Volume 10 - Issue 45
/ September 2021
293
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.45.09.29
How to Cite:
Popov, R.A., Sekisov, A.N., Solovyova, E.V., Shipilova, N.A., & Savenko, A.A. (2021). Resource-saving factor in the development
of Russian cities. Amazonia Investiga, 10(45), 293-301. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.45.09.29
Resource-saving factor in the development of Russian cities
РЕСУРСОСБЕРЕГАЮЩИЙ ФАКТОР В РАЗВИТИИ РОССИЙСКИХ ГОРОДОВ
Received: July 12, 2021 Accepted: September 8, 2021
Written by:
Rinad A. Popov
114
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1982-120X
Aleksandr N. Sekisov
115
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4810-3741
Ekaterina V. Solovyova
116
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-5887
Nataliya A. Shipilova
117
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9531-2394
Andrey A. Savenko
118
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5268-2021
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to identify the
problems of Russian cities and urban-type
settlements from the standpoint of their historical
and economic development. Using the
methodology of economic, statistical and
retrospective analysis, it was revealed that along
with the growth of large cities in recent years,
there has been a tendency towards a reduction in
small settlements, which is associated with a
decrease in industrial production. The result of
this is the active development of urban processes,
leading to the concentration in large cities of the
scientific, technical and intellectual and
production potential of the regions, their
transformation into self-sufficient centers for the
development of territorial socio-economic
locations. The result of the study is the
substantiation of the need to create new
methodological approaches to the development
and placement of productive forces, planning of
urban areas, solving problems of energy and
resource supply of territories on the basis of
achieving their ecological and economic
efficiency. The concept of the decisive role of the
resource-saving factor in the process of
114
PhD, Doctor of Economics, Professor, Department of Technology, Organization, Construction Economics and Real Estate
Management, Institute of Construction and Transport Infrastructure, Kuban State Technological University, Russia.
115
PhD, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Technology, Organization, Construction Economics
and Real Estate Management, Institute of Construction and Transport Infrastructure, Kuban State Technological University, Russia.
116
PhD, Doctor of Economics, Professor, Department of Technology, Organization, Construction Economics and Real Estate
Management, Institute of Construction and Transport Infrastructure, Kuban State Technological University, Russia.
117
PhD (Candidate of Economic Sciences), Associate Professor, Department of Technology, Organization, Construction Economics
and Real Estate Management, Institute of Construction and Transport Infrastructure, Kuban State Technological University, Russia.
118
PhD, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Technology, Organization, Construction Economics
and Real Estate Management, Institute of Construction and Transport Infrastructure, Kuban State Technological University, Russia.
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urbanization of territories is substantiated. It was
revealed that the approach to the analysis and
modeling of the city economy when considering
it as a "quasi-corporation" involves the formation
of an integrated reproduction system based on
increasing the efficiency of the use of territory
resources, which translates the process of
planning the development of the urban
environment into the category of business
process technologies.
Keywords: urbanization, city, urban planning,
productive forces, resources, efficiency.
Introduction
The purpose of the article is to identify the
problems of Russian cities and urban-type
settlements from the standpoint of their historical
and economic development. The resource-saving
factor in the development of Russian settlements
from a historical perspective is manifested in
their emergence and formation near consumed
natural resources such as water, material, energy.
In the past, and often even today, during the
development of mineral deposits near industrial
facilities, settlements for workers were created
both on the basis of previously existing
settlements and new ones. The owners of new
mines, coal mines, factories and factories at
minimal cost built temporary residential
buildings in the form of dormitories, in which
they settled the families of workers, and in this
inexpensive way "tied" people to jobs. This
method of saving resources was the most popular
in Soviet Russia during the first five-year plans
and the post-war decade, when the destruction of
the Second World War was being overcome.
Starting in the 60s of the last century, intensive
housing construction began in the country, which
gradually (in about 20 years) resettled the heirs
of the first barracks settlers into separate,
relatively small, but comfortable apartments.
This was facilitated by the emergence of a large
number of house-building plants, at least one
house-building plant in each regional center,
which produced 100 thousand square meters of
apartments per year. Another factor in the
development of construction was technical
progress, the creation of new materials,
construction machines, an increase in the energy
supply of construction projects, the improvement
of the qualifications of workers of mass
professions and the engineering staff. Currently,
any able-bodied Russian has the opportunity to
get a mortgage loan from a bank for up to 20
years and immediately buy an apartment or
participate in the construction of an apartment
building.
In the 30-60s in our country, the development of
productive forces was carried out from the
standpoint of resource conservation along the
line of the formation of mono-industrial cities
and urban-type settlements according to the
principle: one city or village is adjacent to one
large plant. In this way, many new cities and
urban-type settlements appeared on the map of
the country; among them are Norilsk, Bratsk,
Angarsk, Volzhsky, Togliatti, Urengoy, etc. At
the same time, new industrial enterprises were
created in the peripheral part of historically
formed large cities, which used the labor
resources of these cities, and also financed
housing construction for the emergence of
additional personnel. The result of this process
was the formation of special territorial-industrial
zones in large cities and at some distance from
new residential neighborhoods. Such
microdistricts in some cities were called
"sotsgorod" (social city), "Cheryomushki" in
others, by analogy with Moscow Cheryomushki
(microdistrict, frontally built up in the 60s with
new multi-storey residential buildings).
Subsequently, such residential neighborhoods
with a population of 20-40 thousand inhabitants
were called "dormitory areas", since they
provided services for housing and communal
services, consumer services, health care and
secondary education, but there were practically
Popov, R.A., Sekisov, A.N., Solovyova, E.V., Shipilova, N.A., Savenko, A.A. / Volume 10 - Issue 45: 293-301/ September, 2021
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/ September 2021
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no places for employment.
In such a scheme of urban planning, the problem
of maximum use of resources was effectively
solved, on the one hand, the life support of the
population, on the other hand, the extraction of a
synergistic effect from the concentrated location
of both residential areas and industrial
enterprises. At the same time, the main
organizational and technical difficulty was the
transportation of passengers between the
industrial and residential areas in the morning
and evening hours. Moreover, it was necessary to
deliver the children of workers to kindergartens,
since at that time there were not enough
children's places in the microdistricts. This
problem was solved by organizing the running of
special buses for preschool children. In terms of
the resources of that time, such a solution can be
considered quite effective.
Under the influence of the imperatives of
resource conservation in the 1960s and 1980s,
satellite cities began to appear in the vicinity of
the largest Russian cities near production
facilities, in which the issues of employment and
social development were comprehensively
resolved. If earlier cities developed practically
according to the same scenario - from the center
to the outskirts (from the town hall and the
shopping area to the fortress walls and outside
the walls near them), then later such factors of
urban planning began to lose their relevance. The
determining factors in the growth of Russian
cities in recent years have been their high
resource availability and economic synergetics
obtained on the basis of diversified interactions.
Simultaneously with the expansion of large cities
in recent years, there has been a process of
reduction of small settlements due to the
extinction of industrial enterprises, reduction of
places of employment. The result of such a
contradictory process is a modern map of the
settlement of settlements, in which the urbanistic
(from the Latin urba - city) emphasis of
development is quite clearly visible - the pulling
of the intellectual and production potential of
territories into large cities, turning them into self-
sufficient nuclei of regional socio-economic
locations, "centers development". At the same
time, the prospect of the functioning and
development of small settlements remains
problematic.
Literature Review
The problem of the spatial organization of the
economy in a relatively holistic form dates back
to the second half of the 19th century in the works
of representatives of the German school -
A. Weber. A. Weber was the first to formulate
the idea of the formation of settlements in
conjunction with the development of industrial
enterprises with positions of the resource
approach (Weber, 1926). A. Weber considered
the minimum production costs to be the main
"factor of placement". Along with the resource
factor, he proposed to take into account the sales
factor in the “placement” problem, which in
some cases may turn out to be more significant
than the resource factor in terms of the total costs
of production and sales of products. In 1934,
from the standpoint of a functional approach to
the development of territories, three sectors of
the city's economy were identified: the primary
sector - the mining industry, the secondary sector
- the manufacturing industry, and the tertiary
sector - services (Parkhomenko et al., 2008). In
the 60s, W. Isard, from the standpoint of the
resource approach, investigated the mechanisms
of migration phenomena, the processes of
formation of metropolitan areas (Isard., 1960).
Quite a lot of publications by contemporary
Russian authors are devoted to the issues of the
formation of urban settlements, which have
received the name "urban studies''. The
development of methods for assessing the gross
urban product, as an integral indicator of the
realization of the socio-economic potential of an
urban area, are devoted to the publications of
T.V. Uskova, Chekavinskaya, A.N., & Lukin,
E.V. (Uskova, Chekavinskaya, & Lukin, 2013).
The problems of modernizing a single-industry
city and methodological approaches to the
management of its construction complex are
studied by M.A. Lunyakov, P.G. & Grabovy
(Lunyakov & & Grabovy, 2017). Scientific
research by A.I. Treivish is devoted to the
mechanisms of development of urban settlements
from the standpoint of the institutional and
reproductive approach; he believes that “the
science of development, as part of the ideology
of developmentalism, would be logical to call
developmentology” (Treivish, 2009). The studies
of N. Shipilova et al. (Shipilova, et al., 2017) are
devoted to the modern problems of the
functioning of the territories of resort cities, their
innovative development.
The topic of regulation of the development of
large cities, their relationship with small
settlements remains debatable in the scientific
community. Some authors consider the
emergence and growth of megalopolises (cities
with a million population) to be a normal natural
phenomenon, while others are in favor of
measures to limit their growth; the third group of
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authors believes that cities should harmoniously
combine and closely interact with rural areas.
(Druzhinin, & Videnskaya, 2007).
The publications note the binary managerial
quality of a modern city: on the one hand, the city
is an object of management, on the other, it
regulates its own life and the surrounding area of
rural settlements. (Zotova, 2007). This last
quality requires, in our opinion, additional
comprehension and development of planning and
regulation tools (Moiseev, 2013). A similar
position is defended by a group of authors who
interpret modern cities “as poles of economic
life, structuring the surrounding space”
(Parkhomenko et al, 2008). Recently, in
publications on urban studies, there has been a
reproductive emphasis in the assessment of urban
settlements, their complex spatial-systemic
content. At the same time, in terms of the
prospects for the development of urban areas, the
following approaches are very clearly observed:
1) city-society; 2) city-market; 3) city-
corporation. In our view, each of these slices of
urban life characterizes a quite tangible
qualitative side of a modern city and should be
evaluated in synergistic combination with the
rest; the problem lies in maintaining the optimal
proportions of such a combination. All this taken
together indicates the vastness of the problem of
managing the development of urban areas, its
relevance.
Materials and Methods
The information basis for this study was the
fundamental work in the field of spatial
development, the formation of regional
agglomerations and urban areas A.I. Treivish
(Treivish, 2009), V.N. Ovchinnikov
(Ovchinnikov & Kolesnikov, 2008), monographs
and articles of Russian and foreign authors,
reporting data of state statistics bodies,
information materials of regional administrations
and municipalities, information from
organizations, as well as observations of the
authors of the article.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the
research was the theory of systems, the theory of
organizations, the principles of institutional-
reproductive and systemic-synergetic
approaches. Methods of functional-cost, case
study and SWOT analysis, comparisons and
generalizations were chosen in the role of the
main ones. Conceptual constructions are formed
on the basis of the analysis of the identified
processes and conditions in modern urban
planning practice, making forecasts for the
development of the situation.
Results and Discussion
In the vast territory of Russia, we are witnessing
the process of forming a new map of spatial
development, pedalized by the interests of
resource conservation, which is characterized by
the accelerated growth of large cities,
accompanied by less rapid development and even
depression of small towns and villages in terms
of population. The process of the formation of
radially dispersed micro-industrial zones around
large cities in their peripheral parts, which
gradually merge into peripheral industrial and
logistics rings, is quite noticeable. On the one
hand, this helps to optimize passenger flows in
the morning and evening hours (make it circular),
on the other hand, it narrows the recreational
zones of urban areas (recreation retreats to more
distant boundaries).
Statistics show that the process of urbanization of
Russian territories is only intensifying (Table 1).
Table 1.
Indicators of the urbanization process in the Russian Federation in 1989-2018 (Russian Statistical
Yearbook. 2018)
Indicators
1989
2002
2010
2015
2016
2017
2018
Number of cities
1037
1098
1100
1114
1112
1112
1113
inhabitants in them,
thousand people
94450
95916
97527
100842
101651
102044
102387
including those with a
population of 500-999.9
thousand people
22
20
25
21
21
22
22
inhabitants in them,
thousand people
14040
12403
12755
12853
12931
13516
13576
cities with a population
of 1 million or more
inhabitants in them,
thousand people
12
13
12
15
15
15
15
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Urban settlements
inhabitants in them,
thousand people
cities with a population
of 1 million or more
1037
1098
1100
1114
1112
1112
1113
inhabitants in them,
thousand people
2193
1842
1286
1192
1190
1192
1195
Urban settlements
inhabitants in them,
thousand people
13509
10513
7787
7259
7188
7171
7134
(Krasnodar was included in the number of cities with a population of 1 million in 2019)
The data in Table 1 indicate some contradictions
in the process of urbanization in the last third of
the century: on the one hand, cities with a
population of several hundred thousand are
expanding, especially those exceeding 0.5
million inhabitants, on the other hand, urban-type
settlements are significantly reduced. This fact is
a reflection of the clearly expressed stagnation in
the last three decades of monocities and mono-
settlements, those settlements that have formed
on the basis of large industrial enterprises. In
connection with the termination of the activities
of such enterprises, the need for workers (and
residents) has been lost. Extinct industrial
enterprises in large cities were gradually replaced
by construction projects, logistics, trade and
other structures; this ensured a positive dynamics
in the size of their population. The million-plus
cities have entered the synergistic quality of self-
sufficiency, which provides them with the effect
of resource availability in production and
consumption, employment and development, a
synergistic effect of growth.
All of the above indicates the need for new
approaches to the development and distribution
of productive forces, planning of urban areas,
solving problems of energy and resource supply
of territories. Global processes are also pushing
for this. If at the beginning of the last century
only 4% of the population lived in the cities of
the world, then by 2020 the share of the urban
population was about 80%. 3/4 of the population
lives in Russian cities; statistics of recent decades
indicate an annual growth of the urban
population by 0.5-1.5%.
The experience of the largest cities (Mexico City,
Sao Paulo, Tokyo, New York, London, Delhi,
Moscow) shows that there are practically no
obstacles to their growth. This is due to the fact
that in such cities the main issues of employment,
consumer services are more efficiently resolved,
comfort is higher, business is functioning more
confidently; at the same time, as noted above,
another set of problems is growing (overcoming
crowding, providing recreation, transport
regulation, etc.).
The growth of the city to the scale of a "million-
plus city" translates it into a new organizational
and economic quality, which is characterized by
the presence of the following: several water
intakes with appropriate treatment facilities and
main distribution networks of large diameter;
storm sewers capable of diverting storm drains
from a large area in real time; several sewage
treatment plants with appropriate collectors
(including through-flow collectors with a
diameter of 2 m); detours in the peripheral part of
the city for intercity traffic flows; several
intracity highways with a set of overpasses to
interchange intersecting traffic flows at different
levels; high-speed passenger transport in the
main directions of passenger traffic (metro,
monorail, high-speed tram, etc.); several cultural
centers corresponding to the largest ethnic
groups of the urban population (religious, arts,
education, ethno-cultural, children's creativity,
etc.); strategic forms of interaction between
government and business.
The growth of large cities to the scale of
megalopolises has exhausted the resources for
the development of a monocentric scheme for the
location of industrial and socio-cultural facilities,
the functioning of the urban economy, and
brought their infrastructure to a dead end. The
attempts made in such cities to damp passenger
flows by creating production facilities in the
peripheral zones to some extent solve the
problem of transport provision of the urban
economy and still require new initiatives and
schemes (combining radial and circular traffic
flows).
Until the last third of the twentieth century, the
solution to the transport problem of the growing
territories of cities was the car; however, later on,
it not only facilitated passenger transportation,
but also became the main source of life
inconveniences for city dwellers (traffic, parking,
gas pollution) (Sekisov, Ivanov & Begiashvili,
2021). Observations show that with a
monocentric layout scheme, urban highways of
megalopolises are not able to provide timely
evening and morning radial passenger traffic.
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One of the options for mitigating this problem
may be to restrict the movement of private cars
in the central part, while simultaneously creating
intercepting parking lots and improving the
public transport system, as has been done in
Moscow in recent years. In some cities, special
lanes are allocated for public transport, which
speeds up passenger flows, but at the same time
increases traffic for other transport, not only
personal, but also freight, and this gives rise to
other urban problems (supplying the retail
network, the functioning of utilities,
manufacturing enterprises, etc.).
Russia ranks second in the world after Brazil in
the number of cities with a million inhabitants;
moreover, in 3 cities (Saratov, Tyumen,
Togliatti) the population is approaching 800
thousand, and in 7 cities (Izhevsk, Barnaul,
Ulyanovsk, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Yaroslavl,
Vladivostok) exceeded 600 thousand and is
growing at an increased rate. This testifies to the
new qualitative content of the urbanization
process in modern Russia. In such a situation, in
order to systematize knowledge in the
development of socio-production systems in
large cities, we believe it expedient to classify
cities as the object of research as megacities,
which in terms of population have approached
the milestone of one million people. This will
expand the field of research on the synergistic
quality of urban mega-systems, and will allow
the formation of an updated resource
management toolkit for such mega-formations
from the perspective of rational environmental
management (so far, developments in this area
are very rare). This is due to the fact that
approaching the milestone of a million
inhabitants, the city goes into a state of resource
self-sufficiency: it is able to independently
resolve issues of urban planning, education,
medicine, ensuring the employment of the
population, training, intellectualization of life.
Such cities have a growing interest in
international communication, solving
environmental problems, they are actively
involved in political, economic, cultural and
educational processes. An analysis of
demographic processes in Russian megalopolises
indicates a fairly high and fairly stable rate of
population growth - 0.5-1% per year (Table 2).
This indicates the formation in Russia of a
settlement structure characterized by elements of
a new reproductive quality, which actualizes the
need for updating state, municipal and even
corporate management.
Table 2.
Dynamics of the formation of the population of megalopolises in Russia in 2017-2020 (partially calculated
by the authors)
N
Megapolis
Population as of
01.01.2020
Population growth rate,
in %
2018/2017
2019/2018
2020/2019
1
Moscow
16678074
1,02
0,87
0,49
2
St. Petersburg
5398064
1,33
0,60
0,26
3
Novosibirsk
1625631
0,62
0,32
0,47
4
Ekaterinburg
1493749
0,92
0,97
0,72
5
Kazan
1257391
0,94
0,68
0,43
6
Nizhny Novgorod
1252236
-0,21
-0,44
-0,10
7
8
Chelyabinsk
Samara
1196680
1156659
0,29
-0,54
-0,14
-0,58
-0,34
0,00
9
Omsk
1164815
-0,54
-0,62
-0,88
10
Rostov-on-Don
1133307
0,44
0,26
0,41
11
Ufa
1128787
0,45
0,33
0,41
12
Krasnoyarsk
1095286
0,73
0,41
-0,14
13
Voronezh
1058261
0,75
0,63
0,39
14
Permian
1055397
0,34
0,22
0,14
15
Volgograd
1008998
-0,12
0,00
-0,44
16
Krasnodar
932629
1,0
1,12
1,58
Historical experience shows that, individually, an
effective solution to the problems of the
development of megalopolises can be the
formation near large factories - small (with a
population of 20-50 thousand people) satellite
cities, combining work and home. From the
standpoint of resource conservation, we see a
promising polycentric scheme for organizing the
urban area of large cities. This is consistent with
the basic premise of the concept of new
urbanism, according to which the population
should work, live and rest in one place, with
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minimal displacement. Symptoms of the
clustering of Russian industry that have emerged
recently create favorable preconditions for the
dispersal of enterprises and workshops across the
territories adjacent to residential areas. This
makes it possible to radically change the schemes
of traffic flows, to close them within suburban
economic clusters in the form of localized
polycenters with autonomous administrative,
economic, cultural, educational, educational,
health-improving, recreational nuclei and objects
of employment (enterprises, workshops,
institutions, offices, offices, etc. etc.). With this
construction of the general plan of the city, it
becomes expedient to place resort and
recreational zones on the borders of the
polycenters, which will carry out their functions
simultaneously for both sides. In this case, the
polycenters can be connected by high-speed train
routes, as well as high-speed buses. According to
rough estimates, for the transport of 50 thousand
people per hour in private cars, a lane width of
175 meters is required, on buses - 35 meters, and
in a high-speed overhead train - 9 meters. In the
latter case, depending on the specific situation, it
can be a high-speed tram, a monorail car.
From the standpoint of the resource sustainability
of territorial development, such a polycentric
model of a city can be considered successful, in
which about half of the working-age population
of a polycentric microdistrict is employed within
the boundaries of the zone of residence. It is
advisable to develop options for a polycentric
city model, taking into account the labor and
other preferences of different population groups,
as well as the interests of business, using methods
of economic and mathematical modeling for
poorly structured socio-economic systems using
SWOT analysis methods (to assess the strength,
weaknesses, opportunities and threats of each
option). With the development of technology, the
improvement of communications, the city is
forced to rebuild; the polycentric model has a
resource of increased flexibility for such
restructuring.
The world practice of the formation of
megalopolises indicates that such socio-
economic agglomerations have no boundaries of
growth. A person is forced to live where there is
work, and wants to live where such work can be
chosen, as well as where life is more comfortable
and more fun. This pattern is realized in the
modern migration practice of the world and
Russia. The emergence of a competitive market
economy system in the Russian Federation has
significantly changed the motivation for the
spatial development of large cities, especially
those that are deeply rooted in market
mechanisms for motivating activities.
In recent years, along with the institutional
mechanism of urban self-organization, a three-
level system of external influence on the
development of the city and its spatial
organization has actually been built (normatively
and organizationally). First of all, this is the
regional level of government, which has
significant economic and other interests in the
capital of the region. Regional authorities
influence the city's space, its restructuring
through real estate owned by a constituent entity
of the Russian Federation, inter-budget transfers,
investments from the regional budget, as well as
various regulations (Mikheev et al., 2019).
Federal authorities and administrations influence
the functioning of the regional capital through
investments that are commensurate in volume
and often exceed investments from the regional
budget. The third factor determining the
development of a millionaire city is big business,
whose positions have been significantly
increasing in the last decade (this is very
noticeable in the example of Krasnodar, Rostov-
on-Don, the regional centers of the Volga region
- Volgograd, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara,
Saratov). The market mechanisms of the Russian
economy began to objectively “work” to increase
the efficiency of using urban areas (Druzhinin,
2008). In the construction sector, such a
resource-saving factor in the development of
large cities manifested itself in the fact that small
vacant lots or sparsely populated areas ("spots")
with dilapidated buildings in the historical part of
cities were the first to be reconstructed and built
up. As the demand for apartments grew,
developer investors began to show interest in the
“densification” of multi-storey buildings in
“dormitory” areas. In parallel with this, changes
are taking place in the placement of
communications. For example, in the city of
Krasnodar, the issue of the removal of railways
outside the city limits, the construction of
elevated transport arteries, and the inclusion of
the Kuban River flowing along the city into the
transport system is under concrete consideration.
The spatial expansion of millionaire cities is
largely facilitated not only by the real estate
market, but also by the removal of restrictions on
individual housing construction, including in the
territories of horticultural associations. All this
gave a significant impetus to the development of
the zone of "internal suburbanization", and
favored the positive dynamics of growth in the
volume of housing commissioned. The market
for contracting construction activities, the market
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for building materials, has developed in the
corresponding order, which together provides
integral time savings in construction activities.
Conclusion
The development and scaling of urban
settlements in modern Russia was facilitated by
such factors as maximizing the efficiency of
resource use, saving time, greening
environmental management, the desire of people
for cultural communication and receiving social
benefits.
The approach to the analysis and modeling of the
urban economy from the standpoint of its
consideration as a "quasi-corporation"
presupposes the formation of a fairly holistic
reproductive system based on the efficient use of
the social and production resources of the
territory. This translates the planning of the city's
development into a business-process technology,
a set of measures for pre-planned studies of
socio-economic processes in the territory,
calculations of the set performance indicators for
the economy as a whole or for its individual
subsystems for the future in terms of volumes,
timing, performers, sources of resources, etc. In
this case, each subsystem should be considered
as a reproductive integrity that has specific causal
parameters at the input and output, which, in fact,
act as the main communication channels of this
subsystem with other subsystems of the urban
complex. The resulting plan of the urban socio-
economic system should be an integral set of
plans of its subsystems. An important advantage
of the business-process method of urban
planning from the standpoint of resource
conservation is its high compatibility with BIM
technologies (Building Information Modeling), a
predisposition to adjustments and, accordingly,
updatability with the help of a computer over a
long period of implementation of the strategic
plan.
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