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DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.53.05.16

How to Cite:

Introduction

The system-structural approach to linguistic

speech phenomena into a single whole. A

PhD in Philology Associate Professor Head of the Department of English Language Azerbaijan State Marine Academy, Baku,

Azerbaijan.

significant number of modern linguistic studies

in the languages of the world include the

functional-semantic category of aspectuality,

language, specialized for the representation of

the nature of the course and distribution of action

in time. Aspectual relations and their expression

belong to one of the hardest-studied phenomena

in the study and comparison of languages, since

the problem is to understand the relationship not

only between the species categories of two

languages, but also directly or indirectly related

to it other grammatical categories, as well as

lexical and morphological units. Now, despite

numerous explorations, the functioning of

The material of our study is English and

Ukrainian languages. These languages belong to

different groups, both genetically and

typologically. English belongs to the Germanic

languages of the branch of Indo-European

languages and Ukrainian is to the East Slavic

languages. From the structural-typological point

of view English is an analytical language and

Ukrainian is a fusional language.

The object of the study is the functional-

semantic field of aspectuality and its structure.

The subject of the study is the specific features

of Ukrainian and English verbs, which are the

structural components of any functional-

semantic field.

Literature Review

Functional and semantic studies of the analyzed

material in the typological comparison of

Ukrainian and English in modern linguistics are

few.

The category of aspectuality and the problems

associated with it, its components and means of

expression in their studies within the framework

of the functional-grammatical approach were

al., 2021; Melnyk et al., 2021), usually

considered from the view of the structural-

semantic. The linguistic concepts developed by

them formed the theoretical basis of domestic

aspectology, which develops a model of

functional grammar based on the concepts of

functional-semantic field and categorical

situation.

In most Indo-European languages, space is

expressed by means of noun paradigms and time

study takes its origins from the isolation and

description of the most clearly expressed

specialized verbal means with one or another

aspectual semantics. Next is the analysis of the

categories of verbal species and species

meanings (modes of verbal action). Functional-

semantic representations of tenses in Ukrainian,

Russian and English from the view of

comparative-typological approach were

analyzed.

material, as well as the corresponding concepts,

emphasizes their importance for speakers of

comparable languages.

In addition to the field of locality, the field of

aspectuality interacts with the field of

temporality. If aspectuality determines the nature

of the course and distribution of action in time,

temporality, in turn, covers temporal relations,

oriented to the moment of speech or any other

functional-semantic fields and forms diffuse

(combined) segments. For example, the

functional-semantic field of Aspectuality,

integrating and interpenetrating into the

functional-semantic field of locality and

temporality, forms segments, where aspectual-

locative and aspectual-temporal values are

combined. In Ukrainian, the leading center of the

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functional-semantic category of aspectuality is

(Derdzakyan,2021).

As noted by Pérez-Sabater (2021) “scientific

interest in the aspectual problematics and its

acute debatability caused the emergence of such

species in direct connection with the category of

time is considered (Kuzmina et al., 2021). The

Ukrainian aspectological opinion, apart from the

study of grammatical species and species-

scholars to unite their efforts around solving the

complex problems of Aspectuality and species”

(Pérez-Sabater, 2021) the question of revealing

the essence of this category still remains open

and requires further research both on the example

of the Ukrainian language and on the examples

of other languages, so we were so interested in

the topic of the study of the multisystem as to

The purpose of the article determined the choice

of the main methods of research: descriptive

method (description of the functional-semantic

field of aspectuality and its structure;

systematization of approaches to determining the

features of the category of verbal species);

method of semantic analysis (determination of

semantic categories of verbs) method of

comparative analysis (comparison of

interconnectedness and interdependence of

linguistic phenomena, the integrative interaction

of lexis and grammar.

The work uses the methodology of system-

structural linguistic research in order to identify

the functional and semantic features of the

aspectuality of the relevant Ukrainian and

English verbal means, component analysis of

phenomena of Ukrainian and English languages.

The source of linguistic material is texts of

classical and modern Ukrainian and English

literature and periodicals. The breadth of the

factual material, its diversity and versatility

allowed to identify multilevel means of

representation of aspectual meanings in the

above-mentioned languages.

Results

category. In modern aspectology of ubiquitous

usage has also acquired the term functional-

semantic field, the main position of which is the

grouping of language means interacting on a

semantic-functional basis.

The most common and universal semantic

category according to many researchers is the

functional-semantic field of aspectuality. The

study of this category has led to considerable

languages, and aspectuality in other languages

has been considered against the background of

the Slavic model. Today, the situation has

changed somewhat, and new works on

aspectuality have appeared, based on

comparative and typological approaches,

describing the diversity of aspectual systems in

the world's languages. Now the generally

accepted point of view is the following: the

Slavic type is only one of the existing aspectual

number of works devoted to Aspectuality in

English, and secondly, to the fact that all existing

conclusions are also quite debatable. There is no

consensus among linguists concerning both the

semantic aspectual inventory itself (the number

and the belonging of morphological forms of the

category in question. Opinions are divided: some

linguists consider aspectuality only as

recognizes its presence only in the lexical

meaning of verbs. Valuable observations on the

presence and expression of meaningful aspectual

categories are contained in works that examine

aspectuality in English typologically, combining

it with the broader context of a set of verb

categories, including kind, time, and possibly

modality, mode of action.

We agree with the statements that the category of

aspectuality is a functional-semantic category

In each language we can distinguish a functional-

semantic field of aspectuality, as all languages

present interacting linguistic means expressing

the nature of the course of action in time. The

main components of the structure of any

functional-semantic field are the core and its

periphery. Basically, the core is the grammatical

(morphological) category of species. At the

periphery are: 1) the classifying lexical and

grammatical category of the verb's species

lexical-semantic groupings of verbs (they convey

different modes of action).

Thus, let us elaborate on the analysis of the

category of aspectuality. The grammatical

category of species (the core of the functional-

semantic field of aspectuality) is present only in

In the Ukrainian language, the verb form is

considered as a binary category, including two

opposite groups of verbs - perfect (perfective)

and imperfect (imperfective) forms. The

oppositional use of the species forms is important

in the linguistic consciousness of a native speaker

of the Ukrainian language in situations such as:

"Andrew wrote, wrote, but did not finish it. The

students read, read, but didn't finish, etc. " As we

this type opposition is the opposition of reaching

/ not reaching the internal limiting of the verbal

action. In Ukrainian, as in other Slavic

languages, the perfect form expresses the

of its natural (internal) limit, and the imperfect

situation. Thus, in the lines of Lina Kostenko's

longer there. The willows have withered away ...

the past and future tenses. The idea of

completeness does not coincide in the Ukrainian

language with the present and the forms of the

present turn out to be out of aspectual opposition.

What about man? He lives on the ground. He

of the present tense lives, does not fly, has, we

trace the absence of action boundaries.

Slavic verb species is not limited to the field of

aspectuality. From the very beginning, the

interaction between the fields of aspectuality and

temporality played an essential role. Thus, the

development of the category of the species was

carried out in such a field structure, which

already had grammatical elements - aspectual-

temporal.

However, not all scholars consider kind a

another in the ungrammatical element of

meaning.

View is considered in morphology as a tribute to

the tradition established back when word-

formation was not separated from morphology. If

we take this point of view, the species core of the

functional-semantic field of aspectuality in the

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Ukrainian language is built only on the binary

and imperfect kinds, that is, there are no unified

grammatical forms that build the opposition of

perfect and imperfect kinds. Thus, the category

of species is a more classifying category than the

word-derivative.

It is worth noting that for the English language,

not only the belonging of morphological forms to

the aspectuality, but also the semantic aspectual

important aspectual meanings) continues to be

which takes into account the meaning not only of

verb categories. Just like aspectuality in

Ukrainian, this category in English is

conveniently represented in the form of a

functional-semantic field. Aspectuality as a

grammatical category will correspond to the

center of the functional-semantic field, while

lexical and grammatical characteristics of verbs

and other means will be located towards the

periphery. The functional-semantic field of

There is also a great diversity of opinion on the

problem of species in English. Since in Old

English the category of kind was represented by

two kinds - imperfect and perfect, some scholars

erroneously include only the perfect and the

imperfect in the category of kind. In English the

aspectual meanings are transmitted lexically,

through the context in combination with some

temporal forms, which are verbositive, while in

Ukrainian the category of species is word-

From a typological point of view, the meanings

of Aspectuality in English can in no way be

reduced to a single binary opposition of the

“perfect/imperfect” type. As Kruty et al. (2022)

rightly points out, scholars who support such a

binary approach to the universal category of kind

model” of type.

Two species categories are distinguished in the

"development" (continuum/indefinitum).

(continuum/indefinitum) and the species of

"retrospective coordination" (perfect/imperfect).

However, we should not forget that in terms of

content, aspectuality and temporality are

different. Temporal meanings are associated with

the localization of the designated action in time,

with its orientation in relation to the moment of

speech. Aspectual meanings, on the contrary,

have no such functions and show how the action

proceeds and is distributed in time, but without

grammatical core of the functional-semantic field

of aspectuality in English includes four

grammatically expressed types: indefinite:

“Work was a shining refuge when wind sank its

birthday of the world, I begin to contemplate,

perfunctory extended: “I had been talking with

non-limiting verbs (lie, lie), is also essential in

the study of verbal species. It represents a

transitive link between the modes of action and

the grammatical category of species. There are

many contradictory opinions concerning the

definition of the very concept of liminality.

A limit can be defined as a situation in which the

process continues up to a certain point (Comrie,

1976). A direct connection between the limit and

transition from one state to the opposite, has been

studied in detail (“yes-no-transition”) (Dietrich,

1995).

Let's consider his point of view on the example

of the verbs to cook and to become cooked the

author illustrates the presence of a potential limit

in the first example and the achievement of a real

of completeness (exhaustiveness) by a given

which is often the basis of aspectological studies

(Bączkiewicz et al., 2021). The definition of

liminality as "the ability of any event to have a

definite, definite, distinct, natural completion in

time defines. That one should distinguish

between special limiting states (subject to the

indication or proper moment of transition of a

what is included in the semantics of the verb and

indicates the internal, the very nature of the

action provided for the boundary. It is defined as

a latent semantic category, it has no grammatical

means of expression, but it has a lexical and

grammatical meaning and is manifested, for

example, in Ukrainian in the ability of verbs to

form species pairs. Let us consider several

examples of limiting verbs: verbal verbs of

we conclude that they are able to correlate with

perfect forms, but they can realize this ability

only by the presence of such appropriate

grammatical means as fully desemantized

prefixes. Verbs of unidirectional movement do

not have these means, as the prefixes give them

the grammatical meaning of the perfect kind,

thus making them potential perfectives and

giving them different word-formation meanings,

fly over, to fly into, etc. Specific prefix

correlations of verbal verbs of concrete physical

action and intellectual activity form selectively,

depending on the ability of this or that prefix to

desemantize and turn into a perfect kind indicator

in the structure of the verb with the

corresponding lexical meaning. Among the main

means of their grammatical perfectivation we

find the prefix po, e.g., type pairs: build - build,

count - count, multiply - multiply, sew - sew,

weed–weed out. The prefix c/co-, c-, for

The non-substantive verbs, respectively, are the

absence of an internal limit, which would limit

the course of the action at least in perspective.

Unsubstantive verbs with the meaning of sound,

speech and thinking, verbal verbs conveying

differently directed motion, substantive verbs

expressing the word meaning "to be someone, to

resemble someone" and "to engage in a certain

activity": “Here Oksana was silent, kept silent

of the sign of liminality in Ukrainian and English.

In English, the limitation of the verb can be

expressed through the object, which marks the

end point of the situation, for example: “Joe is

(limiting). In English, liminality is understood as

the ability of a verb to express an action that

cannot continue after reaching its conclusion. For

example, to arrive, to bring, to break, to catch.

The non-boundary verbs, on the contrary, do not

limit and non-limiting action to laugh, to feel, to

move, to look. Examples of limiting verbs: He

drank a cup of coffee. She built a house. I ran

home. Verbs in the extended tense forms are

usually indefinite, and those in the past tense

forms are usually limiting.

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Since the interpretation of the category of

it is recommended to distinguish between the

final spatial endpoint associated with the feature

and the final temporal endpoint of the event,

which refers to their allocated feature. The

difference between the temporal endpoint and the

spatial endpoint is the scope of the (Xiao &

McEnery, 2004, p. 334)

Spatial expressions are common grammatically

and semantically. Thus, a limitation in space

always involves a limitation in time, but not vice

fifteen minutes on the distance today, but only

ten minutes, that is, the situation is limited in

time, but without reaching the final spatial point

(Lyons & John, 1995).

Supporting the statement (Van Voorst, 1988), we

consider a situation to be limiting only when it

has a finite object (object of termination), that is,

an object with a change of state.

verbs can express a limiting action. For example,

verb to break is non-transitive, is considered

limiting because it contains an object that has

undergone a change of state. And in the example

boundary, because prefixed, uncounted nouns as

well as plural nouns cannot act as finite objects

and are spatially bounded. They form predicates

representing not a series of separate actions, but

whereas a letter plus another letter is having two

letters (pl.), and if in the situation of running a

mile we run only part of a distance, it cannot be

“called running a mile” (Derdzakyan, 2021).

That is, the boundaries between the groups of

limiting and non-limiting verbs are not always

stable in the languages mentioned. A non-

limiting verb may in some contexts express a

a rule, lose their intrinsic limit meaning. In

addition, between these two groups resides a

large group of verbs of a dual nature capable of

acting in one sense or another.

The absence of an indication of the facet of an

individual action characterizes it as unrestricted

in its manifestation, i.e., the indefinite and

corresponding indefinite verbs are of the

imperfect form, e.g., look, sleep. In other words,

odd imperfect verbs can always be regarded as

case of repeated action, for example: "I walk the

promenade every day." The boundary may be in

a separate action, but the cycle of action is not

completed.

In Ukrainian, all verbs of the perfect form are

limiting, they have a sign of actually reaching the

limit of action, which is the basis of the

categorical meaning of the perfect form:

integrity, limited by the limit. The imperfect

limiting and non-limiting is also important in

English grammar, so their distinction is closely

related to the use of species and temporal forms.

Another peripheral component of aspectuality is

the mode of action, i.e., semantic divisions of

verbs. If the core of the semantic category of

aspectuality is the grammatical category of kind,

relations. Now the problems of opposing

connection and interaction of the type and mode

of action of verbs are considered in more detail,

calling verb genera the series of verbs which are

characterized by morphological uniformity and

semantic commonality.

The content side of the species category and the

sufficiently close in their semantic content, and

therefore we may even argue that they belong to

the same sphere of meanings (Kruty et al., 2022).

Since both kind and ways of a verbal action

convey certain differences in the types of

realization of a verbal action or in the types of

expression (interpretation) of this realization by

the speaker (Melnyk et al., 2021). To give an

example: the verbs jump, bite show the single

mode of verbal action with respect to the verbs

The further away from the core the linguistic

means are, the less grammatical and more lexical

they are. Nowadays, they associate the modes of

verbal action with the category of kind, calling

them semantic-verb groupings of verbs. Some

verbs denote the beginning, the occurrence of

action, others show that the course of action is

limited to what interval of time, others denote

action performed in a single act, the fourth

microfield and are expressed by different levels

of means. For example, the repetition of a verbal

action in the past tense is expressed by the

construction used to і would: “Clement used to

There are various ways and ways of studying the

relationship between kind and modes of verbal

action. However, modern linguistics makes a

clear distinction between kind as a grammatical

category of the verb and the various ways of

expressing the characteristic of an action, which

are collectively called ways of action.

Discussion

The functional-semantic field of aspectuality in

Ukrainian is monocentric. In its center is the

category of kind, which covers the whole system

of Ukrainian verbs. To the periphery of the

Aspectuality field belong the modes of verbal

action, aspectual features in the lexical meaning

of verbs (limitation/non-limitation). If we

represent aspectuality in English as a functional-

semantic field, then in the center we can probably

locate aspectual meaning regularly expressed by

morphological temporal forms, while aspectual

study, since the category of kind has no clear

grammatical expression, but is reflected in a

ramified system of aspectual genders, which

include multiplicity. The peculiarity of the aspect

in English consists in the fact that it is

represented by a significant number of categories

characterizing the way the action proceeds in

time with the help of multilevel linguistic means.

So, if the verb kind is a special grammatical

grammatical, in Ukrainian language cannot be

limited to the verb category of kind. According

to affirmatively assert that the category of

aspectuality in the Ukrainian language is a

complex phenomenon, which is not yet fully

investigated requires further fundamental

research.

In our opinion, it is interesting to study in a

comparative aspect the functional-semantic field

dığındandolayı, -acağıiçin, -acağından (dolayı).

A similar concept (or group of concepts united

within the conceptual field) in Turkish is

verbalized by means of participles, derivative

complexes and gerundial complexes with

prototypical meaning of causality and the

presence of an additional semantic component -

temporality (more precisely relative temporality,

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or cabs Panov (2021) for example (for the verb

using gerundial complexes to objectify the

concept in question is related only to their

combination with periphrastic forms. A detailed

study of participles, participles and grammatical

complexes formed on their basis - their

semantics, communicative functions as well as

"conceptual content" (i.e., concepts of linguistic

world pictures of Ukrainian and Turkish

languages, which are verbalized by means of

these formal means) - is the task of our further

there is no grammatical opposition of

morphological forms, modes of action by their

nature are subclasses of the verb lexicon, lexical

and grammatical classes. Such aspectual features

as limitation/non-limitation,

immediacy/static/dynamic are associated with

the category of verb kind. Liminality

characterizes an action in terms of its

directionality/non-directionality to the limit,

upon reaching which the action ceases. There is

build”. In addition, verbs that are non-limiting in

some meanings can become limiting when

combined with a complement (of a certain type)

or circumstance: To drink and drink coffee, to

walk slowly and come to market. This is the

behavior characteristic of English verbs: One and

the same verb can act as a limiting and as a non-

limiting.

the completeness of its field representation in the

studied languages separately and in their

typological comparison.

In Ukrainian, according to many linguists, there

are no pure grammatical forms of species

expression, and the meaning of species is closely

related to the ways, that is, changing the ways of

the verbal action inevitably leads to a change in

forms of species expression that are independent

of the species character and modes of verbal

action. The spheres of Ukrainian and English

aspectual-temporal network can by no means be

considered equivalent. Ukrainian has the

opposition of perfect and imperfect kinds with

different semantic relations within verb pairs, a

narrow temporal paradigm and ways of verbal

action, which have specific and rather subtle

aspectual meaning.

The conducted research allows us to deepen

somewhat the scientific knowledge on the

application in general and specific conditions,

and clarify the definition of the structure of the

functional-semantic field of aspectuality as a tool

for a comparative study of the multisystem as to

identify their differences and common features.

Bibliographic references

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Modern tendencies of development of norms

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