264
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.60.12.27
How to Cite:
Morska, N. (2022). Ontology of human rights in today's globalized world: the philosophical dimension. Amazonia
Investiga, 11(60), 264-271. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.60.12.27
Ontology of human rights in today's globalized world:
the philosophical dimension
Ontología de los derechos humanos en el mundo globalizado de hoy: la dimensión
filosófica
Received: November 18, 2022 Accepted: December 29, 2022
Written by:
Nataliia Morska117
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6533-2802
Abstract
The ontology of human rights forms new features
in today's globalized world. Civilizational
advancement has modified the interpretation of
both fundamental ontological legal concepts in
general and human rights in particular. The
scientific exploration aims to correlate the
gnoseological and axiological aspects with the
ontological manifestations of human rights in the
modern sociocultural space. The objectives of
the study are to determine the essential
components of human rights and their
interconnection with global processes. The
methodological arsenal for achieving the goal of
work is general scientific methods (analysis,
systematization) and scientific and practical
methods of legal regulation (imperative and
dispositive). The problem of human rights in the
dichotomous section of ontological legal
concepts remains a debatable issue. The essence
of the right acts as a fundamental dimension in
the analysis of human dimension legal aspects.
Thus, the ontology of human rights has been
repositioned in the modern worldview paradigm
and aligns its principles with the trends of
globalization. Under the influence of modern
socio-cultural factors, the nature of human rights
is undergoing significant transformations, not
only in the value dimension but also in the
existential and semantic dimension. Prospects for
further research should be considered new
interpretations of ontological legal concepts -
legist, natural law, and libertarian - and the
development on their basis of a synergistic
ontological model of human rights.
117
PhD in Phylosophical Sciences, Associate Professor Philosophy and Social Sciences Department, Faculty of History Ternopil
Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ukraine.
Morska, N. / Volume 11 - Issue 60: 264-271 / December, 2022
Volume 11 - Issue 60
/ December 2022
265
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Keywords: human rights, legal ontological
concepts, the humanity of law, philosophy of
law.
Introduction
The purpose of the article is to highlight the
relationship and interaction of cognitive and
value dimensions in the context of the ontology
of law. The tasks of scientific intelligence are
concentrated around solving the problem of the
global positioning of human rights in the modern
socio-cultural space.
Globalization has had a direct impact on the
functioning of the legal system. The dynamic
development of society necessitates the
transformation of legal relations. It concerns
mainly the practice-oriented axiological-
normative component. However, the rapid
development of social relations provokes a shift
in the fundamentals of law. The human-centered
segment of the law is less vulnerable to
transformations than the socially oriented
spheres (politics, economics, culture, etc.), but
the essential legal norms pertaining to the person
also remain under the pressure of total
globalization. The ontology of human rights is a
rather conservative segment because human
essence is based on unquestionable humanistic
ideals. At the same time, contradictions over the
balance of the coexistence of ontological natural,
socio-cultural and anthropological elements are
increasing.
A distinctive feature of globalization is the
polarization of social development (Desai, 2022).
Such a process has a direct impact on the
realization of legal relations. Regarding the
ontological foundations of human rights, it is
worth highlighting the feature that a democratic
society does not veil problems with the
observance of human rights. This, in turn, opens
the way to the formation of a collective (state,
national, sociocultural) worldview, in which
human rights are the basis. The ontological
understanding of human rights is a more
comprehensive concept than their value
manifestations.
Traditional ontological legal concepts were
guided by the dominant element in their
theoretical-methodological constructions. The
legist and natural law concepts defined the
essential human dimensions (will, dignity,
rights) as the dominant element in the
construction of the legal system. However, the
alternativelessness of ontological constants
turned out to be ineffective in today's global
world, characterized by the dynamism of
development. The Libertan ontological legal
concept envisaged the autonomy of legal parts
from ontological causes. However, the rapid
development of social relations has aggravated
the question of the ability of the legal system to
function solely on axiological potentialities,
without the support of ontological human-
measurable protections.
Clearly, the contemporary worldview paradigm
requires a profound reconfiguration of the
principles of global justice (Goodale, 2022). The
current global system of human rights protection
shows its inability to respond adequately to the
challenges of the times and sociocultural threats.
One of the reasons for this has been an
overemphasis on value-based legal aspects and a
disregard for the essentially human-centered
legal elements in the worldview of the world.
Theoretical Framework or Literature Review
The source base of the problem of ontological
human rights in the modern globalized world
includes several key elements, which concern the
transformation of the essential characteristics of
human rights, the impact of globalization on the
legal system in general, and its ontological
paradigm in particular.
The fundamental components of the ontological
dimensions of human rights are found in the
study of Sotoudeh & Pashaie (2021). The
peculiarities of human rights ontology in its
cultural manifestation are expressed in Rychter
(2022). Van Vliet (2020) explores the essentially
human-meaning elements (faith, hope, love) in
legal reflection.
The ontology of human rights in terms of the
philosophical concepts of universalism and
relativism is examined by Luongo (2021). The
ontology of human rights in a philosophical-
humanist perspective is covered in Aroney
(2019). The humanistic philosophical dimension
of human rights ontology is revealed in Kramm
(2021).
The practically oriented dimension of human
rights in contemporary globalized society is
266
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
explored in Kronk & Dexheimer (2020). The
sociological segment influencing the essential
characteristics of human rights is illuminated in
Ornellas, Spolander & Engelbrecht (2018)
An interesting for understanding the role of the
ontological constants of human rights is the
scholarly and legal discourse on human rights in
today's globalized world, initiated based on
principles of justice. In particular, Jones (2021)
denied the idea that human rights are powerless
against growing material inequalities (Moyn,
2018). Consequently, the intrinsic characteristics
of human rights not only influence global
processes but to some extent determine them.
Methodology
To conduct an effective study of the problem of
human rights ontology in a globalized world, a
multifaceted methodology should be employed.
The use of general scientific and philosophical
methods will allow to form a universal paradigm
of research of the problem in the modern world.
The actualization of the methodology of
scientific-legal discourse will ensure the
interpretation of legal subtleties in relation to the
essence of human rights.
Among the general scientific methods, the
methods of analysis (systematic and
comparative), classification, and systematization
are the most demanded for the study of the
ontology of human rights. The philosophical
synergetic methodology is important for the
study of essential human rights concepts in the
conditions of total globalization. The study of
self-organization and interaction is an important
element in the theoretical comprehension of the
essence of human rights and their realization in
the modern world.
Among specifically scientific legal methods we
will note: statistical, concrete-sociological,
psychological. Thanks to professionally oriented
jurisprudential methodologies, we can consider
the issues of correlation of the essence and value
dimensions of human rights in the civilizational
and cultural progression.
When we examine the ontology of human rights,
we should turn to the scientific and practical
methods of legal regulation (imperative and
dispositive). The peremptory method is more
inherent in ontological humanistic legal
concepts. However, with the growth of
globalization the dispositive method, which
implies greater autonomy and actualization of the
axiological aspects of human rights, is becoming
more and more established in legal practice.
The methodology of critical realism as a
theoretical justification for the ontological
foundations of law is now actively being adopted
(Luongo, 2021). Despite tendencies to reject
social ontological research and to focus solely on
the empirical, critical realism has demonstrated
its effectiveness in confronting universalism and
relativism. A striking example of the relevance of
the ontological model is the formation of
differentiated standards of human rights
depending on cultural and historical conditions.
One of the current methods of researching human
rights ontology is the integrated vocabulary
system, which focuses on tagging (random or
query-based) and depends on cultural identity
(Kronk & Dexheimer, 2020).
The essential characteristics of human rights are
defined by the genus proximum - differentia
specific method (Szerletics, 2022). The
peculiarity of this methodology is its focus on the
ontological aspects of human rights. Avoiding
the specification of human rights, the
methodology defines their genus, origin, and
influence on society.
Results and Discussion
Globalization affects all spheres of social
activity. The legal system is no exception,
adapting to the new principles of dynamism,
pragmatism, and other principles of sociocultural
relations. Modern socio-cultural societies are
trying to create effective models of the legal
environment. Under such conditions, the
question of the ontological principles of human
rights as a basic element of the rule of law in any
system has arisen.
The basis of our research is the reorientation of
the traditional normative legal system to modern
synergetic dimensions of human rights. Human
rights ontology needs to preserve fundamental
legal principles.
Therefore, we are faced with a research dilemma
(see Fig. 1).
Volume 11 - Issue 60
/ December 2022
267
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Fig. 1. The Contradiction Between the Essential and Innovative Dimensions of Human Rights.
Source: authors' own development.
The synergetic paradigm is designed to transform
the human rights segment without violating the
fundamentals of the human dimension of law.
Synergetics has appropriate methodological and
practice-oriented mechanisms for this purpose.
At the same time, the synergetic model, the most
acceptable in research in the context of
globalization, because it has the ability to interact
and streamline the diverse processes and
phenomena that are characteristic of a rapidly
evolving socio-cultural environment.
Scholarly legal discourse examines the
interconnectedness of human rights with
ontology through examples of sociocultural
paradigms, particularly comparing highly
developed (Western) and evolving (African)
worldview systems (Odei Ajei, 2019). This
approach makes it possible to assess the impact
of globalization processes on different types of
society. Western civilization, which actually
dictates globalization trends, structures human
rights into a general synergistic environment.
Developing communities are forced to single out
human rights as a stabilizing factor in their
development. This positioning of human rights
has essential origins since it is based on traditions
and norms of the civilizational model.
Globalization trends in this case are an
axiological factor that forms the necessary
balance with the ontological dimension of legal
concepts (see Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Correlation of ontological and axiological dimensions of Human Rights Source: authors' own
development.
The defining human dimension, through which
the essential characteristics of human rights are
formed, is the behavioral component. The
philosophical concept of behaviorism interprets
human behavior as an essential characteristic, so
the need to preserve the fundamentals
of human rights in the context of
civilizational development
the need for innovative humanitarian
legal concepts in the context of
globalization
Globalizing principles that
actualize the practically
axiological dimensions of
human rights
Substantive humanistic
principles that systematize the
theoretical and ontological
principles of human rights
268
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
this component is fundamental to the ontological
manifestations of human rights.
“It appears that human behavior is better
explained by behavioral categories than by
traditional rational ideas. Drawing on the
Western philosophical and Christian theistic
tradition, the innate desire for hope is explained
by a triad of virtues--faith, hope, and love--that
form the epicenter of the human spiritual
condition. The most important of these behaviors
is the pursuit of social and economic justice. The
basic message of behavioral forms is the
reinforcement of hope, even in the face of
despair.” (Van Vliet, 2020).
For ontological conceptions of human rights, the
human essence is dominant because it determines
the factors that influence human behavior, which,
after all, forms the basis for the principles of
compliance with the laws. Note that globalization
processes only increase the influence on
categories of behavior.
An important aspect is the correlation of the
theoretical and legal aspects of human rights with
the practically-oriented dimension of their
application (Melnychenko, 2021). The
transformation of jurisprudence should take
place taking into account the transhumanist legal
worldview, which is relevant in the modern
socio-cultural space (Filipov et al., 2021).
An important aspect of the study of human rights
ontology is the fundamental human rights to life
and liberty (Carleton, 2021). The compilation of
social relations concerning property issues, civil
dimensions allows us to identify key essentially
humanistic legal constants. Of course,
globalization processes are dynamic and
constantly change the conditions under which the
legal field functions. In such a situation the
ontological constants of human rights act as a
stabilizing element.
The ontology of human rights is based on the
fundamental components of the legal field.
Human dignity is a key element that is seen as an
existential characteristic of the individual
(Sotoudeh & Pashaie, 2021). Dignity, along with
honor and goodness, express man's sublimity and
originality in the system of world order. Dignity
is classified as intrinsic and acquired, defining
both elements by the ontological foundations of
human rights.
The socio-cultural and natural challenges facing
human civilization require the actualization of
such an axiological unit as community dignity
(Gasper, 2020). Globalization leads to the
formation of new challenges to humanity in all
areas of life. The legal system, too, has to respond
to new challenges and develop new normative
and regulatory strategies. Historically, practice-
oriented legal systems have been shaped by the
existential components of the legal field. Under
such conditions, globalization has acted as a
catalyst for ontological factors determining the
content and format of the legal system.
Globalization has affected many aspects of the
development of social life. To respond to the
dynamic changes of socio-cultural activity it is
necessary to introduce synergetic models of
societal development. “The international human
rights protection system faces criticism on a
number of issues, including the ambiguity of its
standards, the weakness of its enforcement
mechanisms and the resulting lack of impact on
the ground, and a notion of universality
incompatible with cultural particularities.”
(Kattel, 2022).
The observation of human rights difficulties in
the near-legal field once again underscores the
importance of the ontological dimensions of this
cluster. The ontology of human rights acts as a
stabilizing factor regulating the radicalization
caused by the rapid development of
contemporary sociocultural space.
Interesting for the study of human rights
ontology is the concept of dominant ontologies
(Kramm, 2021). According to this concept, self-
determination is one of the fundamental aspects
of human rights, which involves leveling the
dominant factor of the globalization of modern
sociocultural space. Self-determination appears
in a variety of manifestations, from the individual
to the state. The ability to determine an
acceptable model of cultural, political, or
religious life is an existential right of a person or
a citizen. The globalization processes of modern
civilization have a significant impact on the value
and practical everyday segments of public life.
At the same time, existential elements retain their
positions in all spheres. The legal environment
also retains a certain autonomy, allowing the
essential components of the individual to
determine human-measurable ontological legal
concepts.
Rogers (2022) notes that increased attention to
human rights is associated with wars of a global
nature. This includes inter-state confrontations
and confrontations of civilizational patterns of
development. All the contradictions aggravated
in periods of instability extrapolate into legal
relations, making the observance of the rule of
Volume 11 - Issue 60
/ December 2022
269
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
law more difficult. At the same time, the
ontology of human rights remains a kind of
reference point, restraining the legal system from
collapse.
The synergetic model focuses on integrating the
essence of human rights into the modern dynamic
system of a globalized world. On the one hand,
there is a danger of leveling the fundamental
principles of human rights in the turbulent
civilization process, which poses an existential
threat to the entire legal field. On the other hand,
the traditional model of human rights is turning
into an ineffective and inefficient form, which
has a declarative nature rather than legal weight.
Such realities are unacceptable because they
threaten virtually all humanistic legal principles
that are fundamental to the rule of law.
The study of human rights ontology at the present
stage is designed to form mechanisms that adapt
human rights to modern socio-cultural realities.
The synergetic paradigm has proven its
effectiveness in a globalized world due to the
principles of self-organization and
multidisciplinarity. Consequently, human rights
in a synergetic perspective become an important
and effective segment of the modern legal
environment.
A practice-oriented cluster of legal environments
does everything possible to avoid the
individualization and universalization of the
legal field in today's globalized world (Aroney,
2019). Many elements of law now run the risk of
drowning in abstractions and uncertainty. The
ontological aspects of the legal system are
designed to preserve the existential fundamentals
of law. The main challenge is to avoid extremes,
namely:
• the unjustified individualization of law,
which focuses on the rights of the individual
as a member of society, but is completely
detached from the global dimensions of
civilizational development;
• the excessive socialization of law of a
globalized nature when individual autonomy
(human freedom, dignity, faith).
The legal field is very dependent on informative
and procedural support. In order to systematize
the ontological and axiological segments of law,
it is necessary to provide an ontology of events
that form the overall picture of the normative-
regulatory component of the functioning of
society (Balali, Asadpour & Jafari, 2021). Based
on the structuring of political, socio-economic, or
cultural processes, conditions are formed to
provide axiological segments of human rights
and maintain their ontological cluster.
Rychter (2022) suggests concentrating the
essence of human rights exclusively in the
ontology of culture. The separation of the legal
component into a separate ontological system
seems threatening in the context of the current
rapid development of civilization. The
normative-regulatory system of the social
structure depends on many factors, but its norms
remain inflexible because only this approach can
ensure the principle of the rule of law and the
stability of social development. The ontology of
human rights is inextricably linked to
civilizational development but must retain
autonomy and uniqueness for the effective
performance of legal functions in society.
The modern legal system responds to the
challenges of globalization and forms new
principles of its functioning. It should be noted
that progressive methods of modeling legal
knowledge and working with legal subjects are
possible only in combination with ontological
models of human rights (Palmirani et al., 2018).
The legal community is faced with a dilemma -
to be traditionally guided by the essential
potential of the human being in the context of
respecting his rights or to take into account the
cultural and historical realities of the
development of society and to determine the
priority of axiological principles over ontological
constants. The standard dichotomy: traditional
vs. innovative is implemented in scientific and
legal discourse to define and preserve the
ontological principles of human rights.
Currently, the scientific community is
intensively investigating the consequences of
social activism in global and national contexts
(Ornellas, Spolander & Engelbrecht, 2018).
According to Vallelly (2021), the crisis of human
rights is precisely related to the leveling of their
essential foundations. In particular, it is worth
mentioning social and economic human rights,
which in many communities are in crisis and
need an adequate human rights response.
Representatives of scientific and legal discourse
warn of the danger associated with the
actualization of practically oriented
contradictions at the level of: the right to housing
vs. private property. According to researchers,
this reorientation obscures the essential problem
of human rights - the right to housing, replacing
it with value vectors focused on the property
right. Thus, we see a vivid example of the
confrontation of ontological and axiological
270
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
dimensions in the issue of human rights. Of
course, highly developed communities, which
have reached an appropriate level of
development in the socio-political and socio-
economic segment, may allow such a
reorientation from the essential to the axiological
emphasis. However, for communities that are
developing or have not yet reached an
appropriate level of development, such a
reorientation is risky. This is why the ontological
principles of human rights are basic to
civilizational development.
The globalized world significantly limits the
essential manifestations of human rights. At
present, the humanistic legal manifestation is
negatively influenced both ontologically and in
terms of value.
“Human rights are hardly considered in
investment decisions. This is a missed
opportunity, given the crucial role of investors in
pressuring corporations to provide better
information about adverse human rights impacts
and overcoming those impacts. There is a
consistent pattern of human rights abuses”
(Bartels & Schramade, 2022).
In this context, axiological violations of human
rights are obvious, and society can at least
respond to them. When the problem of the
influence of globalization on ontological legal
concepts is actualized, it conceals more
significant risks for the legal field as a whole. The
ontology of human rights is a fundamental
concept, and any impact on the essence of legal
characteristics poses a far greater threat than
normative-legal practically oriented violations.
A promising area of research is the development
of a synergetic model in the modern legal system.
Self-organization and interdisciplinarity are the
elements that will enable the ontological
principles of human rights to respond to the
civilizational challenges posed by the rapid
development of globalization.
The current legal system requires new
interpretations of ontological legal concepts -
legist, natural law, and libertan. Traditional
concepts were based separately on ontological or
axiological principles. This approach is now
unpromising since the modern world is riddled
with interconnections and the need for
interaction. Consequently, the search for a
balance between substantive and value-based
legal components will be the defining trend in the
interpretation of human rights in the context of
the rule of law.
Conclusion
Thus, the ontology of human rights in today's
globalized world is undergoing changes and
transformations. However, it should be noted that
the essential human dimensions, which form the
basis for human rights, remain fundamental and
unchanged. Total globalization significantly
changes social relations, and the legal system
must respond to these challenges. However,
human rights, in particular their ontological
essence, must remain non-alternative, because it
acts as a certain benchmark and stabilizing factor
for the legal field. Naturally, globalization
fundamentally changes the axiological
dimensions of human rights. At the same time,
the fundamental principle of the rule of law can
only be preserved if human rights are respected.
The ontology of human rights is not an obsolete
inoperative element of the legal system, but a
fundamental element that gives flexibility and
activity to the axiological dimensions. Such
attitudes of interaction between the essence and
value segments of human rights are a promising
direction for the construction of the modern legal
system. The synergetic paradigm of human rights
offers the most effective scientific-legal models
in the modern sociocultural space.
Bibliographic references
Aroney, N. (2019). The Social Ontology Of
Human Dignity. IVR World Congress of
Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy,
Lucerne, Switzerland. SSRN.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3499573
Balali, A., Asadpour, M., & Jafari, S. H. (2021).
COfEE: A Comprehensive Ontology for
Event Extraction from text. Computation and
Language.
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2107.10326
Bartels, J., & Schramade, W. (2022). Investing in
human rights: overcoming the human rights
data problem. Journal of Sustainable Finance
& Investment. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2022.2053
943
Carleton, A. (2021). The “Other” Relationship to
Land: Property, Belonging, and Alternative
Ontology. Canadian Journal of Law &
Jurisprudence, 34(1), 29-57. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2020.24
Desai, R. (2022). The Imperialism of Democracy
and Human Rights vs the Democracy and
Human Rights of Imperialism. International
Critical Thought, 12(2), 169-178. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2022.2065
719
Volume 11 - Issue 60
/ December 2022
271
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Filipova, M., Iliev, K., & Yuleva-Chuchulayn, R.
(2021). A Transhumanist Legal Worldview:
Responding to the Challenges of Time
(Requirement, or Necessity?). Futurity
Economics & Law, 1(1), 28–37.
https://doi.org/10.57125/FEL.2021.03.25.5
Goodale, M. (2022). Reinventing Human Rights.
Redwood City: Stanford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503631014
Gasper, D. (2020). Human Development
Thinking About Climate Change Requires a
Human Rights Agenda and an Ontology of
Shared Human Security. In: Crabtree, A.
(eds). Sustainability, Capabilities and Human
Security. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38905-
5_6
Jones, C. (2021). Are human rights enough? On
human rights and inequality. Ethics & Global
Politics, 14(4). DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1080/16544951.2021.1991
138
Kattel, K. (2022). Are Human Rights Enough?
Exploring Ways to Reimagining Human
Rights Law. Nordic Journal of Human
Rights, 40(1), 13-27. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2022.2079
223
Kramm, M. (2021). The role of political ontology
for Indigenous self-determination. Critical
Review of International Social and Political
Philosophy. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2021.1997
250
Kronk, C. A., & Dexheimer, J. (2020).
Development of the Gender, Sex, and Sexual
Orientation ontology: Evaluation and
workflow. Journal of the American Medical
Informatics Association, 27(7), 1110–1115.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa061
Luongo, B. (2021). Critical Realism, Human
Rights, and Emotion: How an Emotive
Ontology Can Resolve the Tensions Between
Universalism and Relativism. Human Rights
Review, 22, 217–238.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-021-00618-0
Melnychenko, N. (2021). Claim and its modern
modifications: definitions of the future.
Futurity Economics & Law, 1(1), 4–11.
https://doi.org/10.57125/FEL.2021.03.25.1
Moyn, S. (2018). Not Enough: Human Rights in
an Unequal World. Cambridge, MA and
London, England: Harvard University Press.
https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674984806
Odei Ajei, M. (2019). Ontology and human
rights. South African Journal of Philosophy,
38(1), 17-29. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2019.1565
065
Ornellas, A., Spolander, G., & Engelbrecht, L. K.
(2018). The global social work definition:
Ontology, implications and challenges.
Journal of Social Work, 18(2), 222–240.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017316654606
Palmirani, M., Martoni, M., Rossi, A.,
Bartolini, C., & Robaldo, L. (2018). PrOnto:
Privacy Ontology for Legal Reasoning. In:
Kő, A., Francesconi, E. (eds). Electronic
Government and the Information Systems
Perspective. EGOVIS 2018. Lecture Notes in
Computer Science, Springer, Cham. 11032.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98349-
3_11
Rogers, D. (2022). The Tragedy of Human
Rights. In: Hadiprayito, I., Mibenge, C. (eds).
Wars, Laws, Rights and the Making of Global
Insecurities. Human Rights Interventions.
Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90162-
2_4
Rychter, M. (2022). Why Do We Need an
Ontology of Culture? In: Philosophy of
Culture as Theory, Method, and Way of Life.
Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 94-107. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004515796_006
Sotoudeh, H., & Pashaie, M. J. (2021).
Fundamentals of the Ontology of Human
Rights; a Case Study of Human Dignity in
Ttranscendent Wisdom. Interdisciplinary
Legal Research, 2(1), 39-51. Retrieved from:
URL: http://ilrjournal.ir/article-1-80-en.html
Szerletics, A. (2022). Conceptualizing Human
Rights Remarks on the ‘Genus’ and
Distinguishing Features of Human Rights.
The Age of Human Rights Journal, 18,
507–521.
https://doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.v18.6874
Vallelly, N. (2021). Humans Rights Against
Human Rights. Counterfutures: Left Thought
and Practice Aotearoa, 11, 142-153. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26686/cf.v11.7357
Van Vliet, J. (2020). An Ontology of Human
Flourishing: Economic Development and
Epistemologies of Faith, Hope, and Love. In:
van den Heuvel, S. (eds). Historical and
Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Hope.
Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-
46489-9_13