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www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.45.09.16
How to Cite:
Zhura, S., & Markin, V. (2021). Ways of improving tariff regulation efficiency. Amazonia Investiga, 10(45), 148-157.
https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.45.09.16
Ways of improving tariff regulation efficiency
Пути повышения эффективности тарифного регулирования
Received: June 27, 2021 Accepted: August 30, 2021
Written by:
Svetlana Zhura
62
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5383-4971
Vladimir Markin
63
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7965-4968
Абстрактный
Система тарифного регулирования в
Российской Федерации совершенствуется с
начала переходного периода и по настоящее
время. Вопросам тарифного регулирования
уделяется особое внимание как в Российской
Федерации, так и за рубежом. В настоящее
время тарифы не формируются после
определенных экономических волн, но в
большинстве случаев описываются годовым
циклом регулирования и довольно
ограниченным диапазоном регулирования в
отношении долгосрочного горизонта. Авторы
проанализировали средние потребительские
цены (тарифы) на отдельные услуги, а также
индексы цен производителей по видам
экономической деятельности и среднегодовые
цены производителей на основные
энергоресурсы в России за последние 20 лет на
основе официальных статистических данных.
Авторы делают вывод о необходимости
внедрения новых способов повышения
эффективности тарифного регулирования.
Среди приоритетных направлений:
формирование инвестиционного тарифа и
обоснование поддерживающего тарифа для
важнейших социальных проектов; цифровое
моделирование тарифов и т. д. Все эти
изменения требуют методологического
обоснования и дальнейшего развития теории
поддерживающих переменных тарифов, чтобы
протестировать новые циклические модели
регулирования, соответствующие циклической
экономике страны.
Ключевые слова: цикличность развития,
дифференцированные тарифы, тарифы,
тарифное моделирование, тарифное
регулирование.
62
Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M. V. Lomonosov,
Arkhangelsk, Russia.
63
Doctor of Economics, Chief Researcher Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
Zhura, S., Markin, V. / Volume 10 - Issue 45: 148-157 / September, 2021
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Introduction
Russian economy, just as other countries’
economies, is currently going through a crisis
due to the latest global events. Oil prices on
global markets have been falling and there has
been a diminution in demand. Surges, crunches,
crises and revivals has been long considered
regular phenomena both for regional and national
economies. Crises go beyond certain economic
sectors and affect groups of countries or even
entire continents translating into global financial
crises with grave social consequences. Apart
from being shocked with the pandemic and
quarantine restrictions in 2020, Russian economy
faced severe slump in oil demand and contracted
at 3.1% annualized rate as of the end of the same
year, in accordance with the first estimations
made by the Federal State Statistics Service
(Starostina, 2021).
In economics, it is common to differentiate
between the short-term cycles lasting from 3 to 4
years, middle-term cycles of 6 to 13 years and
long-term cycles with a duration of 40 to 60
years. Regardless of the cycle length, there is
always an issue relating to their overlapping and
multiplicative properties. At the same time, it
shall be noted that tariffs do not form subsequent
to certain economic waves, but are in most cases
described by an annual regulation cycle and a
quite limited range of regulation with regard to
the long-term horizon. The tariffs are basically
defined by linear regulation as far as their growth
rates are concerned. It is very common to
substantiate such linear character with social
significance and predictability.
One specific feature of tariff regulation typical
for Russia is considerable dispersion of prices
and tariffs, which is conditioned by either
regional peculiarities in organization of power
generation and public utility systems, by strong
regulation, or by inefficiency of infrastructure
providers.
It shall be noted that the role of the state in
defining price dynamics in the infrastructure
sector (partly subject to government regulation)
is obviously not limited to mere determination of
price and tariff change rates.
Since the beginning of the transition period and
up until today, the tariff regulation system in the
Russian Federation has been experiencing
improvements. The recent years have introduced
some changes, of which the following are worth
mentioning: long-term approach to the definition
of criteria applying to change of regulated tariffs
at the macrolevel, increased share of liberalized
markets (in the fields of electric power industry,
gas and heat supply), development of
methodological tools used for regulation, and
availability of information on the activities
carried out by both regulated and regulating
organizations. In most of the cases, the above-
mentioned transformations correspond to the
trends observed in foreign tariff regulation
practices. Yet there are differences. For instance,
foreign countries demonstrate more intense
involvement of regulating authorities. Among
particular focus areas, one can distinguish tariff-
based stimulation of product line extension and
service quality improvement at the regulated
companies, including services in the fields of
energy efficiency and energy conservation, as
well as tariff-based stimulation of cutting-edge
innovations in the infrastructure sector. With
regard to implementation of such tasks, Russia
currently falls behind, which is expressed in the
Report on the analysis of key trends in the field
of state tariff regulation prepared by the Institute
for Economics and Regulation of Natural
Monopolies with contributions from the Institute
of Competition Policy and Market Regulation at
the National Research University Higher School
of Economics (2020).
Literature Review
The issues of tariff regulation are given particular
attention to both in the Russian Federation and
abroad, since the state regulates tariffs to protect
the economic interests of consumers from
monopolistic tariff increases in the first place, to
ensure manufacturers’ equal access to energy
markets in the second place and to align the
interests of electrical and heat energy producers
and consumers in the third place.
This domain is ruled by statutory instruments
most of which are aimed at tariff regulation in
certain fields, e.g. in electric power industry,
public utility services, transport, communication
services, gas supply, etc.
In the recent years, there has been some relevant
scientific research carried out on the issue of
tariffs. Specifically, several authors study the
most appropriate tariff structure, which could
encourage a regulated utility company to
promote energy efficiency among its customers.
This research asserts that the most appropriate
tariff structure also depends on the consumer’s
effort value and on the substitution degree of
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consumer’s and company’s efforts (Abrardi &
Cambini, 2015).
Much attention is paid to the issues of tariff
differentiation. Following the market
segmentation, it is possible to identify different
consumer categories to offer them any necessary
services ranging in dependence to various social
and economic factors (Di Vittorio, 1996).
As far as transport area is concerned, researchers
note that cargo vehicles freight rates vary for
different goods carried along the same route,
equally as rates per unit of distance vary for the
same goods traveling different routes, which is
accounted for by the competitive behavior
(Beilock, Garrod & Miklius, 1986). Researchers
also look into the issues of tariff elasticity and
level of service in the field of passenger carriage
(White & Turner, 1991). Research into the
matters of transport cost reduction is aimed at the
development of improved methods allowing to
search for the least time tracks within the traffic
system, including those along the international
transport corridors, by applying analysis and
modeling of freight transport along road
networks (Prokudin, Oliskevych, Chupaylenko
& Maidanik, 2020).
Tariff study allows for rather important
conclusions on interrelation between certain
types of human activities. For instance, the
analysis has shown that over the long term, the
land rent decreases due to the increase in energy
prices. Energy demand in the agricultural
industry goes down if land and energy are
renewable resources. Researchers throughly
analyze all the factors influencing energy price
formation and provide their arguments in favor
of more efficient methods (Bhattacharyya, 1996).
A lot of emphasis is put upon the issues of energy
efficiency. National policies, especially those of
the European Union, foster state and private
programs stimulating involvement into the
energy-efficiency-above-all strategies. Such
policies result in moderate energy demand and
serves as a durable solution protecting
households from price fluctuations and energy
poverty, while at the same time allowing the
population to reduce their environmental impact
and save their money for many years to come
(Cornelis, 2020).
Scientists conduct their research into the main
trends and directions of antimonopoly regulation,
analyze natural monopolies and hypothesize
efficient implementation of methods and tools of
antimonopoly and tariff regulation in Russia
(Knyazeva & Svitych, 2015).
Individual authors regard state tariff regulation
from the positions of efficiency and transparency
of regulation mechanisms and potential
unreasonable conduct of Russian regulating
authorities (Kuznetsov, 2019). Of particular
interest are the studies revealing the mechanisms,
which ensure engagement of consumers into the
energy demand management (Lenyucheva &
Matyunina, 2020).
There are many researchers who deal with the
issues of tariff regulation efficiency in respect to
certain areas, e.g. electric power industry
(Mukhanova & Yolokhova, 2018), public utility
services (Gudzhel, 2019), water supply
(Agafonov & Kuznetsov, 2020), and others.
Some authors argue that the tariff setting model
for the integrated use of traditional and
alternative energy sources is based not only on
the economic justification, but also on the
dynamics of the use of alternative energy sources
(Kapitonov & Patapas, 2021). The authors also
analyze the impact of the regulation of green
tariffs on the retail electricity price for industrial
consumers (Costa-Campi & Trujillo-Baute,
2015). The authors investigate the impact of
tariffs on waste management and conclude that
optimizing the tariff structure reduces waste
management costs (Di Foggia & Beccarello,
2020).
Relevant are the studies that are conducted in
various countries and regions. Each country has
its own characteristics and experience in tariff
regulation, which generally helps to develop
common solutions to problems. For example,
tariff regulation challenges are explored from the
experience of Brazil (Sampaio & Sampaio,
2020), tariff liberalization policy is explored
through the example of Morocco (Ruckteschler,
Malik & Eibl, 2021), сomparison of preferential
tariffs and sold Green certificates is being
investigated in the Spanish electric power system
(Ciarreta, Paz Espinosa & Pizarro-Irizar, 2017),
the analysis of tariff policy is studied on the
experience in Argentina (Samper, Coria &
Facchini, 2021).
Methods
Within the framework of research into tariff
regulation and the ways of improving its
efficiency, the authors resort to the range of
economic analysis methods. The method of
economic statistics is used as a set of methods
necessary for comprehensive description of a
phenomenon development by means of mass
digital data. The following methods of statistical
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data processing and analysis were used to
evaluate the information: economic grouping,
absolute and relative values, economical
comparison, etc.
The grouping method made it possible to divide
the studied number of objects into qualitatively
similar groups according to the required
characteristics (by services, by types of
resources, by types of economic activity). The
analysis of the groups presented in the study was
carried out using the method of absolute values.
This method made it possible to evaluate
quantitative phenomena and carry out their
quantitative assessment. The use of the method
of relative values made it possible to compare the
studied groups with each other for a more
accurate assessment of the indicators. These
methods are the basis for using the method of
economic comparison, on the basis of which
conclusions are drawn about the trends in the
development of processes related to the
regulation of tariff activities. All the methods
were used together and complemented each other
in the research process.
In their study, the authors used official statistics
from the Federal State Statistics Service to
conduct the analysis for the period from 2010 to
2019. The use of official sources ensured the
reliability of the indicators for the study. The
researches had enough time to make an economic
comparison in dynamics and draw more reliable
conclusions about the phenomena occurring.
Results
The authors have analyzed the main parameters
indicative of the tariff regulation in Russia
(Federal State Statistics Service, 2020). Table 1
provides the analysis of average consumer prices
(tariffs) for certain types of services over the last
20 years based upon the official statistical data.
Table 1.
Analysis of average consumer prices (tariffs) for certain services.
Services
Roubles per one type of service
Times
2000
2010
2017
2018
2019
2019 to 2010
(increase/
decrease)
2019 to 2000
(increase/
decrease)
City bus fare, per trip
2.62
12.90
24.87
23.71
25.59
1.98
9.77
Tram fare, per trip
2.70
13.01
26.14
26.67
29.67
2.28
10.99
Trolleybus fare, per trip
2.58
12.36
23.94
26.02
28.61
2.31
11.09
Metro fare, per trip
4.31
20.50
36.92
36.44
38.36
1.87
8.90
Payment for housing in
the state
and municipal housing
stock,
per sq. m of total area
1.30
14.28
28.87
31.10
30.48
2.13
23.45
Cold water supply, per
cu. m
…
…
26.64
28.08
29.47
-
-
Heating, per Gcal
…
…
1771.19
1818.60
1895.33
-
-
Gas (pipe line), monthly
per person
5.66
43.81
73.04
75.59
77.94
1.78
13.77
Electricity supply,
dwellings without
electric stove, for
minimum consumption,
per 100 kWh
39.16
232.03
371.44
387.16
400.64
1.73
10.23
Cinema ticket
23.11
167.19
260.50
263.13
266.02
1.59
11.51
Theater ticket
33.60
278.17
659.41
673.13
726.22
2.61
21.61
Primary advising
appointment with a
medical
specialist
62.97
341.30
683.90
724.61
780.86
2.29
12.40
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The analysis of average consumer prices (tariffs)
for particular types of services allows for the
conclusion that all services has become more
expensive over the recent years. There has been
a significant increase in prices for
accommodation in state and municipal housing
stock: in 2019, the prices were 23.45 times as
high as those in 2000. With regard to the sphere
of arts, theater tickets became 21.61 times more
expensive over the same period. Pipeline gas
prices increased thirteenfold and electrical
energy became 10.23 times as expensive. Over
the last 20 years, public transport fares have
increased tenfold for virtually every means of
transportation.
The authors have analyzed the producer price
indices by types of economic activities (Table 2).
Table 2.
Producer price indices by economic activity
economic activity
percent
2014
2016
2017
2018
2019
Production of
industrial articles
106.1
104.3
107.6
111.9
102.9
Mining and
quarrying
106.7
100.3
115.2
125.1
103.2
Mining of coal and
lignite
99.6
115.0
136.5
106.9
95.6
Extraction of
crude petroleum
and natural gas
110.2
97.0
117.5
135.3
102.3
Manufacturing
105.9
105.0
105.7
109.3
102.5
Manufacture of
food products
108.1
106.0
98.3
101.1
104.0
Manufacture of
textiles
103.9
107.0
101.3
102.3
104.0
Manufacture of
wearing apparel
102.9
105.6
102.2
102.5
103.4
Manufacture of
basic
pharmaceutical
products and
pharmaceutical
preparations
106.2
105.2
101.8
101.9
104.7
Electricity, gas,
steam and air
conditioning
supply
106.6
106.9
105.7
103.9
104.1
Water supply;
sewerage, waste
management
and remediation
activities
…
…
109.5
103.1
103.9
Analysis of the producer price indices by types of
economic activities allows to assert an average
increase in production of industrial articles by
2.9% in 2019. There has been a rise in prices for
virtually all types of commodities: prices for
manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products
and pharmaceutical preparations increased by
4.7%; prices for electricity, gas, steam and air
conditioning supply went up by 4.1%;
manufacture of food products and textiles
became 4% more expensive; mining and
quarrying prices grew by more than 3%; prices in
manufacturing sector and in the field of
extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas
increased by more than 2%. It shall be noted,
however, that the highest increase in producer
prices by types of economic activities took place
in 2018 (by an average of 11.9%) and in 2017 (by
an average of 7.6%). The increase can be
attributed to such systematic factors as
weakening of the ruble against the background of
falling oil prices and capital outflow.
The authors have analyzed average annual
producer prices for main energy resources (Table
3).
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Table 3.
Analysis of average annual producer prices for main energy resources
energy
resources
Average prices, Roubles
Times
2010
2017
2018
2019
2018 to 2017
(increase,
decrease)
2019 to 2018
(increase,
decrease)
2019 to 2010
(increase,
decrease)
Coking coal, per
tonne
1262
4073
4518
4121
1.11
0.91
3.27
Coal, excluding
anthracite,
coking coal and
lignite, per
tonne
718
1543
1815
1717
1.18
0.95
2.39
Crude oil, per
tonne
6631
14698
21186
21430
1.44
1.01
3.23
Natural gas, per
thou. cu. m
605
1950
1721
1912
0.88
1.11
3.16
Motor gasoline,
per tonne
15961
25251
29598
25152
1.17
0.85
1.58
Diesel fuel, per
tonne
13330
25469
33405
31649
1.31
0.95
2.37
Heavy fuel oil,
per tonne
7478
8483
12864
13137
1.52
1.02
1.76
Electricity, per
thou. kWh
647
998
1040
1063
1.04
1.02
1.64
Analysis of the average annual producer prices
for main energy resources has revealed an
increase in prices for heavy fuel oil (by 52%),
crude oil (by 44%) and diesel fuel (by 31%) in
2018 as opposed to 2017. At the same time, the
price for natural gas went down (by 12%). Not as
many energy resources demonstrated price
increase in 2019 as compared to 2018. In
particular, natural gas price went up by 11%,
which is explained by the fact that this resource
did not go up in price in 2018, as noted above.
That said, prices for motor gasoline, coking coal,
diesel fuel/coal decreased by 15%, 9% and 5%,
respectively, which might be attributed to the
slowdown in global economic growth caused by
the global financial crisis. Generally speaking,
there has been an increase in prices for all energy
resources over the last ten years. The prices for
coking coal and natural gas experienced a
significant rise by more than three times, whereas
diesel fuel became more than two times as
expensive.
As previously noted, the analysis conducted has
shown the tariff increase rates over the last
twenty years. There has also been an increase in
average consumer prices (tariffs), producer price
indices by types of economic activities and
average annual producer prices for main types of
energy resources.
In Russia, tariff calculations provide for the
establishment of the latter at a level, which would
ensure the projected revenue from rendering
services in the field of regulated activities in
favor of the regulating authority in the amount
necessary to cover their reasonable expenses.
The tariff structure shall also include taxes and
other mandatory payments in accordance with
the Russian Federation legislation. For instance,
heat energy tariff rates are to a considerable
extent affected by the expenses associated with
the type of fuel (liquid and solid fuels are more
expensive than natural gas), heating plants
efficiency, as well as the way the heat energy is
generated (if heat energy is generated by making
use of the combined method, i.e. by power
stations working in the mode of simultaneous
heat (power) and electricity generation, the prime
cost of such heat energy is much lower, which
also influences the tariff rate). Differences in
prices of services rendered by organizations
conducting activities in the field of water supply
and disposal are conditioned by the scope of such
services, location of water supply and disposal
facilities, spread and wear degree of water supply
and disposal networks, technological
characteristics of water treatment facilities and
other factors.
Annual revision of tariffs for public utilities in
connection with changing external conditions
ensures seamless operation of utility companies
along with quality and availability of public
utility services for consumers.
The Government of the Russian Federation
approved plans to increase the following tariffs
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for the public: electricity tariff by 5% from July
2021, gas tariff by 3% from July 2021, and
passenger rail fares by 3.7% from January 2021.
According to the Ministry of Economic
Development, increase of tariffs for heat supply,
water supply and water disposal, as well as
ultimate indices of changes in payments made by
the population for utility services in the period
from 2021 to 2023, will remain at the level set
forth in September 2019 by the Forecast of Social
and Economic Development of the Russian
Federation up to 2024 with a focus on the
inflation rate (Finmarket Information Agency,
2020).
The authors, however, are convinced that
minimum linear growth within the ultimate index
from year to year cannot be considered an
appropriate strategy capable of respecting the
interests of all market stakeholders, and not only
consumers – especially those being the citizens
(population) – which requires resorting to the
new ways of improving tariff regulation
efficiency.
Discussion
It is the authors’ opinion that priority ways of
improving the tariff regulation efficiency are as
follows:
1. Formation of an investment-worthy tariff
and justification of the supporting tariff for
crucial social projects
Efficiency in the perception of investments at
various stages of an investment project is
described in a number of academic papers.
However, there are only few references to the
efficiency of investments along the entire project
life cycle. Interrelation between varying life
cycle efficiency and tariff regulation also
remains an underdeveloped area. It is obvious
that tariff guides all parties to the investment
process and aligns the interests of different
stakeholders in such a way as to achieve the
maximum efficiency of a particular service over
the long term. Yet this is only possible with due
regard to the entire project life cycle in
conformity with tariff flexibility at different
stages.
Tariff regulation in the investment process can
either function as an accelerator of both direct
and indirect project investments, or stimulate
application of investments towards the most
desirable areas, e.g. recovery of engineering
infrastructure displaying excessive wear.
The authors are convinced that tariff regulation is
able to foster investment raising and application
of investments towards the essential focus areas.
Tariff regulation can control the process of a
service prime cost optimization, while improving
the overall service efficiency. However,
investment appeal starts with respecting the
investor’s interests with regard to repayment
predictability and risk mitigation. In this
scenario, tariff does not only define the return on
investment in the project and its payback period,
but it is also a key driver in a systematic approach
to the rehabilitation of a certain industry. If that
is the case, such tariff may be defined as a
supporting tariff.
2. Development of digital tariff strategies
In the near future, Federal Antimonopoly Service
of Russia (FAS) is planning to strengthen the role
of its Unified Information and Analytical System
by enhancing it with an intellectual digital
platform allowing to implement integration of
data on prices and tariffs, including those in the
field of electric power industry. At the time, it is
planned to introduce a so-called Digital Tariff
Signal Light, a system designed to control the
decision-making process with regard to tariffs.
This mechanism will send a clear signal to the
regulating authorities as to compliance of their
decisions with legal requirements.
Implementation of this tool would allow to
compare the expenses incurred by the regulated
organizations with the reference values, and to
monitor the decisions of the regional regulating
authorities before they are made. In the long
term, integration of macroeconomic data will
provide for implementation of a whole number of
other digital tools.
3. Digital tariff modeling
In order to identify the priorities of the
investment process to stabilize the prime cost
within the tariff structure, it is necessary to be
able to carry out digital modeling of tariff
consequences. Such digital models make it easy
to examine several scenarios underpinning the
calculations for the most appropriate tariff
strategy. It is necessary to develop a
methodological strategy and mathematical tools
to substantiate tariff efficiency at a particular
stage of the cycle. It is also essential to determine
the planning horizon with respect to the project
cycle, and to develop guidelines on mitigation of
negative consequences for all market
stakeholders. Big data analysis is extremely
important to be able to differentiate between the
existing approaches to tariffs setting in
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dependence to the socioeconomic conditions in
the region.
4. Elaboration of tariff structure and
regulations applicable to the tariff formation
process
Tariff is the only element of traditional marketing
ensuring company's real income. Market tariff is
not an independent variable, since its value
depends on the values of other marketing
elements, as well as on the level of competition
in the market and on the general state of
economy.
The main purpose of tariff formation strategy for
the market economy is gaining maximum profit
while maintaining the sales targets. The tariff
strategy has to ensure persistent satisfaction of
customers’ needs by means of reasonable
combination of internal development strategy at
the company and external parameters within a
single long-term marketing strategy. Hence,
tariff strategy development requires each
particular enterprise to define the main objectives
thereof, e.g. maximizing revenue, tariff, sales, or
competitiveness, while securing fixed return on
investment.
5. Introduction of differential tariffs when
regulating consumption of socially important
resources
Differential tariffs are used across a wide range
of fields: customs, public utility services,
logistics, and service sector. Differential tariff is
also extensively used in the energy supply
market. Depending on the region, as well as on
the price of services, electricity tariffs vary
across the country. Planned increases in price
take place annually, yet price discrimination
permits flat owners to save substantial amounts.
Being aware of how the multirate system works,
people choose the appropriate meter and pay less
for the rendered services starting from the
following month.
There are two main stakeholders in this issue:
suppliers and consumers of electricity. The
benefits of multirate system might be obvious for
individuals, yet there are subtleties when it
comes to producers. For instance, peak electricity
demand periods make it more lucrative for the
suppliers to set higher prices for their services.
During the night, when most customers rest and
do not use any electrical power, the tariff will
decrease. Such calculation principle is explained
by the achievement of desirable values in
production and consumption of electrical energy.
It is beneficial for suppliers to entice customers
into consuming their resources at certain times.
For instance, hot and cold water supply tariffs
can be set on a differential basis when the
following parameters are taken into account:
a) availability of several technologically
unrelated centralized cold (hot) water supply
systems;
b) volumes of water consumption;
c) conformity of drinking and hot water quality
with the requirements set forth in sanitary
rules and regulations.
The essence of this system lies in applying
differential tariffs to one resource, which might
be used in other sectors.
Conclusion
Thus, it can be said that cycle-like nature of
economic processes predetermines the necessity
of flexible (non-linear) tariff regulation fully
corresponding to the market expectations and
ensuring maximum efficiency of both budgetary
and extra-budgetary investments. Investment
appeal of the tariff becomes one of the main tasks
on the way of renovation and major overhaul of
a certain industry. Investment appeal of the tariff
lies in the long-term tariff regulation, which is at
least comparable to the project investment cycle.
Contemporary economic development
underpinned by generating big amounts of data
and their further management is impossible
without digitalization followed by digital
modeling and development of digital strategies.
Alongside this, real-time monitoring of both the
strategy and tariff efficiency seems
indispensable.
All these changes require methodological
justification and further development of the
variable supporting tariff theory in order to test
new cyclic models of regulation matching the
cyclic economy of the country.
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