irregularities, historical events, and human
actions. He even claims that there is a rhythmic
factor in the birth or destruction of civilizations.
Therefore, Huntington claimed with this
hypothesis that he could justify many historical
phenomena. (Golkarian, 2019, pp. 383-399)
According to him, the immigration of Jews, as
stated in the Torah, is due to changes in humidity,
and drought conditions from where they live,
while suggesting that other societies have also
become occupiers. In his opinion, the invasion of
the Mongols and Barbarians in Western Europe
knows that their original lands have dried up. He
attributes the main reason for all the land
expansion efforts and the wars, such as
occupation, to these events. In addition, he
claims that the gradual drying up of the East-
North-West land has occurred. Therefore, the
movement of civilization centers from Egypt,
Babylon, and Greece; Greece to Rome; Rome to
France; France to England; and England to
America can be justified through this route.
(Kaviani Rad, 2007, pp. 25-39)
Montesquieu mentioned in the book “The Spirit
of Laws” that hot weather causes laxity. In cold
weather, it is an effect that makes the inhabitants
of those places intense. This issue is proven by
comparing different nations and countries, and
the stated result is obtained when a country's hot
and cold parts of a country are compared. The
bravery and activity of the northern nations of
China are more than that of the southern nations
of that country, and the movement of the
inhabitants of the north of the planet is more than
the south of inhabitants. Due to the lack of a wide
temperate zone and the presence of two
temperate and tropical zones, the Asian nations
are divided into two victorious and defeated
nations. (Montesqieu, 1991, p. 449)
Aristotle believes that the first desirable
identifier in any country is the number and nature
of the people of that country. The country's land's
extent and identifiers are considered the second
identifiers. In his opinion, a country can be
regarded as more beautiful and perfect than other
countries that have greatness with a limited and
balanced population. The size of a country has
limits like the size of plants, animals, and people.
The land should be such that it provides the
means to meet the needs of its people as much as
possible. Its breadth should allow everyone to
live a happy, high-minded, moderate life.
(Aristotle, 1985, p. 292)
Political movements in Iran
The emergence of the modern state and
monopoly of power is the beginning of the
accession crisis in contemporary Iran. Groups
that were always in cooperation and were
involved in various affairs of the country now
avoid participating in politics. The result is a
sense of national inequality. The policies
implemented at the country level create double
standards and pave the way for discrimination.
The procedures used by the government are
applied without considering Iran's ethnic groups,
border cities, and geographical background.
Assimilation policies are implemented regardless
of language, religion, and ethnic origin. This
provides unequal opportunities for a class and
group created by the creation of a centralized
political system. This kind of injustice and
inequality has always had implications, including
unresolved grievances at different levels.
One of the uprisings and revolutionary
movements in Iran is the constitutional
revolution. As a result of the expansion of
relations between Iran and Europe, the social
structure has manifested itself in various ways.
Therefore, it has caused a transformation in Iran's
intellectual and cultural system. One of the
critical consequences of this movement was the
emergence of the latest ideas and the
development of modernist ideas during the reign
of Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar. At this crucial
historical moment, reformist bureaucrats and
modernist intellectuals prudently or unwisely
advocated western law, freedom, justice, etc.
attached great importance to their concepts. As a
result, Iranian society was affected by this
change. During the Naseri period, which played
an essential role in transforming the country's
cultural structure, new institutions and cultural
phenomena such as publishing newspapers and
books and building new schools became
widespread in parallel with such intellectual
efforts.
In other words, the intellectual-cultural
foundations of the Constitutional Revolution
were influenced by the political-economic
developments of the Qajar period, modernism,
the emergence of reformist thought, the
formation of new intellectual and cultural
institutions and phenomena, and finally, a
nationwide integration. (Khodrizadeh, 2007,
pp. 83-94)