governmental organizations should take into
account the criminological policy of the State.
According to Kovbasiuk et al., (2014, p. 7)
politics in the traditional sense is interpreted as
an environment of interaction between different
social groups, parties, nations, peoples, States,
authorities and the population, as well as citizens
and their associations. This is the most important
and most complex layer of social life,
“an independent world of political values”.
Modern political scientists, based on the writings
of the thinkers of the past (Aristotle defined
politics as the art of State management;
Democritus considered such art the highest of all
arts), point out that politics is also the art of the
possible, the art of compromises, the art of
agreeing on a desirable and objectively
achievable. At the same time, the scientist
emphasizes that politics means the ability to
achieve goals through peaceful means, not
through the use of force. This applies both to the
harmonization of relations between large States,
and to the resolution of intra-national regional,
local, conflicts. Politics is a balanced system of
goals, interests and priorities. This is primarily a
struggle of intellects, public minds, ideas, as well
as a search for agreement and parity.
Sadkovyi et al., (2019, p. 4) emphasizes that the
word “politics” in Ukrainian scientific
terminology corresponds to two different
concepts, for which other languages, particularly
English, use different words (policy and politics).
Typical examples of definitions of these two
concepts, according to the scientist, can be
considered the following:
1. Politics is the sphere of relations between
different social groups and individuals
regarding the use of institutions of public
power for the realization of their socially
significant interests and needs. Politics in
this sense is studied and analyzed mainly by
political scientists. It is about it when they
say: “Well, this is already politics” or
“politics is a dirty business”.
2. Policy in general is a plan, a course of action
or a course of actions accepted and followed
by the government, leader, political party,
etc.” It is in this sense that the word “policy”
is used when talking about State policy and
its directions (external, internal, economic,
social), it is policy as a course of action is the
subject of policy analysis.
According to Zhadko and Voitov (2010, p. 90),
politics (Greek: política – public and civic
affairs) is an organizational, regulatory and
control sphere of society, within which social
activity, aimed mainly at achieving, maintaining
and realizing power by individuals and social
groups in order to assert their own requests and
needs, is carried out. Politics is the art of
managing the entire set of interests that act as the
driving force of its development in any society.
State is the most effective political tool.
At the same time, policy can be carried out at the
internal and external level depending on the area
of influence and interaction of the entities, in
other words, according to the object of action.
Thus, according to the Encyclopedic Dictionary
of modern political science edited by Khoma
(2015, pp. 213–214), internal politics is the
activity of State authorities, institutions and
ruling parties aimed at harmonizing the interests
of various social groups, their subordination and
the possible satisfaction of their interests under
given conditions, the preservation of the existing
State order or its purposeful reformation,
ensuring the integrity, interrelationship and
interaction of individual spheres of society,
spiritual and industrial progress. The policy
defines tasks in the financial, investment, tax,
economic, social, humanitarian, scientific and
technical, regional, ecological, law enforcement
spheres, defense capability and national security.
Almost identical to the above definition of
domestic policy is offered by Bohatchuk (2010,
p. 17). Thus, according to the author, it is the
activities of State bodies, institutions, and ruling
parties aimed at coordinating the interests and
meeting the needs of social groups and
communities, the stable development or
transformation of all spheres of society. In this
regard, according to the author, the objects of
domestic policy are production and distribution,
protection of public order and guarantee of State
security, health care, education, culture, etc.
A slightly different definition of domestic policy
is offered by Tomakhiv (2018, p. 21). In his
opinion, domestic policy is the activity of the
State, as well as other political institutions in
various spheres of public life – economic, social,
spiritual ones. At the same time, the author offers
a definition of foreign policy and compares them.
According to the scientist, foreign policy is the
regulation of relations with other States and
international organizations. Its actor is only the
State; other political associations of the country
cannot be independent subjects of foreign policy
and act just on behalf of the State. Internal policy
and foreign policy are dialectically connected –