Volume 11 - Issue 55
/ July 2022
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.55.07.28
How to Cite:
Romanova, I., Syniakova, V., Kononova, M., Melnychuk, M., Reva, M., & Nemesh, V. (2022). Social assistance and psychological
counseling in Ukraine against the backdrop of Russian armed aggression. Amazonia Investiga, 11(55), 265-272.
https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.55.07.28
Social assistance and psychological counseling in Ukraine against the
backdrop of Russian armed aggression
Asistencia social y asesoramiento psicológico en Ucrania en el marco de la agresión
armada rusa
Received: August 1, 2022 Accepted: September 5, 2022
Written by:
Romanova Iryna118
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0538-8799
Syniakova Vira119
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9750-6942
Kononova Maryna120
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2994-6866
Melnychuk Maiia121
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4111-7849
Reva Maryna122
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5478-8855
Nemesh Viacheslav123
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0472-1193
Abstract
The work aims to analyze the specifics of social
assistance and psychological counseling against the
background of the spread of the Russian-Ukrainian
war. The object of the work is psychological aid to
servicemen, children, internally displaced persons,
and general peculiarities of psychological
counseling development in Ukraine against the
background of Russian aggression. The work uses
general scientific methods of research: axiological,
comparative, historical, systematic, and others. The
results consider the structural changes in relation to
psychology and the organization of psychological
help that took place in Ukraine after 2014.
Particular attention is paid to the coverage of the
peculiarities of assistance to children affected by
war. Active hostilities affect the disruption of
children's habitual life: they begin to experience
fear, anxiety, and despair at the level of adults. Such
118
Associate professor, docent department of sexology, psychotherapy and medical psychology, therapeutic faculty, Kharkiv medical
academy of postgraduate education, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
119
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor Laboratory of psychology of socially maladjusted juveniles G.S. Kostiuk
Institute of Psychology of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine.
120
Associate Professor of the Department of Psychology Poltava V.G. Korolenko national pedagogical university, Faculty of
Psychology and Pedagogy, Department of Psychology, Ukraine.
121
PhD, Associated Professor at Psychology Department Poltava V. G. Korolenko National Pedagogical University, Faculty of
Pedagogy and Psychology, Ukraine.
122
She received PhD in Kyiv Institute of Social and Political Psychology National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine. She
is currently an Associated Professor at Psychology Department of Poltava V. G. Korolenko National Pedagogical University. Her
research interests span the areas of General and Social Psychology, Ukraine.
123
Postgraduate Modern Knowledge Ukraine, Kyiv. Theme of dissertation research Emotional transformation of adolescence Passing
of assistant pedagogical practice under the guidance of Vlasov O I from the University “University of Modern Knowledge”, Ukraine.
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conditions need correction by specialists. The paper
also considers the problem of support for
servicemen - veterans of the Russian-Ukrainian
war. It is concluded that since the beginning of the
full-scale Russian offensive (February 2022) there
has been an urgent need for psychological help for
many categories of the population: internally
displaced persons, children, servicemen. It is noted
that Russian aggression has changed the system of
psychological assistance, in particular, due to the
involvement of certain American models of
psychological rehabilitation.
Keywords: psychological help, social adaptation,
counseling, the war in Ukraine.
Introduction
Psychological support in wartime plays an
important role in the rehabilitation of victims. At
the same time, the Ukrainian experience is quite
unique since the long confrontation with the
Russian Federation and the open aggression of
the Kremlin regime against Ukraine in 2022
allowed to trace in practice all strong and
vulnerable places of this system. Characteristics
of the use of psychological support tools that are
used in Ukraine is a relevant issue for modern
psychology, as it can form certain paradigms of
action in the event of large-scale military action
elsewhere. In addition, research into the specifics
of social adaptation and psychological support
for war-affected children remains an important
problem. Children directly are one of the most
vulnerable categories, for whom it is
psychologically difficult to adapt to new
conditions or to move away from acute
experiences. Therefore, this article aims to
analyze social assistance and psychological
counseling in Ukraine against the backdrop of
Russian armed aggression. In the course of
realization of this goal, certain aspects of the
development of psychological support will be
examined:
1. Peculiarities of the introduction of
psychological support and social counseling
to victims of war in Ukraine.
2. Providing psychological aid to children
affected by the Russian invasion.
3. Introduction of the American experience of
psychological help and rehabilitation of
servicemen, participants of combat
operations.
4. The contemporary Ukrainian context of
psychological aid to the victims.
Literature review
The methodological basis of the article is the
work of authors who have investigated certain
aspects of the development of the Russo-
Ukrainian war and the specifics of counseling
and support for the affected population against
the background of Russian aggression. For
example, Ahmad & Carey (2022) investigated
the specifics of the impact of the Covid-19
pandemic and the Russo-Ukrainian war on the
forms of transformation of modern charitable
organizations. Kharchenko (2019) characterized
key cognitive representations of traumatic
emotional experiences among demobilized
combatants in Ukraine. This specialist surveyed
100 servicemen and concluded that most
demobilized combat participants were expressed
in all cognitive representations of traumatic
experiences, which are close in content to
feelings of injustice or humiliation. Klochko
(2020) studied the problem of social assistance in
Ukraine against the background of military
actions. Fatyga et al. (2022) investigated the
specifics of medical support for Ukrainian
refugees in Poland. At the same time,
Shushkevich (2022) characterized the domestic
life of Ukrainians living in the war zone.
However, important for this study are the works
of those specialists who also investigated the
peculiarities of the spread, the main components
of the Russian-Ukrainian war. In particular,
Almäng (2019) studied the key features of hybrid
wars, characterized their peculiarities of
development. Bînă & Dragomir (2020) analyzed
the information component of the Russian-
Ukrainian hybrid war and characterized the main
ways of conducting it. Ghilès (2022)
characterized the political, economic, and social
components of the Russian-Ukrainian war
against the background of the spreading gas
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crisis. However, Johnson (2022) investigated the
Russian invasion of Ukraine through the prism of
social transformation. Kent & Samokhvalov
(2016) analyzed the historical origins of the
Russian-Ukrainian confrontation. These experts
noted that Ukraine's strategy should minimize the
influence of both Russia and the “republics” on
its foreign and domestic policies. Kulyk (2017)
characterized the transformation of Ukrainians'
national identity against the background of
Russia's armed aggression. However, Manolea
(2021) described key features of hybrid wars and
characterized their contemporary manifestations.
At the same time, Martz (2022) examined the
Russian Federation's crimes against Ukraine
through the prism of social and economic
aspects. Materniak (2020) characterized the key
lessons of the Russian-Ukrainian confrontation.
At the same time, Yuskiv et al., (2021)
investigated the specifics of the deployment of
the information war between Russia and Ukraine,
analyzed the main manipulative mechanisms
used through Russian channels and their impact
on the consciousness of the population.
However, the problem of social and
psychological counseling of children, who are a
particularly vulnerable category, remains
understudied. At the same time, the issue of the
peculiarities of the organization of psychological
support for military personnel who have returned
from war, captivity, and the Russian-Ukrainian
war has also been little studied due to the
intensity of the spread of the Russian-Ukrainian
war since 2022.
Methodology
The work used general scientific methods of
research: inductive, deductive, systematic,
comparative, structural-functional, axiological.
In particular, using the method of comparison the
features of social and psychological support of
different categories of the population (adults,
children, military) were characterized. The
axiological method allowed us to move from
general (accepted in the scientific literature)
axioms to specific conclusions. The systemic
method treats psychological aid in Ukraine as a
multi-valued system consisting of a multitude of
elements. Using the prognostic method of
research, the paper predicts the possibility of
using certain techniques to improve the condition
in adults and children affected by the war. The
use of the method of concretization reflects the
problem of adaptation of servicemen and the
introduction of American techniques of
psychological rehabilitation in Ukraine.
However, additional methods of research were
historical and retrospective. In particular, based
on the historical method of research the problem
of development of the Russian-Ukrainian war
from 2014 up to now and the peculiarities of
psychological aid on the background of its
spread.
Results and Discussion
Psychological Assistance to Victims: The
Current Ukrainian Context
After the Yugoslav crisis of the 1990s, Europe
has long been free of major military conflicts.
The situation changed in 2014 when Russian
troops occupied the Crimean peninsula and
supported local separatists in the East. The
deployment of the Anti-Terrorist Operation
(ATO) escalated into a larger conflict involving
military equipment, artillery, and aviation
(Ghilès, 2022). Russian support with fighters and
equipment froze hostilities for a time (Dijkstra et
al., 2022). The start of the Russo-Ukrainian war
and the deployment of Russian strikes in 2022
opened a new page in the history of European
wars (Cybulsky, 2022). Along with military
action came the issue of psychological care for
the victims, military personnel, children,
refugees, etc. (Ahmad & Carey, 2022). The
Ukrainian experience with the threat is unique
because other European countries have not faced
challenges of similar magnitude.
In 2014, the psychological support system in
Ukraine was not ready for the explosion of the
first phase of the Russian-Ukrainian
confrontation. However, in 2022, positive
changes in both the development of
communication with the population in general
and the previously accumulated experience had
an impact. Since 2018, gradual processes of
digitalization of administrative services,
digitalization of education, especially intensified
after the COVID-19 pandemic, and the
introduction of distance learning began (Ishchuk,
2022). The development of these areas greatly
facilitated the provision of psychological
assistance after the start of Russian aggression.
Psychological help became available on the
smartphone through mobile apps, messengers, or
helplines. This greatly facilitated access to
necessary information, as practicing
psychologists were insufficient to provide
prompt assistance (Shushkevich, 2022). For this
reason, having received advice remotely, many
parents were able to provide initial psychological
support to their children and then, having
evacuated to a safe place, contacted specialists
later. This was also the case with the support of
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the elderly who had suffered from military
action. This made it possible to provide
assistance much more quickly.
The methods of sociological processing of
information and the development of further
treatment strategies have also significantly
improved. For example, according to the analysis
of testimonies of rape victims in the Kharkiv
region, 31% of women in the core group noted
that they began to experience changes in their
bodies after the violence, they became
uncomfortable with their sexuality, they began to
fear communication with men, they did not
accept touching their bodies, etc. All these
circumstances were taken into account in the next
counseling session with the doctors.
Another peculiarity of psychological aid during
military operations in Ukraine was the active
involvement of volunteers, who were often either
applicants for higher education in a relevant
specialty or active citizens who were not always
specialists in their field but had basic training. In
particular, in the psychotherapeutic process,
counselors had to be empathic, neutral, tactful,
confidential, and tolerant, expressing only those
judgments that would help victims to be open and
feel safe and in a state of self-control.
An important element was also the public
reaction to psychological aid. If by 2014 the
outdated perception of psychology as a certain
amusement of well-to-do people was widespread
in the mass consciousness, by 2022 no one
doubted anymore that survivors of war needed to
be referred to specialists. For example, women's
behavior after experiencing violence was
influenced by incorrectly learned social precepts
and women's ideas about family and marriage,
such as the need to sacrifice and endure for the
sake of children, the idea of divorce or breaking
up with a partner as a sign of defeat and guilt,
false pity for the aggressor, etc. The current state
of public opinion seeks to definitively reject such
prejudices, which are unacceptable to modern
psychology.
Social and Psychological Assistance for
Children Affected by Military Operations
Under conditions of war, children are especially
vulnerable categories of the population, acutely
perceiving crisis events. This in turn entails
unstable dynamics of their psychological-
emotional relations with adults. Acute war events
influence the disruption of children's habitual
life: they push fear, anxiety, and despair to the
level of adults. At the same time, given the
activity of a full-scale Russian offensive
(February 2022), not all psychological tools work
effectively (Klochko, 2020). Even in cases where
children are not directly involved in a military
conflict, they still experience significant stress as
her immediate surroundings are disturbed. At the
same time, a child relocated with (or partially or
without) her family from a war zone is exposed
to a number of other stressors (Shushkevich,
2022). We are talking about a change of
residence, a change in the environment,
uncertainty about the future, and prospects in the
future life. For this reason, such children are
acutely traumatized and therefore need
psychological support. In the scientific
psychological literature, there are several
categories of children displaced from an acute
combat zone (See Table 1).
Table 1.
Main categories of children resettled from the war zone
Main categories of children resettled from the war zone
1. Existence of a close environment
a) Resettled without families
b) Resettled with single-parent families
c) Resettled with a full family
2. Exposure to a traumatic factor
a) Witnesses to shelling, bombing
b) Have lost someone close to them or a family as a result of
hostilities.
c) Feeling a significant threat of loss of a safe environment (were not
witnesses of open military combat)
d) Traumatized by the loss of security due to constant anxiety as a
result of mass shelling, lack of information about what is happening,
lack of basic vital resources: water, heat, gas, etc.
3. Peculiarity of emotional, behavioral
manifestations
a) refuse any social connections and contacts with adults or
professionals
b) refuse contacts with specialists (psychologists, social workers).
c) willingly come into contact with different categories
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So, those children who are in the first three
categories are the most traumatized and require
special treatment from social workers,
psychologists, or volunteers. Despite this, we
note that children in general experience traumatic
situations differently. Often, as a result of a lack
of skills to discuss their own experiences due to
age-related changes or a difficult emotional state,
children do not openly express their unpleasant
states (Klochko, 2020). Meanwhile,
professionals who care for children can identify
those who are experiencing stress. The effects of
stress are observed in emotions, behavior, or
bodily level. A variety of play with peers,
traveling with adults, fantasizing, etc. will help to
get over it. (Fatyga et al., 2022). We believe that
psychological aid to children from displaced
families should be aimed at elimination of
consequences of being in stressful circumstances
and prevention of the spread of stress disorders.
The professional should understand that
psychological activity with children must be
comprehensive, systematic, and focused. For this
reason, we can allocate such key areas of work of
the psychologist with suffering children:
1 Activities with the child's environment
2 Work with the child's loved ones
3 Activities directly with the child.
Note that the environment in which the child is
should have such features as rhythm, safety,
comfort, consistency, and constancy. At the same
time, activities with persons close to the child
should include psychological, consultative, and
educational work. Psychological work
(assistance, support) with the child is key in this
system. It should be aimed at restoration of the
child's state of safety and psychological
resources, activation of mechanisms of self-
healing, adaptation to the new environment
(Fatyga et al., 2022). The most accurate and
effective techniques in improving the condition
of children who have been exposed to complex
stressors are play, sand, imaginative,
psychological therapy, art therapy (drawing,
molding from clay, plasticine, weaving, etc.)
(Klochko, 2020).
In addition, since 2022, psychological help and
support has been provided systematically in
educational institutions. Consequently, as a result
of Russia's military aggression against Ukraine,
a complex issue of the psychological health of
Ukrainian schoolchildren has arisen. Therefore,
one of the priority tasks of educational
institutions is daily psychological support of all
participants of educational activity. The first
psychological support is carried out by all
teachers (as well as teachers, classmates, and
medical workers). The parents of students have
to be separately involved in this process.
The American system of social and
psychological assistance to combatants:
difficulties of use in Ukraine
Among modern countries, the United States has
the most experience in rehabilitating its military.
Participation in the war in the Persian Gulf, joint
military actions with NATO allies against the
Serbian regime of Slobodan Milosevic in the
former Yugoslavia, the anti-terrorist operation in
Afghanistan and Iraq are only commonly known
military actions. In which the U.S. military
participated. They also provide significant
advisory support to police and army units in
South America (to strengthen the fight against
drug trafficking and drug cartels), actively
conduct training with European partners, since
2022 help the Ukrainian army in the war against
Russia (Johnson, 2022). All this makes it
possible to adopt the best examples of
psychological rehabilitation currently used in the
structures of the army system, which is the most
experienced in this respect.
Providing psychotherapeutic care to participants
in military conflicts is not new to the United
States. As a result of in-depth processing of this
problem, a lot of methodological medical
manuals were published, specific
recommendations were developed, which are of
psychotherapeutic and pharmacological nature
and designed to provide practical assistance to
war veterans (Kharchenko, 2019). In particular,
in the structure of the U.S. Armed Forces, there
is a Division of Veterans Affairs (which is a
structural subdivision of the U.S. Department of
Defense). Specialists of this Division have
formed detailed protocols on psychotherapeutic
and pharmacological assistance, based on the
materials of scientific methods and modern
developments in the field of medical drugs
(Stoner, 2022). Consequently, at different stages
of the rehabilitation process, American experts
suggest focusing on the prevention of trauma,
when this cannot be achieved - to prevent
complex and chronic manifestations of post-
traumatic disorders with distinct, persistent, and
recurrent symptoms that require a deep and
comprehensive treatment approach (Kent &
Samokhvalov, 2016).
The effectiveness of such care and counseling is
measured by progress on several fronts (See
Table 2).
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Table 2.
The main directions of assessment of the effectiveness of psychological assistance to servicemen-
participants of combat operations
Directions for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Psychological Assistance to Servicemen
1. Positive changes of a social and professional nature that will occur in the life of a veteran of a
military conflict after the war.
2. Decrease of somatic diseases, side-effects, and asocial behavior (for example, alcoholism is
mentioned.
3. General improvement of well-being
4. Decrease of manifestations of psychological traumas
5. Positive evaluation of veterans on the received rehabilitation services
Created by the authors of this article
The primary focus of the relevant services is the
prevention of psychological trauma and the
appropriate training of fighters, with a focus on
training that is as combat-ready as possible
(Kharchenko, 2019). Individuals without proper
training are not allowed to serve in potentially
risky operations. It is believed that panic and
excessive stress can be detrimental at the most
crucial moment, so fighters are trained ahead of
time to make direct fire contact.
In the event of a traumatic event, thorough
surgical care is provided, the main task of which
is to find out how deep the trauma is and whether
there will be negative consequences in the future.
As a rule, the human body is capable of resisting
stress, so that in a few days a normal state of
behavior can be restored. Thereafter, early
psychological help is provided, followed, if
necessary, by thorough professional treatment in
appropriate structures using not only therapeutic
means but also medical drugs (Wieviorka, 2022).
Pharmacological medications can have a
therapeutic effect, they can be used for a long
time, and in difficult cases, the appropriate
medications can be taken permanently. Stress
relief is also provided for when certain relapses
occur.
The American structure of rehabilitation and
counseling assistance has been built for years, so
some of its methods have already been formed
and repeatedly tested (Kharchenko, 2019). For
the provision of psychological assistance to the
Ukrainian military in the future, this can be an
extremely positive point, and the active
cooperation between the Ukrainian and
American military departments should also be
taken into account. True, psychological
counseling in Ukraine may experience certain
difficulties in implementation.
Among the problematic aspects is the general
distrust of psychologists in Ukraine. In fact, it
was not until the beginning of the 20th century
that psychological counseling in Ukrainian
society began to be perceived as a separate
branch of medicine - according to outdated
Soviet medical models, psychology and
psychiatry were often confused (Kharchenko,
2019). Also, gradually (since the beginning of the
antiterrorist operation in Donbas in 2014) there
has been a perception of the need for
rehabilitation services for mental recovery after
combat operations. For the structure of the
Ukrainian army, this need proved to be
unexpected - the recruitment and training of
military psychologists promptly increased, while
ATO participants also turned to civilian
psychologists (Materniak, 2020).
Pharmacological support remains problematic -
for Ukrainian taxpayers, the purchase of
appropriate drugs in the necessary volumes is
problematic. This issue can only be solved
through international or volunteer assistance.
The biggest problem of psychological
rehabilitation in Ukraine can be defined as the
follow-up of traumatized servicemen. Usually,
assistance is provided at the operative or early
levels, while it is not customary to think about the
next fate of those struck by psychological
traumas. Obviously, Russian aggression
actualizes this hitherto unresolved problem.
Perhaps the Armed Forces of Ukraine will also
need to create its own “Department for Veterans'
Affairs” or at least expand the rights of the
Ministry of Veterans, which until 2022
performed primarily administrative functions
and did not directly provide social and medical
support to combatants.
Conclusions
Thus, Ukrainian psychologists faced a tangible
challenge in their work. The Russian aggression
in 2014 and the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022
became a tangible crisis that showed all the
advantages and disadvantages of psychological
services. In particular, the current Ukrainian
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experience has demonstrated that primary
assistance using digital channels of information
dissemination and remote work (messengers,
telephone help lines) is an effective tool in times
of military crisis. It makes it possible to quickly
disseminate the necessary knowledge, to teach
volunteers, to give advice to parents on how to
calm children, etc. The use of volunteer help has
also become an important aspect because the
number of professional psychologists in Ukraine
is not always able to cover all the victims, who
sometimes had to be helped remotely. At the
same time, thanks to the Russian-Ukrainian war,
society felt the importance of psychological
support - before 2014, Ukrainian society had a
lukewarm attitude toward the work of
psychologists, while now the importance of
assistance is recognized as indisputable.
Helping children has demonstrated the
effectiveness of modern play techniques. The
involvement of teachers and instructors in
providing primary aid to victims was also
positive - thanks to the educational system, this
category of specialists mastered some elements
of psychologist training. An important problem
that will still have an effect will be the
psychological and mental disorders of
combatants. It is proposed to use the American
experience, which provides for intensive therapy
in combination with pharmacological support.
The problem on the way to implementing this is
a lack of funding, which can be partially solved
by international aid. At the same time, this
problem will require additional consideration in
future studies.
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