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DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.54.06.3
How to Cite:
Vereshchak, V., Holjanych, B., Mamchur, K., Smoliar, H., & Terpiak, P. (2022). Regional (continental) security: emphases of
2022. Amazonia Investiga, 11(54), 30-40. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.54.06.3
Regional (continental) security: emphases of 2022
Регіональна (континентальна) безпека: акценти 2022 року
Received: June 12, 2022 Accepted: July 12, 2022
Written by:
Vasyl Vereshchak9
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9513-5175
Bohdan Holjanych10
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0921-6142
Kostiantyn Mamchur11
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1792-3349
Hlib Smoliar12
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3661-216X
Pavlo Terpiak13
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6635-0116
Abstract
The intensification of the processes of
globalization, regionalization, geopoliticization
and the desire of countries to integrate into the
world financial, economic and social-political
space lead to the emergence of new challenges
and dangers and intensification of existing ones
in the field of regional political and security
cooperation. The strengthening of military
activity on the territory of sovereign countries,
the lack of a peaceful settlement of regional
conflict situations, and the growth of tension and
instability require regional cooperation in the
fight against common threats on the basis of
ensuring the implementation of the principles of
international law. Regarding the results of the
research on the features of ensuring regional
(continental) security under the influence of
challenges and threats in 2022, it has been
established that there are four groups from
among the countries of the world that are
characterized by common features of ensuring
regional (continental) security, namely: highly
developed countries that are able to ensure a high
level of security, the efficiency of its
management and the stability of state
9
Assistant Professor, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Political Technology, Law Institute, Kyiv
National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, Kyiv, Ukraine.
10
Assistant Professor, Candidate of Political Sciences, Department of Theory and History of Law, Law Institute, Kyiv National
Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, Kyiv, Ukraine.
11
Professor, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Global and National Security, Educational and
Scientific Institute of Public Administration and Civil Service, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine.
12
Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Humanitarian Institute, National Defense University of Ukraine named after
Ivan Cherniakhovskyi, Kyiv, Ukraine.
13
Assistant Professor, Special Department, Institute of Special Communications and Information Protection, National Technical
University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, Ukraine.
Vereshchak, V., Holjanych, B., Mamchur, K., Smoliar, H., Terpiak, P. / Volume 11 - Issue 54: 30-40 / June, 2022
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governance; countries with a relatively high level
of development that ensure high standards of
regional (continental) security, however,
significant efforts are directed to solving security
issues; countries with an intermediate level of
development that are significantly influenced by
other countries and are in a state of struggle for
the redistribution of spheres of influence;
countries with a low level of development that
have not completed the process of
transformational restructuring and require
strengthened measures in order to ensure
regional (continental) security.
Keywords: Regional security, globalization,
threats, challenges, dangers, political and
security cooperation, regional cooperation,
international security.
Introduction
Ensuring international order, effective
geopolitics and regional stability in the
conditions of armed military confrontations are
strategic priorities for the development of all
countries of the world. The state of international
relations in a specific region of the world
community characterizes the level of regional
security in it, which is considered a component
of international security and is aimed at ensuring
effective countermeasures against military
threats, financial and economic risks and
dangers, social and political challenges, as well
as at preventing external interference and
encroachment on independence and sovereignty
of states located in this region. It is obvious that
regional security takes into account the features
of the development of regions, the configuration
of the balance of forces there, and various
traditions. At the same time, it allows for the
possibility of ensuring its optimal level with the
support of specially created international
regional political associations and organizations,
from among the most famous the following ones
should be identified, namely: Organization for
Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE),
Organization of American States (OAS) and the
African Union (until 2022 the Organization of
African Unity (OAU)). Moreover, the issues of
ensuring regional security are closely related to
the implementation of the primary goals of the
regional development of countries;
consequently, the study of regional (continental)
security is extremely important, especially in the
conditions of the escalation of the military
conflict in Eastern Europe.
The purpose of the research lies in substantiating
the theoretical and applied principles for
studying the features of ensuring regional
(continental) security under the influence of
challenges and threats of 2022.
Literature Review
Existing challenges to international security
cause violations of international peace and
security norms and the need to ensure regional
security, especially on the European continent.
The competitive struggle of the key figures in
international relations leads to the exacerbation
of conflicts, as a result of which the provision of
regional security in the international security
system is subject to a destabilizing influence and
significant obstacles. In order to investigate this
problematic issue at the international level,
predictive assessments of regional security are
carried out and the main measures and strategic
priorities of its provision are determined, which
are systematized in the report of the Council on
Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region
(Huisken & Brett, 2022).
Stepanenko (2019), studying regional security in
the international security system, has come to the
conclusion that the provision of regional
(continental) security significantly depends on
the effectiveness of international treaties
concluded between the states of the same region
and on compliance with the following principles
and norms of international law, namely:
1) peaceful resolution of disputes and conflicts;
2) non-use of force and threat of force;
3) sovereign equality and territorial integrity of
countries;
4) respect for human rights;
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5) inviolability of borders;
6) non-interference in the internal affairs of the
state;
7) cooperation and conscientious fulfilment of
international obligations.
It is obvious that the development of the world
economy depends on the processes of
globalization and regionalization; it creates new
challenges and threats both for individual
countries and for regions, which, according to the
viewpoint of Lishchynskyy & Lyzun (2020),
requires the formation of flexible systems of
regional security cooperation and an increase in
the level of regional security. At the same time,
scientists tend to believe that the effective
management of regional security requires the
implementation of a set of measures carried out
by institutions at the global, regional and national
levels. At the same time, the conducted scientific
investigations in this direction have made it
possible to systematize the basic international
organizations that manage regional security in
the context of the regions of the world. In
particular, the Asian region has three
organizations: the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN), the South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
and the East Asian Summit (EAS); the American
region unites six organizations: the Organization
of American States (OAS), the Andean
Community (CAN), the Caribbean Community
(CARICOM), the Economic Union of the States
of South America (MERRCOSUR), the Union of
South American Nations, Community of Latin
American and Caribbean Countries (CELAC);
the African region includes four organizations:
the Economic Community of West African
States (ECOWAS), the Southern African
Development Community (SADC), the East
African Community (EAC), the African Union
(AU); the Eurasian region has two organizations:
the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
and the Collective Security Treaty Organization
(CSTO, Tashkent Treaty); the Middle East
region unites two organizations: the Arab League
(LAS) and the Cooperation Council of the Arab
States of the Persian Gulf (GCC); the European
region includes three organizations: the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the
European Union (EU) and the Organization for
Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
Todorov (2022) proves that taking into
consideration the new challenges of a global and
regional scale, the most tangible decline in the
level of regional security is observed in such
countries as Poland, Slovakia, Romania and
Moldova, and, in the conditions of 2022, due to
the military aggression of the Russian Federation
against Ukraine and its intimidation of a number
of European countries, Ukraine, Latvia and
Lithuania are also included in this list.
Kopylov (2022) relates the decline in the level of
regional security to the destabilization of the
international security space, which has increased
the likelihood of emergence of new risks,
especially during the period of a full-scale
military invasion of the Russian Federation on
the territory of sovereign Ukraine, as a result of
which it has become a springboard for clarifying
relations between the West and the East. In this
context, due attention is given to the issue of
ensuring and strengthening regional security by
Japan, which at the Asian Security Summit
emphasizes the significant polarization of
relations between major countries due to the
instability of security situations in Taiwan,
China’s activities in the Pacific Ocean, and
Russia’s invasion into Ukraine (Lin & Ali, 2022).
A similar position is adhered by Tibuleac (2018),
who believes that the issues of ensuring regional
security are most acute in Eastern Europe, which
is considered a region with a high level of
international tension and the so-called
“geopolitical fault line”, where risks and threats
to the security environment are tangible and the
economic development of countries that are
constantly under the influence of large states is
slowing down, including because of the violation
by the Russian Federation of international law
and order. The standpoint of the scholar is shared
by Lishchynskyy & Lyzun (2020), who are
convinced that the system of regional security in
Europe is ineffective, unreliable, and it does not
contribute to the sustainable development of the
European continent.
Along with this, Giegerich et al. (2022) claim
that regional security is a dynamic category and
the mechanism for ensuring it requires the
coordinated interaction of subjects. It should be
noted that scientists are convinced of the
significant importance of NATO’s activities in
the conditions of 2022 in terms of training and
supporting the development of the existing
potential of the countries of the world, forasmuch
as they believe that ensuring security in the
Middle East and the Indo-Pacific region will
create appropriate conditions for ensuring
European and Euro-Atlantic security. At the
same time, scientists relate the provision of
regional security to the stability of the
functioning of each separate country, and in the
international dimension, a higher level of
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security is observed in those regions where the
index of state instability is lower.
Elnagar (2022) has investigated the state and
trends of regional security in the American
region and established that its significant threats
are the decline of political stability in the country,
the challenges and dangers of the COVID-19
pandemic and macroeconomic instability.
However, Qiang (2022) is convinced that it is the
USA that provokes a number of risks and threats
to regional security, in particular, in relation to
the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, which
justifies the desire to expand NATO in this
region in order to restraint China. In the context
outlined, the investigations of Ryabinin &
Kulchikovsky (2016), which have analysed new
threats and challenges to the regional security of
the Central Asian region, are of particular
relevance. From among the most common threats
and challenges, the scholars have distinguished
regional and local conflicts, international
terrorism and separatism, territorial
contradictions, etc., and Ivanova (2018) has
supplemented them with the destruction of
industrial potential, significant losses of
competitiveness, sales markets and competitive
advantages, a decrease in regional liquidity and
economic stability, an increase in migration,
political instability, an increase in economic
crime and a decrease in legal security. Moreover,
Kazakova & Kolomyichuk (2016) are convinced
that the issues of ensuring regional security are
present not only in these regions, but are
especially acute on the African continent, which
suffers from heavy military confrontations and is
exposed to such destabilizing factors as high
mortality and hunger.
The Balkan region is equally unstable in terms of
security, where, according to the viewpoint of
Yuskiv (2016), the main threat to regional
security lies in the aggravation of the
ethnographic conflict on the territory of
Macedonia, caused by the intensification of
ethno-social confrontation and confessional
contradictions, which have gone beyond the
borders of the country and threaten, in particular,
to Albania and Serbia.
One cannot fail to agree with the standpoint of
Parakhonskyi et al. (2014), who consider that the
international security environment in the face of
the challenges of 2022 has turned out to be in a
state of deep social-political and social-economic
crisis due to manifestations of Russian
aggression against Ukraine, its invasion of the
Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the
commission of harsh hostilities and war crimes
on the territory of Ukraine. As a result, the
system of European and global security have
turned out to be ineffective, and the processes of
ensuring regional security have been
significantly destabilized in the Baltic countries
and the Black Sea-Caspian basin, challenging
NATO as a guarantor of its provision and
support.
Materials and Methods
General scientific and special methods of
economic analysis have been used in the
research. The general approach to determining
the essence of regional (continental) security, its
content and structure, is based on the system
method and the method of analysis. The methods
of abstraction, systematization and
generalization have been used to substantiate the
categorical apparatus and formulate conclusions.
The method of the functional-systemic approach
has been applied for the purpose of investigating
the state, trends and dynamics of regional
(continental) security. Graphical and tabular
methods have been used to display the applied
results of the regional (continental) security
research.
The countries of Europe, Asia, America and
Africa were selected for the research.
The information base of the research is based on
reports of 2018–2021, namely: List of Countries
by Fragile States Index according to the Fragile
States Index.
Results
The current state of ensuring regional security in
the conditions of interstate armed conflicts and
uncontrollability of their development is
characterized by instability and deterioration.
The tight geopolitical and dangerous situation
that has emerged in Eastern Europe gives rise to
new threats, challenges and dangers, and it is
extremely difficult, and in some cases impossible
to oppose them within the framework of the
existing international mechanisms for
guaranteeing regional security. The evidence of
effective counteraction to destabilizing factors
and threats to regional (continental) security is
the ability of countries to ensure the stability of
their functioning and sustainable development.
It is obvious that the study of the state and trends
of regional (continental) security, at the current
stage, is quite problematic, forasmuch as there
are no methodological recommendations for
assessing its level; the list of indicators has not
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been determined yet, and there is no
methodology for calculating the integral
indicator and comparing it with the value in the
countries of different regions. In current
conditions, the Fragile States Index is considered
the most optimal indicator that allows drawing
conclusions about the level of regional
(continental) security in countries of the world
with different levels of development. This index
shows the stability of the functioning of the state,
the degree of its vulnerability to the impact of
risks, threats, challenges and dangers, the value
of which is directly proportional to the factors of
destructive changes disrupting economic, social
and political cohesion. It should be noted that the
growth of the Fragile States Index indicates
intensification in instability in the country and an
increase in its vulnerability to conflicts and the
influence of destabilizing factors. We consider it
expedient to conduct empirical studies of the
Fragile States Index in various countries of the
world, which are located in such regions as
Europe, Asia, America and Africa.
The results of the conducted analysis make it
possible to state that from among the countries of
the European continent (Figure 1), the following
states are recognized as the most vulnerable ones
in the conditions of 2017–2022, namely: Bosnia
and Herzegovina (FSI: 71,3–75,6), Russia (FSI:
68,0–74,7) and Ukraine (FSI: 7165,6–71,0).
Figure 1. Dynamics of the Fragile States Index in European countries in 2017–2021 (Source: Compiled
based on List of Countries by Fragile States Index, 2017–2020; Fragility in the World 2021 «Fragile States
Index 2021»; Fragility in the World 2022 «Fragile States Index 2022»).
Finland (FSI: 14,6–17,9) and Denmark (FSI:
17,2–21,2) are the least vulnerable to risks,
threats, challenges and dangers to regional
(continental) security among European
countries.
It should be noted that the geopolitical and
security situation in Eastern Europe plays a
decisive role in ensuring regional (continental)
security on the European continent. It is beyond
argument that, Russia’s military aggression
against Ukraine has destabilized the security
mechanism and called into question the
effectiveness of the functioning of such
international organizations in the field of security
as NATO, EU, OSCE and UN, which, in the face
of non-standard challenges and dangers, have
testified to their inability to perform certain
functions. At the same time, Russia is recognized
as the main provocateur of risks and threats to the
regional security of the European continent, the
main obstacle to the Euro-Atlantic integration of
the countries of this region and the cause of
social-economic and social-political instability in
Eastern Europe, which it considers to be a zone
of its own interests.
Regarding the countries of the Asian region
(Figure 2), the least vulnerable states are as
follows: Singapore (FSI: 20,7–28,1), South
Korea (FSI: 26,9–33,7) and Japan (FSI: 27,0–
34,3). High indicators of state instability are
Aus
tria
Bel
giu
m
Bul
gari
a
Gre
ece
Den
mar
k
Est
onia Irel
and Spa
in Ital
yCyp
rus Lat
via
Lith
uani
a
Lux
emb
our
g
Mal
ta
The
Net
herl
and
s
Ger
man
y
Pol
and Port
ugal
Ro
man
ia
Hun
gar
y
Finl
and Fra
nce
Slo
vaki
a
Cro
atia
The
Cze
ch
Rep
ubli
c
Swe
den
Slo
veni
a
Gre
at
Brit
ain
Swi
tzer
land
Icel
and
Bos
nia
and
Her
zeg
ovi
na
Ser
bia Ukr
aine
Nor
th
Ma
ced
onia
Bel
arus Rus
sia
2017 27 30 53 56 21 43 22 37 45 60 45 40 23 37 26 27 42 27 49 51 18 33 42 49 39 22 32 50 21 23 73 65 66 66 64 68
2018 26 30 52 55 20 43 21 41 0 60 45 39 21 36 26 26 41 27 49 50 18 32 43 49 39 21 30 49 21 20 75 66 67 65 66 70
2019 25 29 51 54 20 41 21 41 44 58 44 38 20 35 25 25 43 25 48 50 17 32 41 48 38 20 28 46 21 20 75 67 69 65 68 73
2020 24 27 49 52 17 39 20 40 42 56 42 37 19 34 23 23 41 24 47 48 15 31 38 46 36 18 26 45 23 18 76 69 71 67 68 75
2021 26 31 52 55 19 40 22 45 45 57 44 39 21 36 24 25 43 27 51 51 16 33 39 50 39 21 28 42 20 18 73 67 70 65 68 74
2022 25 29 51 54 20 41 21 41 44 58 44 38 20 35 25 25 43 25 48 50 17 32 41 48 38 20 28 37 19 20 71 68 71 65 68 75
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Fragile States Index
Countries
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
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revealed in such countries as Iran (FSI: 83,0–
86,0), Bangladesh (FSI: 79,7–87,7) and Turkey
(FSI: 77,2–80,3).
Studying the features of ensuring regional
security in Asian countries, it is necessary to state
that most of them adhere to the concept of
multipolarity of international relations and
choose the USA as one of the main partners in
order to protect their own interests from
transnational threats and dangers. In particular,
the issue of protection against terrorism is
especially acute in this region, which the United
States partially guarantees to such countries as
Singapore, the Philippines and Indonesia, being
the largest supplier of weapons in this region.
Figure 2. Dynamics of the Fragile States Index in Asian countries in 2017–2021 (Source: Compiled based
on List of Countries by Fragile States Index, 2017–2020; Fragility in the World 2021 «Fragile States Index
2021»; Fragility in the World 2022 «Fragile States Index 2022»).
The results of the study of American countries
(Figure 3) have revealed that Canada (FSI: 20,0–
24,7) is the most resistant to risks and threats to
regional security. It should be noted that fairly
average values of the indicator under
consideration have been recorded in the United
States (FSI: 38,0–51,5), which is considered to
be the one of the superpowerful states with
significant spheres of influence. At the same
time, Venezuela (FSI: 89,3–102,3) is the most
unstable in this region among the studied
countries.
Japan Oman
Unite
d
Arab
Emira
tes
Qatar Singa
pore
Saudi
Arabi
a
Cypr
us South
Korea Turke
yJorda
nIndia China Azerb
aijan Iran The
Philip
pines
Indon
esia Vietn
am
Sri
Lank
a
Bangl
adesh
2017 27 49,8 53,6 44,2 20,7 68,2 52,2 26,9 78,6 74,9 76,1 63,1 73,9 83,2 80,4 62,3 56,4 74,4 80,9
2018 29,9 48,7 51,5 40,1 22,8 69,2 54,5 29,3 77,2 76,8 77,7 65,4 75,6 84,7 79,3 72,9 58,1 76,1 79,7
2019 30,1 46,3 51,2 42,8 25,1 69 57 31,3 79,1 77,7 79,6 66,7 77 86 81,7 64,8 61,5 77 82,3
2020 32,1 44,7 50,9 44,5 26,9 70,6 58,7 33 80,3 78,2 78,7 67,9 78,9 85,6 83,8 67,4 62,7 79,2 84,3
2021 32,2 41,5 44,6 44,1 26,6 69,7 57,4 32,5 79,7 76,8 77 68,9 75,1 84,5 82,4 67,6 63,3 80,5 85
2022 34,3 50 40,1 45,4 28,1 70,4 57,8 33,7 80,3 75,9 74,4 71,1 73,2 83 83,1 70,4 66,1 84 87,7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Fragile States Index
Countries
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
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Figure 3. Dynamics of the Fragile States Index in American countries in 2017–2021 (Source: Compiled
based on List of Countries by Fragile States Index, 2017–2020; Fragility in the World 2021 «Fragile States
Index 2021»; Fragility in the World 2022 «Fragile States Index 2022»).
Studies of the state and tendencies of regional
security on the African continent (Figure 4)
indicate its lowest resistance to global and
regional challenges and dangers, which indicate
high values of the index of state instability in the
countries of this analysed group.
Figure 4. Dynamics of the Fragile States Index in African countries in 2017–2021 (Source: Compiled based
on List of Countries by Fragile States Index, 2017–2020; Fragility in the World 2021 «Fragile States Index
2021»; Fragility in the World 2022 «Fragile States Index 2022»).
The USA Canada Mexico Uruguay Panama Chile Venezuela Peru
2017 43,6 20,8 65,5 35 46,7 47,1 102,3 72,5
2018 51,5 21,9 68,3 36,4 47,9 47,5 99 72,7
2019 51,2 23,4 70,1 37,8 50,4 49,3 95,9 75,6
2020 50,9 24,7 72,6 38,4 51,4 45,7 94 75,2
2021 44,6 21,7 69,9 35,9 48,7 44,1 92,6 71,4
2022 38 20 69,7 34 47 38,9 89,3 68,2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Fragile States Index
Countries
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
South African
Republic Tunisia Morocco Kenya Egypt Nigeria
2017 67,7 64 68,1 82 80,2 94,4
2018 67,1 66,3 69 81 81,3 96,1
2019 67,9 68,3 70 84,9 81,6 97,5
2020 69,9 70,3 71,8 88,1 84 98,7
2021 70 69,2 71,5 89,2 85 98
2022 71,1 70,1 73,9 93,5 84 98,5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Fragile States Index
Countries
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
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At the same time, the system of regional security
cooperation, united by a single global space,
partially limits the participation of Central
African countries in the process of ensuring
continental security. Taking into consideration
the numerous wars that are being waged in this
region, its grip on mortality and famine, constant
coups pose significant threats to regional security
and nullify the right of countries to equal
participation in the management of regional
security.
It is expedient to conduct in-depth empirical
studies using the technology of cluster analysis
based on the k-means method in order to group
the countries of the world according to the
Fragile States Index (Table 1), the results of
which prove that the countries of all regions have
different tendencies in ensuring regional
(continental) security. In particular, highly
developed countries, namely: Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Ireland, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Germany, Portugal, Finland,
France, Sweden, Slovenia, Switzerland, Iceland,
Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and Canada have
been placed in the first cluster and are
characterized by the ability to guarantee an
appropriate level of security for their own
interests and provide it to neighbouring states.
Furthermore, such countries contribute to the
improvement of the security climate in the
regions and carry out effective management of
regional (continental) security.
Table 1.
Grouping of the countries of the world according to the index of state instability (Fragile States Index) in
2017–2022.
№
The index of state instability (Fragile States Index), 2017–2022
Country
Cluster number
Euclidean distance
1
Austria
1
1,199
2
Belgium
4,806
3
Denmark
5,131
4
Ireland
3,408
5
Luxembourg
3,749
6
The Netherlands
0,924
7
Germany
1,051
8
Portugal
1,752
9
Finland
7,729
10
France
7,706
11
Sweden
4,019
12
Slovenia
4,729
13
Switzerland
4,012
14
Iceland
4,804
15
Japan
6,996
16
Singapore
2,857
17
South Korea
7,212
18
Canada
3,010
19
Estonia
2
1,149
20
Spain
2,545
21
Latvia
3,284
22
Lithuania
2,449
23
Malta
5,589
24
Poland
1,811
25
Slovakia
1,286
26
The Czech Republic
3,019
27
Great Britain
5,298
28
Qatar
3,581
29
Uruguay
4,897
30
Chile
5,318
31
Bulgaria
3
2,034
32
Greece
3,180
33
Italy
9,381
34
Romania
3,709
35
Hungary
2,822
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Croatia
4,120
37
Oman
5,859
38
United Arab Emirates
5,214
39
Cyprus
5,801
40
Vietnam
1,725
41
The USA
6,612
42
Panama
4,132
43
Bosnia and Herzegovina
4
1,825
44
Serbia
8,331
45
Ukraine
6,607
46
North Macedonia
9,988
47
Belarus
8,399
48
Russia
3,601
49
Saudi Arabia
5,751
50
Turkey
4,288
51
Jordan
1,679
52
India
2,392
53
China
8,379
54
Azerbaijan
1,097
55
Iran
9,382
56
Philippines
6,799
57
Indonesia
8,435
58
Sri Lanka
4,751
59
Bangladesh
8,664
60
Mexico
5,955
61
Venezuela
9,912
62
Peru
3,184
63
South African Republic
6,448
64
Tunisia
7,355
65
Morocco
4,917
66
Kenya
2,122
67
Egypt
7,389
68
Nigeria
2,094
Source: Compiled based on List of Countries by Fragile States Index, 2017–2020; Fragility in the World
2021 «Fragile States Index 2021»; Fragility in the World 2022 «Fragile States Index 2022».
The second group consists of Estonia, Spain,
Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, the
Czech Republic, Great Britain, Qatar, Uruguay
and Chile, which are able to ensure high
standards of regional (continental) security, have
high defence capabilities and provide enhanced
security assistance to countries with lower level
of development. Certain countries of this group
have passed the stage of post-transformational
reconstruction and overcome significant security
risks and threats.
The third group includes Bulgaria, Greece, Italy,
Cyprus, Romania, Hungary, Croatia, Oman, the
United Arab Emirates, Vietnam, the USA and
Panama, where considerable attention is paid to
ensuring regional security, in particular, in the
Black Sea region, which is caused by the
militaristic sentiments of the Russian Federation
towards the countries of the post-Soviet space.
The least developed and politically unstable
countries of the world, namely: Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Serbia, Ukraine, North Macedonia,
Belarus, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Jordan,
India, China, Azerbaijan, Iran, the Philippines,
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Mexico,
Venezuela, Peru, South African Republic,
Tunisia, Morocco, Kenya, Egypt and Nigeria
belong to the fourth cluster and are considered
countries of the transitive type, which are unable
to independently ensure an adequate level of
regional security.
On the basis of the conducted research, it can be
established that the provision of regional
(continental) security significantly depends on
the level of social-economic and social-political
development of the country: highly developed
countries are the main subjects and coordinators
of the process of managing regional security, and
developing countries are not able to
independently protect their own national interests
from the destabilizing influence of global and
regional risks, threats, challenges and dangers.
Volume 11 - Issue 54
/ June 2022
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https:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Discussion
The results of the studies conducted on the
features of ensuring regional (continental)
security under the influence of challenges and
threats in 2022 make it possible to identify four
groups among the countries of the world,
characterized by common features of social-
economic and social-political development,
mechanisms for ensuring regional (continental)
security and stability of public administration.
These are as follows:
Group 1. Highly developed countries that are
able to ensure a high level of regional
(continental) security; they are characterized by
high indicators of the stability of state
governance and carry out effective management
of regional security (Austria, Belgium, Denmark,
Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,
Germany, Portugal, Finland, France, Sweden,
Slovenia, Switzerland, Iceland, Japan,
Singapore, South Korea and Canada).
Group 2. Countries with a relatively high level of
development, where high standards of regional
(continental) security are revealed, however,
there are a number of unresolved security issues
related to ensuring defence capability and risks
of post-transformational reconstruction (Estonia,
Spain, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland,
Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Great Britain,
Qatar, Uruguay and Chile).
Group 3. Countries with an intermediate level of
development, which are significantly influenced
by other countries and are in a state of struggle
for the redistribution of spheres of influence
(Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Cyprus, Romania,
Hungary, Croatia, Oman, the United Arab
Emirates, Vietnam, the United States and
Panama), where considerable attention is paid to
ensuring regional security, in particular, in the
Black Sea region, which is caused by the
militaristic sentiments of the Russian Federation
towards the countries of the post-Soviet space.
Group 4. Countries with a low level of
development that have not completed the process
of transformational restructuring yet and need
strengthened measures in order to ensure
regional (continental) security (Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Serbia, Ukraine, North Macedonia,
Belarus, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Jordan,
India, China, Azerbaijan, Iran, the Philippines,
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Mexico,
Venezuela, Peru, South African Republic,
Tunisia, Morocco, Kenya, Egypt and Nigeria).
It is worth noting that ensuring regional
(continental) security requires increased
attention of the entire world community and the
development of a set of security measures that
would take into account the interests and
specifics of the functioning of countries on
different continents.
Conclusions
Therefore, the conducted studies on the features
of ensuring regional (continental) security under
the conditions of influence of challenges and
threats in 2022 provide grounds for the
conclusion that the modern global security
environment is undergoing significant
destructive changes and large-scale
transformations, and it is also characterized by a
high level of turbulence, unpredictability,
instability, growing competition between states,
the emergence of new conflicts, the settlement of
which requires significant efforts and mutual
agreements. The solution of the issues outlined is
possible due to the effective counteraction and
prevention of risks, threats, challenges and
dangers that reduce the level of regional
(continental) security and ensure the optimal
level of regional (continental) security. It has
been proven that highly developed countries,
which are considered the main players in
international relations, provide higher indicators
of state stability and regional security and
increase the level of international security, while
countries with a lower level of sustainable social-
economic and social-political development
position themselves as weak countries and
vulnerable to the influence of destabilizing
factors.
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