Volume 12 - Issue 62
/ February 2023
319
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.62.02.32
How to Cite:
Zhylin, M., Mendelo, V., Cherusheva, G., Romanova, I., & Borysenko, K. (2023). Analysis of the role of emotional intelligence in
the formation of identity in different European cultures. Amazonia Investiga, 12(62), 319-326.
https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.62.02.32
Analysis of the role of emotional intelligence in the formation of
identity in different European cultures
Análisis del papel de la inteligencia emocional en la formación de la identidad en
diferentes culturas Europeas
Received: January 20, 2023 Accepted: March 22, 2023
Written by:
Mykhailo Zhylin1
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2898-4403
Viktoriia Mendelo2
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7873-8791
Galyna Cherusheva3
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9652-0913
Iryna Romanova4
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0538-8799
Karyna Borysenko5
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7728-3825
Abstract
The objectives of the article are to determine the
peculiarities of the theoretical, ideological and
practical-functional factors that determine the
cultural characteristics of the global European
society and individual communities of the
European region. The methodological basis of the
study was a combination of general scientific,
scientific-cultural, and philosophical methods. The
results of the study show that emotional intelligence
is a mechanism for implementing the fundamental
principle of European society in variedade
Concordia and providing functions of adaptation,
integration, as well as pragmatism, and balancing
socio-cultural dimensions. Consequently,
emotional intelligence appears to be an important
component that determines the peculiarities of the
formation of the cultural identity of European
communities.
Keywords: emotional intelligence, cultural
intelligence, mentality, European community,
cultural identity.
1
Senior lecturer Odesa National Maritime University, Department of Practical Psychology Mechnikova str, Ukraine.
2
Postgraduate South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K.D. Ushinskyi, department of theory and methods of
practical psychology, Odesa, Ukraine.
3
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Docent, Professor of the department of philosophy, law and social and humanitarian disciplines
Head of the career guidance Department of philosophy, law and social and humanitarian disciplines, Faculty of Finance and
Economics, National Academy of Statistics, Accounting and Auditing, Kyiv, Ukraine.
4
Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Nauki avenue, associate professor of the department of sexology, psychotherapy and
medical psychology, candidate of medical sciences, Ukraine.
5
Assistant of the Department of Preschool and Elementary Education, Educational and Research Institute of Pedagogy and
Psychology, Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Poltava, Ukraine.
320
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Introduction
The cultural identity of the European community
does not imply geographical or administrative
affiliation. Rather, this question is associated
with the value aspects of the development of the
European socio-cultural space. Material,
intellectual and spiritual values form the cultural
heritage of the region, which has specific mental
peculiarities.
European culture has always been in search of an
effective worldview paradigm, which takes into
account all aspects of civilizational, regional, and
national development on the continent. Attempts
to form a worldview paradigm based on a
dominant element (religion in the Middle Ages,
rationalism in the New Age) have not yielded the
desired result. Consequently, the European
community, since the middle of the twentieth
century (after another continental catastrophe
caused by World War II), has been guided by the
notion of balance as the key guide of
sociocultural development. The search for
balances requires appropriate mechanisms that
will first identify them and then create the
prerequisites for ensuring them.
The fundamental components that form the
necessary balances in the European sociocultural
paradigm are rationality (with the key factor -
intellect) and spirituality (with the key factor -
emotion). For a long time, these elements
developed powerful theoretical and ideological,
and practically oriented precepts separately from
each other. However, the turn of the twentieth to
twenty-first centuries was a period of
actualization of synergetic principles, which led
to the convergence of rational and spiritual
aspects of European culture. Emotional
intelligence became one of the mechanisms in
which emotions and intellect acted in concerted
unity on issues of identification of socio-cultural
features of society. At the same time, emotional
intelligence has demonstrated effectiveness in
processes of influencing the transformation of
cultural space in global or national dimensions.
The aim of the study is the need to harmonize the
rational and spiritual elements of the socio-
cultural development of European countries,
which will allow to explain the principles of the
mentality of European cultural identity. The
results of the study focus on the illuminated
functions that emotional intelligence performs in
the modern European worldview paradigm. The
mechanisms of emotional intelligence are
realized in two mental manifestations:
• Theoretical and attitudinal, according to
which cultural identity is characterized by
the motto of the European community
“united” in diversity.
• Practical-functional, which implies the
implementation of the principles of
adaptability, integration, pragmatism, and
balance.
One of the key research focuses of scientific
research is the question of the functions of
emotional intelligence in the practical and
everyday dimension of the cultural identity of
Europeans. The results of the study indicate the
dominance of pragmatic functions: adaptive,
integrative, and balancing.
Theoretical Framework or Literature Review
For a long time in the scientific discourse, the
problem of emotional intelligence has been
associated with psychological studies of the
emotional-volitional development of human
beings (MacCann et al., 2020). A study by
Sánchez-Álvarez et al., (2020) reveals the
content of emotional intelligence as an academic
phenomenon in psychological practice that
studies the emotional-volitional sphere of human
life. Such studies have not directly dealt with
problems of cultural identity but have provided a
theoretical basis for the analysis of the principles
of the mentality of the European community.
In studies that dealt with emotional intelligence,
the key role was given to the behavioral
component (Boyatzis, 2018). Behavioral
elements dominated the emotional-intellectual
characterization of mentality at the national or
regional level. At the same time, other
characteristics of EI, which are equally important
in the process of cultural identification, were
somewhat leveled. The study attempts to
actualize the elements of EI of a sociocultural
nature that allow us to interpret the cultural
identity of Europeans in a holistic and balanced
way (Kotsou et al., 2019).
The intercultural interactions inherent in the
European space have increased interest in
cultural intelligence (Rockstuhl & Van Dyne,
2018). “Cultural intelligence (CQ), the human
ability to function and manage effectively in
culturally diverse situations and contexts, has
become the center of a vibrant scholarly and
thriving field of interdisciplinary research”
(Ott & Michailova, 2018). The process of
studying problems related to emotional
Zhylin, M., Mendelo, V., Cherusheva, G., Romanova, I., Borysenko, K. / Volume 12 - Issue 62: 319-326 / February, 2023
Volume 12 - Issue 62
/ February 2023
321
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
intelligence in scientific discourse is also
developing in a similar scenario. The general
characterization of cultural intelligence problems
(Fang et al., 2018) has contributed to the
actualization of emotional intelligence research
(Prentice, 2019). That is, an interdisciplinary
approach is becoming key in illuminating the role
of emotional intelligence in various sociocultural
dimensions, including cultural identity issues.
Methodology
Issah (2018) identifies five methodological
components of emotional intelligence, namely
self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation,
empathy, and social skills, through which direct
management of sociocultural processes is carried
out. The proposed study uses methodological
principles close to synergetic attitudes - self-
awareness and self-motivation - as elements of
human self-organization in the socio-cultural
space. Self-organizing elements are an effective
principle for the implementation of the
identification of social consciousness and
worldview beliefs.
It is important to understand the general
methodological approaches in determining the
role of emotional intelligence in the formation of
cultural identity. In particular, the scientific
discourse of the twentieth century offers
conceptualization as a leading methodological
principle in the study of emotional intelligence.
It has not been used in the study but requires a
separate presentation as a reference point for
further research of a similar format, such as the
Geneva Emotional Competence Test (GECo),
which defines abilities in the context of features
of perception, understanding, and regulation of
emotions (Schlegel & Mortillaro, 2019). The
results of such testing are situational judgments
that are especially relevant in the dynamics of the
study, as cultural identity in the contemporary
permanent European sociocultural space, is
constantly changing its characteristics. Moon
(2010), in turn, proposes to study the connections
between emotional intelligence in the context of
a four-factor model of cultural intelligence -
metacognitive CQ, cognitive CQ, motivational
CQ, and behavioral CQ.
An important methodological element in
investigating the role of emotional intelligence in
the process of cultural identity formation across
European cultures is the conceptualization of
mental capacities (Prentice, 2019). A clear
delineation of the conceptualization of
intellectual-emotional elements in the example of
managerial activity was used in the study to
correlate the principles of emotional intelligence
(specific emotions) and cultural intelligence
(specific cultural environment) within the
identity of the European community.
In general, the intellectual dimension is shaped
by different variations. The positioning proposed
by Crowne (2009), according to which cultural
intelligence (CQ) and emotional intelligence (EI)
form holistic social intelligence (SI), is taken to
explore the influence of EI on cultural identity
formation. The use of this methodological
paradigm allows us to clearly trace the
functionality of emotional intelligence in the
system of socio-cultural activity. A promising
direction of research aimed at determining the
positioning of emotional intelligence in the
paradigm of cultural identity is the allocation of
the concept of socio-cultural intelligence (SCI).
This will optimize the theoretical and
methodological principles of emotional
intelligence in the system of cultural
identification.
Results and Discussion
The results of the study actualize two
components that form the paradigm of the
cultural identity of European communities:
− practical and functional characteristics of
emotional intelligence;
− theoretical and methodological principles of
emotional intelligence.
Understanding and managing emotional state is
an important component in an individual's ability
to identify elements of the environment (Kotsou
et al., 2019). Cultural identity needs a human-
cultural capacity. Awareness of cultural, state
and regional peculiarities of development
determines the formation of the cultural identity
of a nation, region, or civilizational type of
development. For European society, cultural
identity is characteristic for all the above-
mentioned manifestations.
Emotional intelligence on the practical level
performs many functional elements related to the
influence of emotions on the positioning of the
individual in the socio-cultural space. For the
European space traditionally in the historical
section, and especially in the modern cultural
environment, a synergetic attitude in relation to
different spheres of social activity is inherent.
Synergetic principles of unification and the
development of a common value paradigm
dictate their conditions to the principles of
cultural identification of Europeans.
322
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
One of the principles of the practical
manifestation of emotional intelligence in the
formation of the cultural identity of Europeans is
its impact on the organization of teamwork
(Jamshed & Majeed, 2019). Teamwork is
realized at different levels, from the unification
of the professional team to the macro indicators
of social activity. All European Union countries
and the vast majority of the rest of the region,
striving to emulate European values, implement
strategies for socio-economic, socio-political,
and cultural-mental engagement, in which the
emotional-intellectual component is one of the
determining ones.
Emotional intelligence in the practically oriented
cultural identity cluster of Europeans performs
several fundamental functions (see Table 1).
Table 1.
Functions of emotional intelligence in the practically oriented cultural identity cluster of Europeans
The emotional and intellectual component in the cultural identity of Europeans
Functions of emotional
intelligence
Practical implementation in the socio-cultural European space
adaptive
awareness of the role of emotional abilities in the process of
finding optimal conditions for the implementation of socio-
cultural activity
integrative
use of emotional potential in the process of access to the cultural
heritage of local (individual European countries or regions) or
global (holistic civilizational European progress) nature
pragmatic
optimization of the emotional component when being active in
the cultural space of the European community
balancing
coordination of indicators of emotional and cultural intelligence
in the cultural space of Europe (general or in the context of a
particular region, country, or community)
Source: authors' own development.
Crowne (2013) points to the ease of
understanding in contact with other cultures
when using the principles of emotional
intelligence. This is how at least three practically
functional principles of EI in the sociocultural
dimension of Europe are realized: adaptation,
integration, and pragmatism. Lin et al., (2012)
highlight the moderating role of emotional
intelligence in cultural adaptation. Caputo et al.,
(2019) note that “it becomes important for
negotiators to develop the ability to recognize
cultural differences and adapt their negotiating
styles to the cultural contexts they face”,
suggesting that there is no alternative to using
emotional intelligence in cultural engagement.
“Emphasizing the importance of cross-border
effectiveness in today's globalizing world,
cultural intelligence is a leader's ability to
effectively manage in culturally diverse
environments” (Rockstuhl et al., 2011). At the
same time, emotional intelligence is designed to
shape these leadership competencies because it
does not focus on professional skills but extends
its influence on the social, individual, and
psychological aspects of human activity. The role
of emotional intelligence in cultural and practical
activity is most fully revealed by the activities of
global managers and the characterization of their
leadership and emotional-will qualities (Miao et
al., 2018). In particular, such an attitude as
creativity is actualized (Darvishmotevali et al.,
2018), which equally attracts both intellectual
and emotional factors.
One of the key elements promoted in the
European worldview system (implemented
primarily in the educational, scientific, and
cultural space) is the balance of ability and self-
esteem (MacCann et al., 2020). The focus on
human capabilities as a fundamental component
of one's success is already traditional for the
European community. All spheres of social life
are aimed at achieving optimal conditions in
which people can develop and realize their
potential (creative, intellectual, productive, etc.).
This organizational attitude requires the
correlation of the intellectual and emotional
components, both in the social manifestation and
in the individual dimension. Emotional
intelligence offers self-assessment as an indicator
of the effectiveness and efficiency of the
implementation of human abilities. This is how
the attitudes of pragmatism, one of the main
tendencies of the cultural identity of European
and Western society, are formed.
Emotional intelligence, through the mechanisms
of emotional labor, shapes the priorities of
material culture development (Wen et al., 2019).
Volume 12 - Issue 62
/ February 2023
323
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Emotional intelligence is an important factor in
the process of increasing productivity (Yusuf &
Kuras, 2020), which has become a real
worldview mainstream of European cultural
identity in recent decades (Khosravi et al., 2020).
The study of the principles of pragmatism as a
sociocultural element of the mentality of
Europeans clearly correlates with the
intellectual-emotional characteristics of labor
productivity (Sanchez-Gomez & Breso, 2020).
The task of emotional intelligence is to shape
individual and social understandings of
happiness and well-being (Guerra-Bustamante et
al., 2019). For European society, these concepts
are fundamental in the context of cultural
heritage formation.
Tolerance, humanity, and equality are elements
of the theoretical and attitudinal principles of
European society, which are expressed in
concretized elements such as immersive learning
(Namestiuk, 2022). The democratization of
European cultural heritage, which is
characterized by responsibility and respect and is
realized through mechanisms of emotional and
cultural intelligence, is a value reference for
other communities to emulate (Rakhimov &
Mukhamediev, 2022).
Emotional intelligence has become an effective
tool for psychological resilience (Sarrionandia et
al., 2018). With the development of knowledge
about emotional intelligence, the limits of human
resilience have expanded significantly. The
dynamism of today's globalized world dictates
the reality that human resilience becomes almost
a worldview element of cultural identity. Each
community forms mechanisms to ensure the said
resilience of the individual to permanent and
rapid changes in the sociocultural space. The
European community uses a combination of
intellectual and spiritual elements to build an
effective protective model for the individual and
society. Emotional intelligence as a successful
synergetic balance of intellect and emotion is a
sought-after tool in the European cultural
tradition. The features of intellectual-emotional
characteristics of Europeans have become an
integral part of their cultural identity.
The European community is focused on
performance indicators in all areas of social
activity. Therefore, the issue of improving
indicators of psychological capital is one of the
fundamental ones for the average European,
which qualitatively distinguishes and identifies
him/her in the civilizational socio-cultural space.
Since emotional intelligence is a tool for
improving the level of psychological capital, it
contributes to the automatic incorporation of its
principles into the cultural-value paradigm
(Gong et al., 2019).
The cultural identity of European countries is
defined from several elements that shape the
mentality of the inhabitants of this region.
Among the key ones are national, cultural, and
religious components. Of great importance in
interpreting the role of emotional intelligence is
spiritual intelligence. The principles of diversity
of European culture are realized through
tolerance of religious or worldview beliefs
(Anwar et al., 2020). Tolerance acts as a principle
that translates the characteristics of emotional-
intellectual manifestation.
Emotional engagement is also one of the
characteristics of the emotional-intellectual
component of the sociological cut of European
citizens. In order to analyze the influence of
emotional intelligence on the cultural identity of
individual European cultures, one should
consider not only the general characteristic of
activity but also investigate its extreme
manifestations. In particular, Pérez-Fuentes et
al., (2019) highlight the level of aggressive
behavior as an element of response to the socio-
cultural characteristics of the development of
society. In general, cultural identity involves
taking into account a variety of components of
the emotional-spiritual dimension, which
requires a rational characterization.
Consequently, it is possible to determine the key
characteristics of emotional intelligence,
corresponding to the principles of the cultural
and worldview slogan of the European Union in
variedade concordia (see Fig.1).
324
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Fig. 1. Theoretical and ideological principles of manifestations emotional intelligence in the cultural
identity of Europe.
Source: authors' own development
It should be noted that contemporary scientific
and cultural discourse has somewhat adjusted the
concept of emotional intelligence. The primary
potential of EI, which was reduced to the
management of one's own and others' emotions,
despite its ambitiousness, has failed to prove this
ability on a practical and everyday level (Petrides
et al., 2018). Consequently, the principles of
emotional intelligence refocused from active
management to an understanding and awareness
of one's own and others' emotions. And already,
based on these worldview beliefs, one identifies
oneself in a particular cultural community.
A promising area of research is the
harmonization of the principles of emotional and
artificial intelligence (Prentice et al., 2020). The
combination of human intelligence and
technology opens up new prospects for the
development of society. At the same time, this
symbiosis generates risks associated with anti-
humanistic and anti-democratic manifestations.
The European value system responds swiftly to
risks by activating norms of respect and
responsibility. Emotional intelligence is an
effective mechanism to counteract the potential
negative impact of the technology process and
digitalization on the cultural identity of
Europeans. Artificial intelligence blurs the
notion of belonging to a nationality, citizenship,
and cultural values. Emotional intelligence is
designed to provide the individual or society with
mechanisms of protection against the total
influence of technologization. Consequently, it
preserves the principles of the cultural identity of
the European community.
“Science fiction often portrays future artificial
intelligence technology as having sophisticated
emotional intelligence skills to the point where
the technology can develop empathy. Such a
strategy can be realized through the three basic
domains of emotion--recognition, generation,
and augmentation--elements necessary to
achieve a new era of artificial intelligence
emotional intelligence” (Schuller & Schuller,
2018).
Conclusions
Thus, emotional intelligence, through the
realization of mental abilities, indicates the
peculiarities of the cultural identity of the
European community. At the practical and
functional level, cultural identity in the
intellectual and emotional dimension is realized
by the principles of adaptation, integration,
pragmatism and balance. A characteristic feature
of emotional intelligence is the synergistic
function, which is designed to balance and
correlate the emotional and spiritual elements of
different nationalities and ethnicities that form a
common European socio-cultural space.
Emotional intelligence does not exacerbate the
contradictions between the mental or spiritual-
Democracy
Humanity
Equality
Liability
Esteem
Tolerance
Volume 12 - Issue 62
/ February 2023
325
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
emotional characteristics of different European
communities, but, on the contrary, is part of the
principles of socio-cultural intelligence, whose
vocation is to develop the theoretical, ideological
and practice-oriented integrity of the cultural
paradigm of European society. At the theoretical
and ideological level, the principles realized
through emotional intelligence form the
culturally identical meaning of the European
Union's ideological slogan "in varietate
concordia" and are manifested in such guidelines
as democracy, humanity, equality, tolerance,
respect and responsibility.
Bibliographic references
Anwar, M. A., Gani, A. M. O., & Rahman, M. S.
(2020). Effects of spiritual intelligence from
Islamic perspective on emotional
intelligence. Journal of Islamic Accounting
and Business Research, 11(1), 216-232.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-10-2016-
0123
Boyatzis, R. E. (2018). The Behavioral Level of
Emotional Intelligence and Its Measurement.
Frontiers in Psychology, 9. DOI:
10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01438
Caputo, A., Ayoko, O. B., Amoo, N., &
Menke, C. (2019). The relationship between
cultural values, cultural intelligence and
negotiation styles. Journal of Business
Research, 99, 23-36.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.02.011
Crowne, K. A. (2013). Cultural exposure,
emotional intelligence, and cultural
intelligence: An exploratory study.
International Journal of Cross Cultural
Management, 13(1), 5-22.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595812452633
Crowne, K. A. (2009). The relationships among
social intelligence, emotional intelligence
and cultural intelligence. Organization
Management Journal, 6(3), 148-163. DOI:
10.1057/omj.2009.20
Darvishmotevali, M., Altinay, L., & De Vita, C.
(2018). Emotional intelligence and creative
performance: Looking through the lens of
environmental uncertainty and cultural
intelligence. International Journal of
Hospitality Management, 73, 44-54.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.01.014
Fang, F., Schei, V., & Selart, M. (2018) Hype or
hope? A new look at the research on cultural
intelligence. International Journal of
Intercultural Relations, 66, 148-171.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.04.002
Gong, Z., Chen, Y., & Wang, Y. (2019). The
Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Job
Burnout and Job Performance: Mediating
Effect of Psychological Capital. Frontiers in
Psychology, 10. DOI:
10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02707
Guerra-Bustamante, J., León-del-Barco, B.,
Yuste-Tosina, R., López-Ramos, V. M., &
Mendo-Lázaro, S. (2019). Emotional
Intelligence and Psychological Well-Being in
Adolescents. International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health,
16(10), 1720.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101720
Issah, M. (2018). Change Leadership: The Role
of Emotional Intelligence. SAGE Open, 8(3).
https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018800910
Jamshed, S., & Majeed, N. (2019). Relationship
between team culture and team performance
through lens of knowledge sharing and team
emotional intelligence. Journal of Knowledge
Management, 23(1), 90-109.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-04-2018-0265
Khosravi, P., Rezvani, A., & Ashkanasy, N. M.
(2020). Emotional intelligence: A preventive
strategy to manage destructive influence of
conflict in large scale projects. International
Journal of Project Management, 38(1), 36-46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.11.0
01
Kotsou, I., Mikolajczak, M., Heeren, A.,
Grégoire, J., & Leys, C. (2019). Improving
Emotional Intelligence: A Systematic
Review of Existing Work and Future
Challenges. Emotion Review, 11(2),
151-165.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073917735902
Lin, Y.-C., Chen, A., & Song, Y.-C. (2012). Does
your intelligence help to survive in a foreign
jungle? The effects of cultural intelligence
and emotional intelligence on cross-cultural
adjustment. International Journal of
Intercultural Relations, 36(4), 541-552.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.03.001
MacCann, C., Jiang, Y., Brown, L. E. R.,
Double, K. S., Bucich, M., & Minbashian, A.
(2020). Emotional intelligence predicts
academic performance: A meta-analysis.
Psychological Bulletin, 146(2), 150-186.
https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000219
Miao, C., Humphrey, R. H., & Qian, S. (2018).
A cross-cultural meta-analysis of how leader
emotional intelligence influences subordinate
task performance and organizational
citizenship behavior. Journal of World
Business, 53(4), 463-474.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2018.01.003
Moon, T. (2010). Emotional intelligence
correlates of the four‐factor model of cultural
intelligence. Journal of Managerial
Psychology, 25(8), 876-898.
https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941011089134
326
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Namestiuk, S. (2022). On the issue of teaching
psychological and pedagogical disciplines at
universities using immersive technologies.
Futurity Education, 2(2), 33-42.
https://doi.org/10.57125/FED/2022.10.11.27
Ott, D. L., & Michailova, S. (2018). Cultural
Intelligence: A Review and New Research
Avenues. International Journal of
Management Reviews, 20, 99-119.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12118
Pérez-Fuentes, M. C, Molero Jurado, M. M.,
Barragán Martín, A. B., &
Gázquez Linares, J. J. (2019). Family
Functioning, Emotional Intelligence, and
Values: Analysis of the Relationship with
Aggressive Behavior in Adolescents.
International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health, 16(3), 478.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030478
Petrides, K. V., Sanchez-Ruiz, M. J.,
Siegling, A. B., Saklofske, D. H., &
Mavroveli, S. (2018). Emotional Intelligence
as Personality: Measurement and Role of
Trait Emotional Intelligence in Educational
Contexts. Emotional Intelligence in
Education. The Springer Series on Human
Exceptionality. Cham: Springer,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90633-
1_3
Prentice, C. (2019). Managing service
encounters with emotional intelligence.
Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,
51, 344-351.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.07.
001
Prentice, C., Lopes, S. D., & Wang, X. (2020).
Emotional intelligence or artificial
intelligence – an employee perspective.
Journal of Hospitality Marketing &
Management, 29(4), 377-403. DOI:
10.1080/19368623.2019.1647124
Rakhimov, T., & Mukhamediev, M. (2022).
Peculiarities of the implementation of the
principles of the education of the future
analysis of the main dilemmas. Futurity
Education, 2(3), 4-13.
https://doi.org/10.57125/FED/2022.10.11.29
Rockstuhl, T., Seiler, S., Ang, S., Van Dyne, L.,
& Annen, H. (2011), Beyond General
Intelligence (IQ) and Emotional Intelligence
(EQ): The Role of Cultural Intelligence (CQ)
on Cross-Border Leadership Effectiveness in
a Globalized World. Journal of Social Issues,
67, 825-840. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-
4560.2011.01730.x
Rockstuhl, T., & Van Dyne, L. (2018). A bi-
factor theory of the four-factor model of
cultural intelligence: Meta-analysis and
theoretical extensions. Organizational
Behavior and Human Decision Processes,
148, 124-144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.07.005
Sánchez-Álvarez, N., Berrios Martos, M. P., &
Extremera, N. (2020). A Meta-Analysis of
the Relationship Between Emotional
Intelligence and Academic Performance in
Secondary Education: A Multi-Stream
Comparison. Frontier Psychology, 11, 1517.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01517
Sanchez-Gomez, M., & Breso, E. (2020). In
Pursuit of Work Performance: Testing the
Contribution of Emotional Intelligence and
Burnout. International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health,
17(15). 5373.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155373
Sarrionandia, A., Ramos-Díaz, E., &
Fernández-Lasarte, O. (2018). Resilience as a
Mediator of Emotional Intelligence and
Perceived Stress: A Cross-Country Study.
Frontiers in Psychology, 9. DOI:
10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02653
Schlegel, K., & Mortillaro, M. (2019). The
Geneva Emotional Competence Test
(GECo): An ability measure of workplace
emotional intelligence. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 104(4), 559-580.
https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000365
Schuller, D., & Schuller, B. V. (2018). The Age
of Artificial Emotional Intelligence.
Computer, 51(9), 38-46. doi:
10.1109/MC.2018.3620963
Wen, J., Huang, S., & Hou, P. (2019). Emotional
intelligence, emotional labor, perceived
organizational support, and job satisfaction:
A moderated mediation model. International
Journal of Hospitality Management, 81,
120-130.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.01.009
Yusuf, R. E., & Kuras, P. (2020). The Effect
Analysis of Emotional Intelligence and Work
Environment on Employee Performance with
Organizational Commitment as Intervening
Variables in PT Berkat Bima Sentana.
Budapest International Research and Critics
Institute Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 3(3),
1552-1563.
https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i3.1084