and
around the world
$15 million
Medical battalion
“Hospitallers”
Medical assistance, evacuation
$7,500
KOLO Charitable
Foundation
Operational assistance of the Armed Forces
146 million almost UAH
In general, we can talk about the heterogeneous
development of the volunteer movement.
Volunteering can be particularly important in
situations of instability or protracted crisis, war
or violence and may not imply profit, legal or
political opportunity. Accordingly, the
consequences and role of volunteering became a
relevant issue. According to researchers, free
work can be invaluable, volunteers are prone to
burnout.
Discussion
The volunteer movement occupies an important
place in the historical development of society in
different countries. In a broad sense, the term
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“volunteer” is widely used to denote unpaid
service (Pustovit, 2023). In general, volunteer
comes from the Latin voluntārius, which means
voluntarily (Cnaan et al., 1996).
Volunteering has been used for a variety of
purposes and has been a part of most societies
throughout human history. Although there is
increasing evidence of the contribution of
volunteers to their communities and societies,
there is little consistent research to support such
claims (The Free Dictionary, 2011). In general,
younger and more educated women who worked
in non-agricultural occupations and women
without children under the age of 17 were more
likely to volunteer for paramilitary organizations
(Butcher & Einolf 2017). Accordingly, Ukraine
united in a large general volunteer movement to
help the Armed Forces of Ukraine, support the
population and help victims of the armed
aggression.
The volunteer work of the Maidan period and
post-Maidan development, their effectiveness
and dedication significantly advanced social
solidarity and the formation of positive social
capital, confirmed public recognition and the
strength of the factor of civil society of Ukraine.
Volunteers themselves enjoy an unprecedented
level of public trust compared to other
institutional entities. In 2014-2015, the volunteer
movement and various forms of support for the
army and the forced migration of many citizens
became not only an important direction of the
transformation of revolutionary activity (Lynch
et al., 2019).
The regulatory and legal principles of
volunteering in Ukraine are defined in the
Constitution of Ukraine and in the Laws of
Ukraine “On Volunteering”, “On the Basic
Principles of State Policy in the Establishment of
Ukrainian National and Civil Identity”, the
Decree of the President of Ukraine On the
National Strategy for Promoting the
Development of Civil Society in Ukraine for
2021 - 2026.
There is also the General Declaration of
Volunteers of September 14, 1990 at the
international level. The Declaration was written
in accordance with the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights of 1948 and the International
Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989,
and is based on the principle that “everyone has
the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and to
freedom of association with others” (Stepanenko,
2015).
With the beginning of the full-scale invasion of
Ukraine by Russian troops, many could not take
up arms, but began to help and volunteer
(Skityova, 2016). As a rule, periods of significant
development of the voluntary movement
coincide with the aggravation of different crisis
situations in society and military actions in the
state.
Volunteers bring humanitarian aid from all over
Europe (Popova, 2022). The European
Commission emphasizes that in the debate about
the future of Europe, the future will be shaped not
only by politicians and institutions, communities
and civil society organizations, but also by
millions of citizens — volunteers always have
time and energy (Stepanova, 2022). Moreover,
the level of official volunteering through
organizations in the US fell by seven percentage
points, from 30 percent in 2019 to 23.2 percent in
2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic
(AmeriCorps, 2023). An estimated 23.2 percent
of Americans, or more than 60.7 million people,
officially volunteered with organizations
between September 2020 and 2021. These
volunteers worked approximately 4.1 billion
hours with an economic value of US$122.9
billion (Ferry, 2022). Kornievskyi (2020)
believes that the COVID-19 pandemic has
defined a completely new vector for the
development of global communities and global
institutions.
Volunteering can have some impact in situations
of instability or protracted crisis, war or violence,
and may not have income, legal or political
opportunities. At the same time, the government
must be able to meet citizens’ expectations and
support volunteerism.
Conclusions
The study gives reasons to talk about the
formation of a particularly powerful volunteer
movement in the security policy of the state in
the context of military operations. So, the work
analyses the historical development of the
volunteer movement in the security policy of the
state in the context of military operations. The
figure of the volunteer has a decent place in
military culture and history.
In recent years, the number of volunteers and
volunteer organizations around the world has
increased many times. Volunteerism became a
national asset of Ukrainians in wartime.
Moreover, volunteering has acquired highly
qualified personnel. Scientists, specialists in
information technology, engine drivers,
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specialists in weapons and military equipment
are among the volunteers.
In general, the issue of volunteer support is very
relevant today during a full-scale war unleashed
by Russia against Ukraine, in difficult military-
political and socio-economic conditions, in the
difficult situation in which Ukraine found itself,
in all corners of the country. This resulted in a
significant activation of social and volunteer
movements in Ukraine, which began during the
2014 Euromaidan. The world mass media, press
and literature actively use the image of a
volunteer. Therefore, even in the 21st century,
the image of a volunteer and his/her work is
constantly changing and being formed in
accordance with the values of time.
The practical significance of the obtained results
is determined by the analysis of promising
directions of volunteerism, identifying gaps in
the volunteer movement during wartime, and
ensuring the effective implementation of the state
security policy, taking into account the influence
of the volunteer movement.
Prospects for further research involve
determining the features of the development of
volunteer movements in the post-war period.
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