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DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.64.04.19

How to Cite:

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Head of Department of History, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia;

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Department of History, Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University),

Moscow, Russia; Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Department of Russian History, Moscow State Pedagogical University,

Moscow, Russia.

University), Moscow, Russia.

Volume 12 - Issue 64

Introduction

Adaptation and integration of migrants of a

different culture into the society of the host

the draft law on social and cultural adaptation

and integration prepared several years ago by the

Federal Agency for Ethnic Affairs (Russia) has

not yet been adopted.

The problem of migration affects not only

Russia. It is relevant and important for all states

that need additional labor resources, including

European Union. The problem of migration

includes two components: the problem of

associated with labor migration in modern Russia

in comparison with the solution of these

problems in other countries. First of all, this is the

problem of regulating the entry and exit from the

country of labor migrants, including their

possible deportation. It is closely related to the

problems of regulating the labor relations of

migrants with employers and their taxation. The

problem of extending the system of medical care

and medical support to migrants, as well as the

in the system of values of the host country. In

conclusion, the authors offer their vision of these

problems and recommendations on possible

directions for their solution.

Theoretical Basis

The complexity of intercultural communication

and various methodological positions of

researchers did not allow to fully forming the

of citizenship, and refers mainly to non-return

migrants.

The concept of multiculturalism, which was used

in many European countries, did not justify itself.

The idea of cultural diversity and equality of all

ethnic cultures, mutual respect for identity could

not be fully realized (Suzdaleva & Fedorov,

2019). This approach has led to the localization

of foreign crops, which threatens the social and

national security of the states of the European

Union (EU). This problem became especially

leading experts in this field I.V. Sledzevsky

believes that the main culture, as a result of

interaction with the culture of the immigrant

minority, loses more than it gains. The exchange

of part of the space of one's identity for elements

of other cultures violates the internal stability of

the main culture, can lead to fragmentation, and,

ultimately, to the loss of national identity

(Sledzevsky, 2013). This is especially evident in

the example of Germany and Denmark, where in

their cultural, religious norms and traditions on

the autochthonous population.

At the beginning of the second decade of the XXI

century, the concept of "interculturalism" began

strengthen the well-being of the country of

residence (Kuropyatnik & Kuropyatnik, 2018).

But the forms and ways of intercultural

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migrants with the local population, including

the question of the degree of their inclusion

in the value system of the host country;

migrants;

from foreign-speaking and other-

confessional states and regions, including

the problem of communication with the local

population;

migrants in schools if they come to Russia

Therefore, the authors used the traditional

methods of historical disciplines. First of all,

these are the methods of logical analysis and

synthesis, the method of structural-functional

analysis and the problem-analytical method,

which made it possible to reveal the essence of

the above problems related to the adaptation and

integration of labor migrants and offer

recommendations for their solution. Statistical

methods and methods of content analysis and

and points of view, respect for the opinion of

specialists and, at the same time, taking into

account the peculiarities of the specific historical

situation in modern Russia.

Results and Discussion

Migration issues do not lose their relevance, as it

is showed by numerous publications of

economists, politicians and sociologists in Russia

varies from 6 to 20% of the employed population

in different countries). Russia in 2019 was

among the top five countries in terms of the

number of international migrants (Shustov,

contribute to the painless entry of migrants into

the national environment of their new homeland.

By continuing to adhere to the customs and

traditions of their countries, migrants generate a

certain amount of xenophobic tension. Despite

the rather high level of tolerance in Russia, most

often hostility is caused by Muslim migrants who

arrived from Central Asian countries (Tajiks and

Uzbeks are in the first place in this row, Kyrgyz

Federation either decreased as in 2016

(devaluation of ruble, changes in migration

legislation), then increased again as in 2019. In

2020, after the borders were closed due to the

pandemic, it decreased again (Krasinets, 2020).

The need to attract migrants is caused by

economic and demographic reasons. First of all,

this is a shortage of labor resources due to low

birth rates, especially in sectors of the economy

basically similar. At the same time, in Russia, the

positive effects of the influx of labor migrants

usually include the following:

Volume 12 - Issue 64

At the same time, labor migration in Russia,

primarily from the states of Central Asia,

generates certain costs:

than a third of the budget of these countries;

low level of wages;

to migrants creates a threat to social and

national security and increases conflict

(Ryabova & Bormotova, 2015; Suzdaleva,

2016).

At the same time, there are serious problems, the

country of citizens of the CIS (primarily from the

countries of Central Asia) in accordance with

agreements on a visa-free regime between the

states that are members of the CIS. Now we are

going to show the official statistics.

Of the total number of 13 392 897 foreign

citizens (FC) and stateless persons (SP)

registered with the Ministry of Internal Affairs

(Russia) in January-December 2021, 4 961 301

Among labor migrants, their share is much

higher. According to the Ministry of Internal

Affairs (Russia), 9 530 934 (FC and SP) came to

Russia for the purpose of work during this period,

Kyrgyzstan. Consequently, people from the

Central Asian republics make up about 82% of

labor migrants.

In this regard, the most important is the problem

of regulating at the legislative level the entry and

exit from the country of labor migrants, including

their deportation.

quotas and permits in 2015 was supplemented by

the introduction of a system of patents from visa-

free countries. In 2017, work was intensified to

identify guest workers who had patents based on

documents that did not correspond to the place of

residence. For a year after the revocation of the

patent, FC could not reuse this opportunity, but

as a result of gaps in the legislation, guest

workers could use them in turn. In 2021, a

decision was made to introduce electronic

issuance of permits to attract and use foreign

workers. According to experts, labor migration

should be determined solely by the availability of

vacancies that are not in demand by Russian

citizens. Migration, according to experts, should

be purposeful "under the order" of certain

industries and regions. In 2021, the issue of

simplified recruitment of foreign workers in a

number of sectors was being worked out. It was

considered expedient to create electronic

practice exists in one form or another in a number

of European countries. For example, in Denmark

there is a law that allows the confiscation of

property from refugees for the cost of their

accommodation in the country. In Switzerland,

& Fedorov, 2019; Potemkina, 2020).

For a minor violation, the practice of deportation

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process of stay in Temporary Detention Centers

for FC and expulsion is complicated by the

shortage of official court interpreters from the

languages of the peoples of the CIS and the use

Since 2018, a mechanism has been tested to

identify illegal foreigners, as well as employers

evading insurance premiums from their wages.

Along with MDMA, Federal Service for Labor

and Employment (Rostrud) began to engage in

this area (Shustov, 2020; Ledeneva & Kononov,

2021).

In connection with the search for adaptation

forms and strengthening control over the

correspondence as need. Employers should

potentially be generally responsible for creating

acceptable conditions for migrants. Experts

believe that employers will continue to prioritize

indigenous people, since there are many

difficulties when registering visitors, and you can

get a huge fine for illegal migrants (Krasinets,

2020; Ledeneva & Kononov, 2021).

In Russia, in 2018, it was planned to simplify the

a higher education (Krasinets, 2020).

MDMA also proposed to simplify the acquisition

of Russian citizenship by successful foreign

students, who in 2017 numbered less than 330

recorded from Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan,

Ukraine, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan). For

comparison, the maximum rate for the exchange

2020). Of these, 46 691 were issued to highly

qualified specialists (20 528 in 2020) and 6 830

to qualified specialists (7 690 in 2020). There is

a positive trend, but even among migrants who

know it at all and try to stay together, almost not

communicating with the Russians. In some areas

of Moscow and the Moscow region, enclaves

populated by migrants have formed. In families,

migrants speak their native language. Therefore,

their children are often not ready to study in

Russian schools. On the other hand, teachers are

experiencing serious difficulties in their

educational and upbringing work due to the

influx of children who do not know the Russian

migrants and the local population, in this case

Russian-speaking. Indeed, without knowing the

language of the host country, there is no any

normal adaptation and integration.

Since the mid-1990s, mainly representatives of

the Slavic peoples came to Russia, who did not

need linguistic and cultural adaptation.

According to MDMA, of those registered in

2021, more than 80% were citizens of

for young people (which is the result of the

derussification policy in a number of Central

Asian states). Therefore, since 2003, the

procedure for obtaining citizenship began to

include testing for knowledge of the Russian

Since January 2015, in order to obtain a work

permit and obtain a corresponding patent, it has

also become mandatory to obtain an appropriate

Volume 12 - Issue 64

example, a fifth of foreigners who had a

document on passing exams did not pass the

retest (Suzdaleva, 2016).

such a test were deprived of citizenship by a court

decision. But attempts to illegally acquire

Russian citizenship, including through false

certificates, continue.

One of the ways of adaptation of migrants,

confirmed by world practice, is the creation of

special centers in countries that are migration

donors. The Strategy of the State National Policy

of the Russian Federation for the period up to

language is studied in a dozen educational

institutions, and there are training centers where

the relevant documents are issued for the

movement of labor migrants to this country.

German and American centers operate in

Tajikistan, etc.

Russian centers in this context not only did not

become widespread, but individual projects for

their creation did not take place (for example, in

and the Russian-Tajik Slavonic University

functioned. The organization of Russian cultural

and educational centers in the states of Central

Asia is in its infancy.

"suppliers" of migrants, a plan for their retraining

for work in the Russian Federation. For example,

at the end of 2018, according to an

result of an organized recruitment, only a little

more than 2 thousand people arrived, and the rest

hundreds of thousands on their own. At the same

time, an agreement with Tajikistan was signed

today, according to experts, it is more expedient

to begin training migrants “at the start” in the

countries from which they come, on the basis of

Russian consular institutions and cultural centers

(Ryazantsev, 2018; Ledeneva & Kononov,

2021).

At the end of the first decade of the XXI century,

an attempt was made, with the assistance of the

Russian Orthodox Church, to create centers for

The language problem is closely related to the

problem of educating migrant children (in case of

their long stay in Russia or the intention to obtain

Russian citizenship). The essence of the question

is whether to create preparatory classes for the

children of migrants (especially from the

countries of Central Asia) to learn the basics of

the Russian language before entering school or

specialized classes in the schools. It seems to us

program for children of migrants.

Faced with difficulties in this matter, the staff and

administration of educational institutions

initiated a number of projects and proposals:

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thereby hampered the learning of other

students;

teachers to work in a migrant environment,

environment, there is a need to develop

methodological materials on the norms of

Russian legislation for school teachers. It is

necessary to intensify the preparation of

educational and methodological literature in

order to improve the skills of specialists in the

field of interethnic communications. An

integrated approach to the adaptation of migrant

children of preschool and school age is required,

including before coming to the Russian

host country should not interfere with the

performance of religious rites. But on the other

hand, it is necessary to take into account the

possibility of introduction and spread of ultra-

radical religious movements of extremist and

terrorist orientation. In our opinion, in solving

this problem, a significant role belongs to the

imams of mosques in Russia, who have a

predominant influence on Muslim believers. In

many ways, it depends on them, under whose and

monitoring the activities of imams is also acute

because many of them received theological

education in foreign educational institutions.

Only in the North Caucasian Federal District

there are more than 150 of them. And according

information about whether they adhere to the

foundations of traditional Islam. Specialized

courses for imams are needed in all regions with

For these purposes, it is necessary to use not only

traditional forms of communication. Muslim

migrants, as a rule, are young people; they are

looking for answers to pressing questions on the

religious spiritual administrations.

To work in a migration environment, qualified

personnel with a theological education,

knowledge of Islam, etc. is needed. It is

important to involve prominent religious

scholars, practitioners who know the specifics of

the fight against jihadist ideology. Such work

requires an integrated approach: to educate

believers in mosques and to speak to student

confessionality.

The confessional vector of adaptation is

effectively used in the capital. In Moscow,

imams preach mainly in Russian, explaining that

in the country of residence one must know and

use the Russian language.

In 2018, the Association for the Psychological

Assistance of Muslims was established, which

which more than two dozen Russian regions have

joined (Ledeneva & Begasilov, 2021).

A successful solution to the problem of

communication and adaptation of migrants is

migrants from Central Asia, but also between

Russian Muslims and Muslim migrants. The

former do not always fully accept visiting fellow

Volume 12 - Issue 64

due to the excessive occupancy of mosques.

Experts noted that the attitude varies and,

depending on the regions, “residents of the

Caucasian republics treat people from Central

fellow migrants.

Another important problem is the problem of

social adaptation of migrants. This refers to the

extension of labor legislation to them, including

the norms of labor protection, social security and

medical care, so that they do not feel like second-

class people.

Labor migrants from the EAEU countries have

World experience shows that integration policy

is effective mainly at the regional level. Studies

of the integration of migrants in different cities of

the Netherlands and Belgium, which are similar

in composition of visitors, show that different

practices are used: in some, the emphasis is on

socio-economic integration, in others, on

cultural. A number of regions in Italy, Spain,

Finland and Sweden also have their own

In 2019, based on the Concept of the State

Migration Policy of the Russian Federation for

2019-2025, adopted in 2018, optimization of the

management of adaptation and integration of

migration situation” conducive to interethnic and

interfaith harmony is indicated, and attention is

focused on sociocultural adaptation. The

taken the first steps to create a unified system for

alerting threats and conflicts in the national

sphere. Federal monitoring should be based on

data from state, public and expert organizations.

Tatarstan (Ledeneva & Kononov, 2021).

In recent years, the government has taken the

following measures to adapt and integrate labor

migrants into Russian society:

phobia and in the shadow sector of the economy,

and to processes that disintegrate society. This is

the reason for the need to adopt a draft law on

social and cultural adaptation and integration,

which was submitted to the State Duma several

Our recommendations are the following:

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Adaptation of Migrants, which at the

moment is more of a bureaucratic structure

that has little to do with practice and reality;

communal services), advocating the removal

restrictions and an increase in the influx of

labor migrants, and the interests of state

security, which imply tightening migration

rules and reducing the influx of migrants to

Russia. For example, in December 2020, the

Russian authorities extended the terms of

temporary residents due to the pandemic

until June 15, 2021. However, already in

April 2021, MDMA announced the

about 250 000 from Tajikistan, etc. were

staying illegally in Russia) (Ledeneva &

Kononov, 2021);

status of migrants, systematize their rights

and obligations in a special Migration Code,

as well as guarantees against illegal actions

on their part (for example, a clear definition

of the procedure for expulsion from the

country);

with foreign students, including from the

same Central Asia;

migration, national relations and

psychologists, to develop a comprehensive

Russian society. The first steps have already

been taken (collection of effective practices

for the adaptation and integration of

In conclusion, it should be noted that the study of

migration issues, considering ethno-cultural and

confessional factors, the accumulation of

successful models of adaptation of migrants in

Alonzi, R. (2018) Migration processes and the

Anthony, B. (2008). British experience (report at

CIS Internet Portal (2021). Migration situation in

Gaeva, A.S. (2019). Migration processes in the

Gilliat-Ray, S. (2010). Muslims in Britain: An

Krasinets, E. S. (2020). Foreign labor force in the

Ledeneva, V. Yu., & Begasilov, B. T. (2021).

Ledeneva, V. Yu., & Kononov, L. A. (2021).